Unit 1-HS and Management - A general introduction (2) PDF

College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Introduction to Health Services (HS) & Management Dr. Mohammed Almalki College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine Jazan University Almalki, M. J. (2023). Management: a general introduction. Health Services Management 41...

College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Introduction to Health Services (HS) & Management Dr. Mohammed Almalki College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine Jazan University Almalki, M. J. (2023). Management: a general introduction. Health Services Management 414. Jazan: Jazan University, College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine. 2 December 2023 1 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Contact Details For more assistance and support: [email protected] 2 December, 2023 2 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Contents * Goals & objectives * Public health and HS management * Complexity of Health Services * Saudi Healthcare Sector * HS organization and its characteristics * Definition of HS management * Efficiency and effectiveness 2 December, 2023 * Roles and levels of HS managers * Basic functions of HS management * Advantages and disadvantages of being a manager * Conclusion & review questions * Glossary/key terms * References 3 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Goals and Objectives By the end of this Unit, you should be able to: * Understand the association between public health and HS management * Understand the complexity of health services * Understand the current Saudi healthcare sector * Define HS organization and its characteristics * Define HS management and describe the roles of HS managers * Understand the levels of HS managers * Brief the functions of HS management * Know the key terms of this presentation * Answer the review questions correctly! 2 December, 2023 4 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Why do we study HS management?  To understand the complexity of health services.  To clarify the role of HS managers!  To assist future HS managers in recognizing the management theories and techniques. 2 December, 2023 5 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Public Health & Health Services Management 2 December, 2023 6 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Public health Relation of health services management & policy to the discipline of public health. Public and global health issues? (Andersen & Bouldin, 2010) 2 December, 2023 7 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Public health and HS management Health management and policy Health management and policy focus on ensuring healthcare access, developing health policies at various levels, and analyzing the impact of health policies on health outcomes by utilizing information systems, research, and technology. How? (Andersen & Bouldin, 2010) 2 December, 2023 8 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 The complexity of healthcare services  Variety of stakeholders – have their own needs and priorities.  Diversity of patients and their needs.  Rapidly changing landscape – new technologies, treatments, diseases, ...  High cost of care.  Fragmentation of the healthcare system.  Various departments, activities, tasks, and processes within the same organization. 2 December, 2023 9 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Complexity of healthcare services       Local and global economic uncertainties Ethical and trust issues Strong competition Lack of data sharing Shortage of qualified professionals! All people use it! 2 December, 2023 10 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Saudi healthcare sector  A brief review 2 December, 2023 11 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Health Service Management 2 December, 2023 12 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Definition of Management  Many definitions of management have been suggested, for example: ▪ Getting people to work harmoniously together and making efficient use of resources to achieve objectives. ▪ The art of getting things done by and through people. ▪ A systematic process of using resources with judgement, to achieve objectives. 2 December, 2023 13 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Definition of Management  For the purpose of this course, Management may be defined as: ▪ a systematic process of using resources efficiently to achieve specific objectives effectively through planning, organizing, leading/directing, and controlling. ▪ the process of achieving organizational goals effectively by efficiently using resources and working through people. 2 December, 2023 14 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Definition of Management Cont’d  Effectiveness  Attaining organizational goals  Efficiency  Getting the most output for the least input  Smart use of resources such as people, money, and equipment 2 December, 2023 15 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Definition of Management Efficiency (Mean/Inputs) R E S O U R C E S U S A G E Low waste Goal G O A L A High T attainment T A I N M E N T Cont’d Effectiveness (Ends/Outputs) (Almalki based on Petrov , 2013) 2 December, 2023 16 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Importance of Management  Management is essential for all kinds of organizations as they require: ▪ Making decisions ▪ Allocating recourses ▪ Coordinating activities ▪ Handling people ▪ Evaluating the performance Divisions 401/62 Monday 28 / 8 / 2023 2 December, 2023 17 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Management and Administration  Do they mean the same?  They are used interchangeably by many authors. ▪ Administration → Determinative Level ▪ Management → Executive Level As we move down the hierarchical ladder, management functions increase while administrative functions decrease. 2 December, 2023 18 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Management and Administration Administration (Determinative) Management (Executive) 1 Setting the general purpose of the organization 1 Planning 2 Framing the major objectives 2 Organizing 3 Formulation of general plan and procedures 3 Leading 4 Identify broad programs 4 Controlling 5 Approving major projects Or broadly 2 December, 2023 1 Planning 2 Implementing 3 Evaluation 19 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Who are managers?  Managers are ✓ Individuals in the workplace (organization) who support and are responsible for the work performance of one or more other persons. (Only?) Management positions are not just filled by someone with the title of manager. Examples: ▪ supervisor ▪ coordinator ▪ director 2 December, 2023 20 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Who are health services managers?  Health Services Managers: ▪ direct health organizations, departments, units, or programs ▪ manage resources and staff ▪ coordinate activities to achieve specific objectives in the health sector. 2 December, 2023 21 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Where do managers work?  Managers work in organizations such as hospitals and primary healthcare centers.  Organization is a collection of people who work together to accomplish a specific purpose by using available resources under a specific structure (e.g., hospital).  Common characteristics of a typical organization ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Has a goal Involves people Has a structure and policy Has resources (Petrov, 2013) 2 December, 2023 22 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Managerial Levels Top managers Make organization-wide decisions and establish plans and goals that affect the entire organization. (Hospital Manager) Middle managers Manage the work of first-line managers. They report to more senior managers. (Nursing Manager) First-line managers Manage the work of other employees. They do not supervise other managers. (Patient Affairs Manager) The organizational members who work directly on a job or task and have no one reporting to them! Nonmanagerial employees 2 December, 2023 Divisions Wendsday6/9 / 202323 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 What do HS managers do?  This question can be answered from three facets: ▪ Functions Approach / Management Functions ▪ Management Roles Approach ▪ Skills Approach / Management Skills (Goodwin, Gruen, & Iles, 2006) 2 December, 2023 24 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Management Functions Approach  Managers perform certain activities or functions.  There are FOUR management functions: ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Planning (works & resources) Organizing (activities & resources including staffing) Leading (directing & guiding) Controlling (performance & evaluation) (Mullins, 1999) 2 December, 2023 25 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Management Functions Approach 4 1 Controlling & evaluation performance Planning works & resources 3 Leading directing & guiding Cont’d 2 Organizing activities & resources (including staffing) (Mullins, 1999) 2 December, 2023 26 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Management Functions Approach Planning Work & Resources 2 December, 2023 • Structuring work (divide work, define tasks) • Assigning responsibilities • Distributing resources • Staffing Leading People • Directing others work • Coordinating activities • Focusing on goals • Communicating • Resolving conflicts • Motivating Controlling Performance • Monitoring activities • Reviewing KPIs • Tacking decisions Achieving Goal • Setting priorities • Defining goals • Setting objectives • Setting KPIs • Developing plans Organizing Activities & Resources Cont’d 27 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Overlapping of Management Functions  Management functions overlap and impact each other.  Each function’s output serves as input for the others.  Time and effort required for each function vary based on position and circumstances.  In practice, functions are not separated.  Management functions apply to all kinds of managers. 2 December, 2023 28 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Management Roles Approach  Mintzberg’s Model of Key Management Roles by Henry Mintzberg.  Interpersonal roles → managing relationships with others  Informational roles → gathering and sharing information with others  Decisional roles → making decisions and solving problems and challenges 2 December, 2023 29 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Management Roles Approach Cont’d Figurehead Interpersonal roles Leader Liaison Feedback Monitor Informational roles Disseminator (Inside) Spokesperson (outside) Entrepreneur Decisional roles Disturbance handler Resource allocator Negotiator 2 December, 2023 30 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 • Figurehead: The manager represents the organization to outsiders. • Leader: The manager motivates and inspires employees. • Liaison: The manager builds relationships with people inside and outside the organization. • Monitor: The manager collects information about the organization's internal and external environment. • Disseminator: The manager shares information with employees. • Spokesperson: The manager communicates the organization's message to outsiders. • Entrepreneur: The manager identifies new opportunities and takes risks. • Disturbance handler: The manager deals with unexpected events. • Resource allocator: The manager allocates resources to different activities. • Negotiator: The manager negotiates agreements with other people or organizations. 2 December, 2023 31 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Competencies Approach/ Management Skills The term competency refers to possessing adequate ability or qualities to perform certain functions. Katz outlined three essential skills (competencies) that a manager must possess: 2 December, 2023 32 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Competencies Approach/ Management Skills Cont’d Skills required at various levels of management Top managers Conceptual Skills Middle managers Lower-level managers Human Skills Technical Skills (Almalki based on Goodwin, Gruen, & Iles, 2006) 2 December, 2023 33 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 If we asked again: What do health services managers do?  The scope of their responsibilities will determine the range of tasks they perform.  Health managers have diverse roles, and the significance of each role varies based on the specific job and time. 2 December, 2023 34 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Case example of a health center manager  As a health manager of a health facility, Anwar oversees the health services provided to staff, students, and community members.  I asked him to list all the tasks he performs as part of his job. He mentioned the following duties: 2 December, 2023 35 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Case example of a health center manager Supervising first-level managers; producing reports to higher levels; preparing and managing the budget; negotiating for resources; coordinating with suppliers; monitoring order status; inspecting the quality of new stock; allocating resources; getting the equipment fixed; approving leave requests; arranging referrals to other facilities; determining staffing needs; recruiting, hiring and disciplining staff; sorting out conflict among staff; supervising staff development and training opportunities; planning new projects; preparing and supervising work schedules; ensuring cleanness of the facility; ensuring fixing out-of-service tools and machines; listening to complaints; liaising with other organizations and departments; representing the center at community meetings; helping researchers; taking care of visitors; running staff meetings; responding to staff requests and problems, managing health data and information, overseeing health students medical tests and training; creating project proposals; ordering vaccines, drugs, materials, and equipment; overseeing the medical supply stores; providing health seminars. 2 December, 2023 36 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Case example of a health center manager  Anwar’s job involves a wide range of tasks at various levels and for different purposes, making it a challenging role.  Please redistribute the tasks listed by Anwar according to: ▪ Functions Approach / Management Functions ▪ Management Roles Approach ▪ Skills Approach / Management Skills 2 December, 2023 37 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Importance of customers  Managers must be innovative to satisfy their customers, “Nothing is riskier than not innovating.”  If customers feel satisfied, they will come back again!  Managers must ensure the attitudes and behaviors of their employees.  Managers must create a customer-responsive environment where employees are friendly, knowledgeable, and sensitive to customer needs! 2 December, 2023 38 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Challenges of being a manager  Dealing with a variety of personalities.  Dealing with difficult situations such as limited resources, employee turnover, safety, errors, ...  Motivating workers in hard and uncertain situations.  Developing and ensuring knowledge, skills, ambitions, and experiences of various work groups and individuals.  Managing change – people often resist change.  Depending on others’ work performance to achieve success. 2 December, 2023 39 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Rewards of being a manger     Getting the opportunity to think creatively. Helping others find meaning and fulfillment in their work. Meeting and working with a variety of people. Receiving recognition and status in the organization and community.  Receiving appropriate compensation in the form of salaries and bonuses.  Playing a role in influencing organizational outcomes  Learning various skills for life. 2 December, 2023 40 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Review questions  Discuss the concepts of management, administration, and manager.  Efficiency and effectiveness are significant to practical management. Define these terms and explain their association with each other.  Mention the levels of managers and describe their roles according to the Management Roles Approach.  Management is nowadays more crucial for organizations than before. Discuss. 2 December, 2023 41 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Review questions Cont’d  Discuss the Management Functions Cycle as proposed by Henri Fayol. Give examples.  Katz mentioned three essential skills a manager needs to possess. Discuss in detail.  There are advantages and disadvantages to being a manager. Explain.  Customers are so valuable to organizations. Discuss with justifications. 2 December, 2023 42 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Review questions Cont’d  Considering the three essential skills the manager needs to possess as proposed by Katz, suppose that Jaber, an epidemiological manager, has the goal of improving the quality of epidemiological services amongst a team of six staff within a community hospital. Which of those three skills would he need to achieve his objective? Justify. 2 December, 2023 43 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Key terms            Administration Competency Conceptual skills Controlling Customer-responsive environment Disseminator Disturbance handler Effectiveness Efficiency Entrepreneur Evaluation 2 December, 2023             Figurehead Firs-line manager Globalization Interpersonal skills Leader Leading Liaison Management Manager Middle manager Monitor Negotiator        Organization Organizing Planning Resource allocator Spokesperson Technical skills Top manager 44 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 References Andresen, E., & Bouldin, E. D. (2010). Public health foundations: Concepts and practices. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Buchbinder, S.B., & Shanks, N. H. (2012). Introduction to health care management. London: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Goodwin, N., Gruen, R., & Iles, V. (2006). Managing health services. London: McGraw-Hill Education. Healey, B. J., & Marchese, M. C. (2012). Foundations of health care management: Principles and methods. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; Jossey-Bass. Katz, R. L. (1974). Skills of an effective administrator. Harvard Business Review, 83, 100-117. Longest, B. B., Rakich, J. S., & Darr, K. (2000). Managing health services organizations and systems. Baltimore: Health Professions Press. Mintzberg, H. (1989). Mintzberg on management. New York: Free Press. 2 December, 2023 45 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 References Cont’d Mullins, L.J. (1999). Management and organizational behaviour. London: Financial Times and Pitman Publishing. Petrov, K. (2013). Principles of management. Retrieved Jan 7, 2015, from www.youtube.com/krassimir-petrove. Robbins, S. P., & Coulter, M. (2013). Management. London: Pearson Prentice Hall. Ross, A., Wenzel, F. J., & Mityling, J. W. (2002). Leadership for the future: core competencies in health care. Chicago, Illinois: Health Administration Press/AUPHA Press. Teka, H. (2012). Health service management lecture notes for second year public health students. Medco Bio Medical College, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia. WHO. (2009). Who are the Managers: Case Studies from three African Countries. Geneva: WHO. 2 December, 2023 46 College of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Health Services Management 414 Thank you! 2 December, 2023 47