Ancient and Medieval Indian Political Thought PDF

izkphu vkSj eè;dkyhu Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkj (Ancient and Medieval Indian Political Thought) lsesLVj-III ch-,- ¼vkWulZ½ jktuhfr foKku – (DSC-8) ch-,- ¼izkx s kz e½ – DSC (MINOR PAPER) DEPARTMENT OF DISTANCE AND CONTINUING EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF DELHI © ISBN: 978-81-19417-65-0 : 2023 : [email protected] [email protected] ©   https://sol.du.ac.in [email protected] 20/4 IV 201 010 © SYLLABI-BOOK MAPPING TABLE Syllabi Mapping in Book UNIT –I: Foundations of Indian Political Thought: An Overview on Sources of Indian Political Thought Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkj dk Cultural and Territorial conception of India Kkuehekalh; vkèkkj Distinctive Features of Indian Political Thought Hkkjr dh lkaL—frd vkSj {ks=h; voèkkj.kk] Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd Çpru dh fof'k"V fo'ks"krk,¡ UNIT – II Manu: euqLe`fr % orZeku lanHkZ esa Authenticity of Manu smriti (Talking Point) vè;;u dh çklafxdrk Social Laws and Conception of Justice UNIT – III Brihaspati: Statecraft, Justice, Inter-state Relations c`gLifr & 'kklu&dyk] U;k; vkSj varj&jkT; lacèa k UNIT – IV: Shukra/Usana 'kqØ&uhfr dh çkekf.kdrk ij Talking Point: Debate on the authenticity of Shukra-Niti cgl] 'kqØ&uhfr esa jktRo vkSj The Concept of Kingship and Statecraft in Shukra-Niti jkT; f'kYi dh voèkkj.kk UNIT – V: dkSfVY; % jkT; dk fl)kar Kautilya: Theory of State UNIT – VI: vxkuklqÙk ¼nh?k fudk;½ % jktRo Aggannasutta (Digha Nikaya): Theory of kingship dk fl)kar © UNIT – VII: fr#oYyqoj&uSfrd thou vkSj Tiruvalluvar: Ethical Life and Politics jktuhfr UNIT – VIII: cloUuk Basavanna UNIT – IX: vkfn 'kadjkpk;Z % v}Sr Adi Shankracharya: Advaita UNIT – X: dchj vkSj xq# ukud % leUo;okn Kabir and Guru Nanak: Syncretism UNIT– XI: vcqy Qty % jkt'kkgh Abu’l Fazl: Monarchy Essential/recommended readings © I 1-1 mís'; 1-2 ifjp; 1-3 Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkj ds ewy vkèkkj 1-4 U;k; n'kZu dh ijaijk 1-5 pkokZd n'kZu dh ijaijk 1-6 Lo;a 1-7 milagkj 1-8 vH;kl ç'u 1-9 lanHkZ&lwph 2-1 mís'; 2-2 ifjp; 2-3 oSfnd dky esa èkeZ dh voèkkj.kk 2-4 mÙkj&oSfnd dky esa èkeZ o naM dh voèkkj.kk 2-5 jkT; o jktuhfr ds lanHkZ esa èkeZ'kkL= 2-6 Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd ijaijkvksa esa pkokZd n'kZu dk ;ksxnku 2-7 Hkkjr esa bLykeh jktuhfrd ijaijk 2-8 lwQh vkSj Hkfä vkanksyu ds lanHkZ esa Hkkjr esa leèkeÊ jktuhfrd ijaijk 2-9 vH;kl ç'u 2-10 lanHkZ&lwph © II 3-1 mís'; 3-2 çLrkouk 3-3 euqLe`fr ij vkèkkfjr fofHkUu ikBksa dk fo'ys"k.k 3-4 euq dk jktuhfrd Çpru 3-4-1 jkT; dh mRifÙk dk nSoh; fl)kar 3-4-2 lIrkax jkT; lajpuk dk fl)kar 3-4-3 jkT; xfrfofèk dh lhek,¡ 3-4-4 D;k jktk fujadq'k gks ldrk gS\ 3-5 euq dk lkekftd n'kZu 3-5-1 lkekftd fofèk lafgrk 3-5-2 U;k; dh voèkkj.kk 3-5-3 o.kZ& O;oLFkk 3-5-4 euq dh vkJe O;oLFkk 3-6 euqLe`fr vkSj fL=;k¡ 3-6-1 euq ds L=h lacafèkr fopkj 3-7 fu"d"kZ o lkjka'k 3-8 vH;kl&ç'u 3-9 lanHkZ&xzFa k III 4-1 mís'; 4-2 ifjp; 4-3 'kklu&dyk 4-4 varj&jkT; lacaèk 4-5 fu"d"kZ 4-6 vH;kl&ç'u 4-7 lanHkZ&lwph © IV 5-1 mís'; 5-2 ifjp; 5-3 'kqØkpk;Z % thou js[kkfp= 5-4 'kqØ&uhfr dh çkekf.kdrk ij cgl 5-5 'kqØ&uhfr esa jktlÙkk vkSj 'kklu dyk dh voèkkj.kk 5-6 lw{e ewY;kadu 5-7 fu"d"kZ 5-8 vH;kl ç'u 5-9 lanHkZ&lwph V 6-1 mís'; 6-2 Ifjp; 6-3 dkSfVY; dk vFkZ'kkL= 6-4 jkT; dk mn~Hko 6-5 ^jkteaMy* dk fl)kar ¼varj&jkT;h; lacaèk vFkok eaMy fl)kar½ 6-6 xqIrp;kZ O;oLFkk 6-7 dkSfVY; vkSj eSfd;kosyh 6-8 vH;kl ç'u 6-9 lanHkZ&lwph © VI 7-1 mís'; 7-2 Ifjp; 7-3 jktuhfrd vfèkdkj ,oa drZO; dk fo"k; 7-4 ckS) èkeZ esa jktRo ,oa jkT; dk fodkl 7-5 vxkuklqÙk esa jkT; dh voèkkj.kk 7-6 ckS) –f"Vdks.k ,oa lkekftd&jktuhfrd lekurk ds fo"k; 7-7 fu"d"kZ 7-8 vH;kl ç'u 7-9 lanHkZ&lwph VII 8-1 mís'; 8-2 ifjp; 8-3 ys[ku ds le; vkSj vofèk ij ç'u 8-4 fr#oYyqoj vkSj fr#dqjy dk egÙo 8-5 fr#dqjy dk vuqokn 8-6 fr#oYyqoj dk O;fäRo 8-7 fr#oYyqoj dh f'k{kkvksa ls vko';d ckrsa 8-8 fu"d"kZ 8-9 vH;kl ç'u 8-10 lanHkZ&lwph © VIII 9-1 mís'; 9-2 Ifjp; 9-3 thou vkSj fodkl 9-4 dfork vkSj opuksa ds ekè;e ls n'kZu 9-5 yksdra= 9-6 drZO; 9-7 LorU=rk 9-8 dk;kdk 9-9 lkE;okn 9-10 fu"d"kZ 9-11 vH;kl ç'u 9-12 lanHkZ&lwph IX 10-1 mís'; 10-2 ifjp; & osnkar n'kZu 10-3 thou ifjp; 10-4 'kadjkpk;Z }kjk vU; nk'kZfud fopkjksa dk [kaMu 10-5 'kadjkpk;Z ds nk'kZfud fopkj&v}Srokn 10-5-1 vkRek ;k czã&fl)kar 10-5-2 txr&fopkj 10-5-3 ÃÜoj] tho & fopkj 10-5-4 eks{k&fopkj 10-6 'kadjkpk;Z ds n'kZu dks v}Srokn D;ksa dgk tkrk gS\ 10-7 'kadjkpk;Z ds fopkjksa dk jktuhfrd egÙo 10-8 fu"d"kZ 10-9 vH;kl ç'u 10-10 lanHkZ&lwph © X 11-1 mís'; 11-2 Ifjp; 11-3 leUo;okn dh voèkkj.kk dh le> 11-4 dchj 11-5 xq# ukud 11-6 vH;kl ç'u 11-7 lanHkZ&lwph XI 12-1 mís'; 12-2 Ifjp; 12-3 jkT; ds fy, Qty dh jktlh lÙkk 12-4 Qty dk lkekftd çHkkx 12-5 Qty dk vkn'kZ lqYrku&vdcj 12-6 U;k; dk çopu 12-7 lsuk vkSj Hkwfe jktLo ç.kkyh 12-8 lkjka'k 12-9 vH;kl ç'u 12-10 lanHkZ&lwph © I lgk;d çksQl s j] 1-1 mís'; 1-2 ifjp; 1-3 Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkj ds ewy vkèkkj 1-4 U;k; n'kZu dh ijaijk 1-5 pkokZd n'kZu dh ijaijk 1-6 Lo;a 1-7 milagkj 1-8 vH;kl ç'u 1-9 lanHkZ&lwph ;g ikB Nk=ksa dks Hkkjr dh le`)] thoar vkSj yksdfç; ijaijkvksa dks le>us esa enn djsxkA ;g mUgsa lH;rkvksa ls fudyh ewY;oku çFkkvksa ij fo'okl djus ds fy, l'kä cuk,xkA ;g ikB Nk=ksa dks Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkj dh Kku ehekalk ijaijkvksa dks Hkh le>us esa lgk;rk djsxk] tks vuqHkwfr ds fo"k; dh vkarfjd ç—fr dks vDlj rÙoehekalk ;k èkeZ esa ifjoÆrr dj nsrh gSAa Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd Çpru esa vfr çkphu dky ls ,d mR—"V lH;rk ls mRiUu ewY;ks]a fo'oklksa ,oa çFkkvksa dh Lrqfr djus dh ,d le`)] fo'kn vkSj xgjh ijaijk gSA Hkkjr 3 © esa fodflr gqÃ Çpru çfØ;k vkSj mlds i'pkr~ dh çFkk,¡ iwjs fo'o esa vf}rh;] vHkwriwoZ] fuÆookn vkSj vFkkg gSAa Hkkjrh; Çpru ijaijk us lalkj dks Kku dk ,d le`) lzkrs fn;k gS ftlesa Ã'oj ds vfLrRo] ekuo thou ds mís';] ckgjh varfj{k ds vFkkg jgL;ksa] i`Foh ds lw{e vfLrRo ds d.k vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd lkoZHkkSfed ewY; ç.kkyh dh tk¡p ls lacfa èkr Kku dk ,d le`) lzksr Hkh 'kkfey gSA Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkj ijaijk bruh le`) gS fd blus fo'o esa cgqr lEeku vÆtr fd;k gS vkSj ;qxksa ls dÃ vuq;kf;;ksa dks Hkh çcq) cuk;k gSA Hkkjr tks lkèkqvks]a nk'kZfudksa ,oa mins'kdksa dk ns'k jgk gS] mlus çkphu dky ls ekuork dk ekxZn'kZu fd;k gSA lalkj us tc Hkh ladV dk lkeuk fd;k vkSj ekuork ds ekxZ ls HkVdk] rc Hkkjr us lalkj dks mfpr ekxZ fn[kk;kA çkphu dky esa Hkh ,slk gqvk Fkk vkSj vkèkqfud dky esa Hkh ,slk gqvk gSA Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkj dks xgjkÃ ls le>us ds fy, Kkuehekalk dh uÈo dks le>uk vko';d gS] rkfd Li"Vrk mHkj lds vkSj orZeku ihus esa Kkuehekalk cgqr egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA ,fiLVseksy‚th ftls Hkkjr esa Kkuehekalk dgk tkrk gS( bls xzhd 'kCndks'k ls fy;k x;k gS tgk¡ ^,fiLVse* dk vFkZ gS ^Kku*] ^yksxksl* dk vFkZ ^rdZ* gSA Kkuehekalk blfy, Kku dk foKku ;k Kku dks le>us dk {ks= gSA Kkuehekalk blfy, Kku dh mRifÙk] {ks= vkSj lhek dk vè;;u djrh gSA Kkuehekalk fdlh Hkh fo"k; ds ckjs esa tkuus dh çcy ekuo bPNk ls mHkjh gS( pkgs og vkl&ikl dh oLrq gks ;k ,slh dksÃ Hkh oLrq ftls ns[kk ugÈ tk ldrk] ysfdu ,d vykSfdd 'kfä ;k lRo ds :i esa vuqHko fd;k tk ldrk gSA Kkuehekalk vuqHkwfr ds ckjs esa gS tks rhu egÙoiw.kZ eqíksa ij è;ku dsfa ær djrh gS] tSls fd oLrq ftls laKku fd;k tkrk gS] og fo"k; tks oLrq dks igpkurk gS vkSj vuqHkwfr ds midj.k tSls fd èkkj.kkA Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkj dh Kkuehekalh; le>] tks vuqHkwfr ds fo"k; dh vkarfjd ç—fr dks ns[krh gS] çk;% rÙoehekalk ;k èkeZ esa lekfgr gksrh gSA blfy, Hkkjrh; Kkuehekalk u dsoy çfrfnu ds lkekU; vuqHko ds vkèkkj dh O;k[;k djrh gS] cfYd vuqHkwfr ds fo"k; ij è;ku dsfa ær djds fo"k; dh okLrfod ç—fr dh Hkh O;k[;k djrh gSA vr% Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkj esa Kkuehekalk çk;% gh ,d Kku Lo:i dks n'kkZrh gS] tgk¡ fo"k;&oLrq ds eè; Hksn VwV ldrk gS ¼Soni, Jayandra: 2003½A 4 © Kku ,d çdkj dh vuqHkwfr gS] tks fd mfpr i)fr ls çkIr fd;k tkrk gSA bl çdkj vuqHkwfr psruk dh ?kVuk gS] tks fo'okl ç.kkyh dk fuekZ.k djrh gS] tks lR;kiu ;ksX; vkSj okLrfod gSA Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd Çpru esa vuqHkwfr lnSo gh mfpr çdkj ls çkIr gksrh gSA blfy,] lR; ds fofHkUu fl)karksa ds ckotwn] Kku u dsoy lR; dks çdV djrk gS cfYd mlls mRiUu Hkh gksrk gSA Kku mÙkstukvksa vkSj dYiukvksa ;k vpkud nq?kZVukvksa ls çkIr ugÈ fd;k tk ldrk gS( u gh bls dsoy vVdyksa ls mRiUu fd;k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd mfpr i)fr dk ikyu ugÈ fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkj dh Kkuehekalk esa Kku lzksr ;k ^çek.k* egÙoiw.kZ gks tkrk gS] D;ksfa d ;g lR;kiu ;ksX; vuqHkwfr fuèkkZj.k dh fofèk gSA ;g lVhdrk vkSj oSèk Kku dk ,d lkèku gSA Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu dh Kkuehekalk esa çR;{k] vuqeku] mieku] 'kCn] vFkkZifÙk] laHko ,oa ,sfrá ¼ijaijk½] Kku ds lkèku ;k çek.k ds ,d egÙoiw.kZ {ks= ds :i esa mHkjs gSaA Hkkjrh; ijaijk esa ehekalk n'kZu us Kku ds fodkl dks varÆufgr djus esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkÃ gSA ehekalk n'kZu ds fo}kuksa us Hkkjrh; Kku ijaijk esa Kkuehekalk LFkkfir djus esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkÃ gSA bl lUnHkZ esa dqekfjy vkSj çHkkdj us laHko rFkk ,sfrá ¼ijaijk½ dks Kku ds oSèk :i esa vLohdkj dj fn;k gSA dqekfjy us Ng çek.k Lohdkj fd, gSa] tks çR;{k] vuqeku] mieku] 'kCn] vFkkZifÙk vkSj vuqiyfCèk gSaA gkyk¡fd] çHkkdj us vuqiyfCèk dks çek.k ds oSèk lzksr ds :i esa vLohdkj fd;k gSA çR;{k ml Kku dh ckr djrk gS] tks fo|eku gS vkSj ftls vk¡[kksa ls ns[kk tk ldrk gS ;k ftldh mifLFkfr vk¡[kksa ds lkeus fn[kkÃ nsrh gSA blfy,] çR;{k dks çek.k ds lcls egÙoiw.kZ :iksa esa ls ,d ekuk tkrk gSA çR;{k ,d çdkj dh vuqHkwfr gS] ftlesa lcls egÙoiw.kZ igyw bafæ;ksa vkSj èkkj.kk dh oLrq ds eè; laidZ gSA bl çdkj ls çR;{k bafæ;ksa ds ekè;e ls lkalkfjd ?kVukvksa ds vfLrRo ds ckjs esa Kku vkSj ekufld 5 © {kerkvksa ds ekè;e ls vkarfjd ekuo vuqHkwfr tSls lq[k vkSj nq[k dk vuqHko gS ¼Phillips, Stephen: 2019½A vuqeku 'kCn nks 'kCnksa ^vuq* ftldk vFkZ gS mijkar vkSj ^eu* ftldk vFkZ gS Kku ls cuk gSA blfy, vuqeku dk vFkZ gS Kku dk [kkstdrkZ ;k çek.k ds vkèkkj ij Kku dk lkèkdA vr% vuqeku }kjk çkIr Kku çR;{k ugÈ ijks{k :i ls vuqekfur gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] tc dgÈ nwj igkM+h ij èkqvk¡ fn[kkÃ nsrk gS] rks rqjra vuqeku yxk;k tkrk gS fd vkx yxh gSA D;ksafd èkqvk¡ vkSj vkx tqM+s gq, gSa vkSj blds ckjs esa ,d iwoZ Kku gSA vr% vuqeku esa rhu fo'ks"krk,¡ egÙoiw.kZ gSaA os gSa ^lkè;* ¼tks lkfcr fd;k tkuk gS] ;kuh vkx½] ^gsrq* ¼vuqeku dk dkj.k] ;kuh èkqvk¡½] vkSj ^i{k* ¼tks i{k ;k langs dk dkj.k curk gS] ;kuh igkM+h½ ¼Ibid.½A 'kCn ;k ekSf[kd o.kZu ,d Hkjkslsena O;fä dk vkfèkdkfjd Hkk"k.k gSA ;g dkuksa ls 'kCnksa dks lquuk vkSj ml ij fo'okl djuk gS] D;ksfa d ;g ,d ,sls O;fä ls fuxZr gks jgk gS] ftldh lR;fu"Bk fuÆookn gSA vU; O;fä;ksa }kjk 'kCnksa ds ekSf[kd mi;ksx ds ekè;e ls vfèkdka'k Kku euq";ksa dks çnku fd;k x;k gSA vr% 'kCn O;fä dh laKkukRed {kerk ds fodkl esa vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ gSA 'kCn dks çek.k ds ,d egÙoiw.kZ :i esa Hkyh çdkj ls LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA lkFk gh] 'kkL=ksa dh xokgh ls mu oLrqvksa ds ckjs esa vuqHkwfr fodflr dh tkrh gS] tks bafæ;ksa ds laidZ esa ugÈ gSa cfYd 'kCnksa ds Kku ls fodflr gksrh gSA mieku dk vFkZ gS ^rqyuk* ;k ^lekurk*A ;g lk–'; ds ekè;e ls vuqHkwfr ds oSèk lzksr dks mRiUu djrk gSA mieku dk rkRi;Z fdlh oLrq ls mldh lekurk ds vkèkkj ij rqyuk ;k tqMk+ o ls gS] tks igys ds le; ls tkuh tkrh jgh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,( ,d O;fä ftlus dHkh taxyh cSy ugÈ ns[kk gS] mls crk;k x;k gS fd ;g ,d çdkj ls xk; tSlk fn[krk gSA rks tc O;fä ,d taxyh cSy dks ns[krk gS] rks O;fä ;g ikrk gS fd og xk; ds leku gS vkSj blfy, og le> tkrk gS fd og taxyh cSy gSA 6 © vFkkZifÙk dk vFkZ gS ^çdYiuk* ;k ^fufgrkFkZ*A ;g nks 'kCnksa ls cuk gS] ^vFkZ* ftldk vFkZ gS rF; vkSj ^vifr* ftldk vFkZ gS ^dYiuk*A vFkkZifÙk nks rF;ksa ds eè; la?k"kZ dk gy nks rF;ksa ds chp gksus okyh leL;k dks gy djds djrh gSA vFkkZifÙk ml rF; dks ekudj leL;k dk lekèkku djrh gS] tks fojksèkkHkklh yx ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,( ,d O;fä eksVk gS vkSj og O;fä fnu esa ugÈ [kkrk gSA blfy, bldk vFkZ gS fd O;fä jkr esa Hkkstu djrk gSA vuqiyfCèk ,d çdkj dk çek.k gS] tks fdlh oLrq ds vufLrRo gksus ;k oLrq dh vuqifLFkfr dh lwpuk nsrk gSA ftu oLrqvksa dk vfLrRo ugÈ gksrk gS mUgsa dHkh&dHkh bafæ;ksa ds ekè;e ls ugÈ ns[kk tk ldrk gS vkSj blfy, Kku ds nwljs lzkrs dh vko';drk gksrh gSA blfy, vuqiyfCèk rc gksrh gS] tc fdlh oLrq dh xSj&èkkj.kk mlds xSj&vfLrRo ds ckjs esa crkrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,( tc ,d dqlÊ tks ,d dejs esa gksuh pkfg,] ogk¡ fn[kkÃ ugÈ nsrh gS] rks dqlÊ ds u gksus dk Kku vyx çek.k ds ekè;e ls fuèkkZfjr gksrk gS tks vuqiyfCèk gSA Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkj ijaijk esa iq#"kkFkZ] eqfä ds y{; vkSj deZ ds fl)kar tSls çkphu uSfrd n'kZu ds fofHkUu igyw 'kkfey gSaA bu uSfrd n'kZuksa us osnksa rFkk èkkÆed vuq"Bkuksa dh Loh—fr ds vkèkkj ij nks fof'k"V fopkjèkkjkvksa dks tUe fn;k gSA ;s fopkjèkkjk gSa&:fuk dfBu gks tkrk gSA U;k; dh fopkjèkkjk es]a xax's k us fo"k;] oLrq vkSj 'kk'or vfLrRo dks lfEefyr djds vfèkd lkekU; vFkks± esa vuqHkwfr dks ifjHkkf"kr djds tfVyrk dks de djus dk ç;kl fd;k gSA ;g fofHkUu pjksa ds eè; ^laidZ* ij è;ku vkdÆ"kr djrk gSA ;g laidZ og çfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk oLrq] bafæ; vax ds lkFk lacaèk cukrh gS] ftlls ml oLrq dh ,d fuf'pr èkkj.kk mRiUu gksrh gSA U;k; fopkjèkkjk esa bafæ; vkSj fo"k; ds eè; fofHkUu çdkj ds laidZ gksrs gSaA m|ksrdj us bafæ; vkSj fo"k; ds chp Ng çdkj dk laidZ fn[kk;k gSA ;s laidZ bl çdkj gSa& ¼i½ bl rjg ds laidZ esa vk¡[kksa vkSj oLrq ds eè; lhèkk laidZ gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] d{kk esa est+ ;k dqlÊ dk iwjh rjg fn[kkÃ nsukA ¼ii½ ;gk¡ laidZ dk ,d vçR;{k :i LFkkfir gksrk gSA laidZ oLrq vkSj bafæ; vax ds eè; LFkkfir gksrk gS] gkyk¡fd ,d rhljs i{k dh eè;LFkrk gksrh gS tks nksuksa ls lacfa èkr gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] vk¡[ksa iw.kZ –f"V esa j[ks crZu ds ekè;e ls crZu ds jax ds laidZ esa vkrh gSaA ¼iii½ ;g ,d çdkj dk vçR;{k laidZ gS] tks lacafèkr nks oLrqvksa dh eè;LFkrk dh lgk;rk ls gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,( d{kk esa ,d CySdcksMZ dks tc ns[kk tkrk gS ;k mldh vuqHkwfr gksrh gS rks CySdcksMZ dk jax dkyk gksus dh Hkh vuqHkwfr gksrh gSA ;gk¡ nks vfoHkkT; oLrqvksa ;kuh CySdcksMZ vkSj jax dh eè;LFkrk dh lgk;rk ls vk¡[kksa dk laidZ jax ds lkFk gksrk gSA ¼iv½ ;g èofu ls lacafèkr gSA tc dksÃ O;fä èofu lqurk gS rks èofu vkSj bafæ; vax tks fd dku gS] ds eè; laidZ curk gSA ¼v½ ;g bafæ; vkSj oLrq ds chp fdlh vU; oLrq ds ekè;e ls laidZ gS] tks nksuksa ls vfoHkkT; :i ls lacfa èkr gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,( tc dksÃ O;fä fdlh èofu dks lqurk gS] rks dku èofu ds laidZ esa gksrk gS D;ksfa d èofu varÆufgr gS vkSj ;g dku dk xq.k gSA ¼vi½ bl çdkj ds laidZ esa bafæ; oLrq ds laidZ esa rc rd jgrh gS] tc rd fd og oLrq bafæ; ds lkFk nwljh oLrq ds xq.k dks çfrfcfEcr djsA mnkgj.k ds fy,( tc d{kk esa dksÃ est+ ugÈ fn[kkÃ nsrh gSA rc laidZ }kjk 10 © xSj&vfLrRo dh èkkj.kk vkSj varÆufgrrk ds chp lacèa k dks le>k;k x;k gSA vr% tc fdlh d{kk esa dksÃ est+ fn[kkÃ ugÈ nsrh gS] rks –'; Hkko dk d{kk ds lkFk la;kstu gksrk gS Çdrq est+ dk vHkko oxZ ds lacèa k esa gksrk gSA ;s mijksä crk, x, Ng çdkj ds laidZ ¼la;ksx] la;qä leok;] la;qä leosr leok;] leok;] leosr leok;] la;qä fo'ks"k.k½ dks lkèkkj.k ;k ÞykSfddß dgk tkrk gSA buds vfrfjä U;k; dh fopkjèkkjk rhu çdkj ds vlkèkkj.k laidks± dks ekurh gS] ftUgsa ÞvykSfddß dgk tkrk gSA ;s rhu çdkj ds laidZ gS& a ¼i½ lkekU; y{k.k çR;{k] ¼ii½ Kku y{k.k çR;k'kfr vkSj ¼iii½ ;ksxtA ¼i½ bl rjg ds laidZ esa fdlh oLrq dh xq.koÙkk dks vU; lHkh O;fäxr oLrq dh xq.koÙkk ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] tc dksÃ O;fä ck?k dks ns[krk gS] rks og xq.k tks O;xzrk ¼O;kdqyrk] [kycyh½ gS] mldh Hkh vuqHkwfr djrk gSA vr% O;k?kzrk Hkfo"; esa ns[ks tkus okys vU; lHkh ck?kksa ds fy, laidZ dk ekè;e cu tkrh gSA ¼ii½ bl çdkj ds laidZ esa vuqHkwfr vlkèkkj.k gS D;ksfa d bafæ; vax }kjk dh xÃ vuqHkwfr lkekU; :i ls vuqHkwfr djus esa l{ke ugÈ gS rFkk ml le; mifLFkr ugÈ gSA blfy, vuqHkwfr fiNys vuqHko ij vkèkkfjr gSA mnkgj.kLo:i% tSl& s cQZ dh BaMdA ¼iii½ bl çdkj dk laidZ vUrKkZu ç—fr dk gksrk gS vkSj ;ksfx;ksa ds eè; ns[kk tkrk gS] ftUgksaus è;ku ls vlkèkkj.k 'kfä;k¡ çkIr dh gSa rkfd vrhr] orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; dh ?kVukvksa dks le>k tk ldsA U;k; fopkjèkkjk esa vuqHkwfr ;k èkkj.kk nks pj.kksa esa gksrh gS& ¼i½ fuÆodYi vuqHkwfr] ¼ii½ lfodYi vuqHkwfr ¼i½ vuqHkwfr dh bl voLFkk esa bafæ; dk igyk laidZ oLrq ls gksrk gSA ;g oLrq dh fo'ks"krk vkSj varl±caèk ds Kku dks fuèkkZfjr fd, fcuk oLrq dk çkFkfed Kku gksrk gSA tks fd fuÆodYi oLrq dk ,d dqna Kku gS] ftlesa dsoy oLrq ds ewy vfLrRo dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,( tc dksÃ O;fä vke ns[krk gS] rks vk¡[kksa vkSj vke ds chp laidZ cu tkrk gSA bl voLFkk esa dsoy vkdkj] :i vkSj jax dks ns[kk tkrk gS] Lo;a vke dks ugÈA 11 © ¼ii½ bls lkekU;r% nwljs pj.k ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gS] tks oLrq ds gksus dk fuf'pr Kku crkrk gSA bl lfodYi esa O;fä oLrq dks mlds xq.kksa ds dkj.k igpkurk gSA bu dÃ fo'ks"krkvksa ds chp varl±cèa k dk ljyrk ls irk yxk;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, vke dks ns[kus ds ckn O;fä vklkuh ls ;g fuèkkZfjr dj ldrk gS fd ;g vke gS vkSj [kkus ;ksX; gks ldrk gSA ;g lfodYi vuqHkwfr fuÆodYi vuqHkwfr ds fcuk ugÈ gks ldrh D;ksfa d bldh fo'ks"krkvksa ds chp var%lacèa k dk irk rc rd ugÈ py ldrk tc rd fd fo'ks"krk dks u tku fy;k tk,A vuqeku U;k; fopkjèkkjk ds egÙoiw.kZ Hkkxksa esa ls ,d gS D;ksfa d ;g rdZ ls lacfa èkr gSA vuqeku] çek.k ds varxZr vkrk gS tks Kku ds ckjs esa ,d fl)kar gSA vuqeku u dsoy oSèk lksp ls lacafèkr gS cfYd Kku dh foèkk ij Hkh cgqr vfèkd cy nsrk gSA vuqeku dks tgk¡ Kku ds lkèku ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS ogÈ vuqekukRed vuqHkwfr dks vuqfefr dgk tkrk gSA vuqeku Kku dk og :i gS] tks fdlh vU; Kku ds i'pkr~ vkrk gSA blfy, ;g ,d çdkj dk Kku gS] tks vçR;{k gS vkSj fiNys Kku ds }kjk çkIr fd;k x;k gSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij tc dksÃ O;fä igkM+h ls fudyrk gqvk èkqvk¡ ns[krk gS rks og vuqeku yxkrk gS fd igkM+h ij vkx yxh gSA blfy, èkq,¡ dk fn[kkÃ nsuk igkM+h ij yxh vkx ds çek.k dks lkfcr djrk gSA vuqeku dks nks Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS] vFkkZr~ ¼i½ LokFkkZuqeku vkSj ¼ii½ ijkFkkZuqekuA ¼i½ ;g Lo;a dk ,d vuqeku gSA blfy, vuqeku Kku dh çfØ;k ds ckjs esa ,d euksoSKkfud le> dks n'kkZrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,( ,d O;fä us igys ns[kk gS fd tc Hkh vkx yxrh gS rks èkqvk¡ fudyrk gSA rks tc Hkh dksÃ O;fä fdlh igkM+h esa èkqvk¡ ns[krk gS rks mls ;kn vkrk gS fd tgk¡ èkqvk¡ gS ogk¡ vkx gSA blfy, fiNys vuqHko ds vkèkkj ij vuqeku yxk;k tkrk gS fd igkM+h esa vkx yxh gSA ¼i½ bl çdkj dk vuqeku rkÆdd fopkj ij vkèkkfjr gSA blfy, Kku ds mRiknu dks fuèkkZfjr djus esa U;k;'kkL= ¼;qfäokD;½ ,d egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA ijkFkkZuqeku dks ik¡p rkÆdd dFkuksa ls le>k tk ldrk gS& 12 © ¼d½ igkM+h ij vkx gS ¼ftl çLrko dks fl) djuk gksrk gS] mls çfrKk Hkh dgrs gSa½] ¼[k½ D;ksfa d èkqvk¡ gS ¼;g vkx dk dkj.k crkrk gS] ftls gsrq Hkh dgk tkrk gS½] ¼x½ tgk¡ èkqvk¡ gS] ogk¡ vkx gS ¼O;fIr½] ¼?k½ tSlk fd jlksÃ esa ns[kk x;k gS ¼;g ,d mnkgj.k gS] ftls –"V~.krk ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS½] ¼³½ igkM+h ij vkx gS ¼bl fu"d"kZ dks fuxeu ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS½A bl mnkgj.k esa igyk dFku vfHkdFku gS] nwljk dFku dkj.k crkrk gS] rhljk dFku vifjorZuh; la;kstu dks n'kkZrk gS ¼èkq,¡ vkSj vkx ds chp½] pkSFkk dFku lekurk dks O;ä djrk gS] mnkgj.k ds fy,( igkM+h jlksÃ dh rjg gS ¼vkx vkSj èkq,¡ dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k½] vkSj ik¡pok¡ vkSj vafre dFku fu"d"kZ gS] tks igys fd, x, vfHkdFku dks LFkkfir djrk gSA mieku og Kku gS] tks nks oLrqvksa ds chp lekurk ls çkIr gksrk gSA mieku 'kCn nks 'kCnksa ls cuk gS] tks ^mi* vkSj ^eu* gSA ;gk¡ ij mi dk vFkZ gS lekurk vkSj eu dk vFkZ gS vuqHkwfrA rks ;g og vuqHkwfr gS] tks ,d oLrq ds chp lekurk dh rqyuk ftls tkuk x;k gS fd ;g rqyuk ml oLrq ls djrh gS ftls dksÃ ugÈ tkurk gSA bldk lcls vkn'kZ mnkgj.k taxyh cSy ds lanHkZ esa gSA ,d O;fä ftlus dHkh taxyh cSy ugÈ ns[kk gS] mls igpkurk gS D;ksfa d mls crk;k x;k gS fd ;g ,d xk; dh Hkkafr fn[krk gS vkSj mlus igys xk; dks ns[kk gSA rks O;fä tc taxyh cSy dks ns[krk gS rks og ikrk gS fd og xk; ds leku gSA blfy, O;fä lksprk gS fd ;g taxyh cSy gksxkA U;k; fopkjèkkjk dk dguk gS fd ;g Kku vuqHkwfr ls çkIr ugÈ fd;k tk ldrk] D;ksafd ;g lekurk ds Kku ij vkèkkfjr gksrk gSA vfèkdka'k Kku fdlh O;fä }kjk cksys x, 'kCnksa ds }kjk ,d euq"; ls nwljs euq"; rd igq¡prk gSA bls 'kCn ;k ekSf[kd o.kZu ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA gkyk¡fd lHkh 'kCn vkSj okD; lR; ugÈ gSa vkSj blfy, ekU; Kku ugÈ gSaA dsoy ogh vkfèkdkfjd ekSf[kd xokgh ¼vkIrokD;½ çek.k cu tkrh gS] tks vkfèkdkfjd ,oa fo'oklik= O;fä;ksa }kjk nh tkrh gS D;ksfa d os lR; tkurs gSa rFkk lR; cksyrs gSAa bu fo'oklik= O;fä;ksa ds c;ku fo'oluh; vkSj lkFkZd gksrs gSAa 13 © gkyk¡fd ekSf[kd xokgh ls Kku çkIr djus ds fy, 'kCnksa dks le>uk vko';d gks tkrk gSA ;s 'kCn egÙoiw.kZ gSa D;ksafd os okD; cukrs gSaA okD; ekSf[kd ;k fyf[kr :i esa gks ldrs gSaA Kku dks O;ä djus ds fy, okD; dks dqN fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk iM+rk gSA ;s bl çdkj gSa&¼i½ vkdka{kk] ¼ii½ ;ksX;rk] ¼iii½ lfUufèk vkSj ¼iv½ rkRi;ZA dsoy dqN 'kCnksa dks lewgc) djus ls okD; ugÈ curk vkSj blfy, ;g vFkZghu gks tkrk gSA çFke –"V;k ;fn 'kCnksa dk lewg vkdka{kk dks mRiUu ugÈ djrk gS rks 'kCnksa dk dksÃ vFkZ ugÈ gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,( ^est+] gkFkh] crZu*A ;s 'kCn vFkZghu gSa D;ksfa d ;s vkdka{kk mRiUu ugÈ djrs gSAa tgk¡ rd nwljs fu;e dk lacèa k gS] vFkZ dks O;ä djus ds fy, okD; dks mfpr vkSj xSj&fojksèkkHkklh gksuk pkfg,A mnkgj.k ds fy,( ^vkyw dks feêh esa mckys*a A ;gk¡ mcky 'kCn ,d vkdka{kk mRiUu djrk gS] tcfd feêh 'kCn mls iwjk djus ds fy, mi;qä ugÈ gSA rhljk fu;e ;g crkrk gS fd 'kCnksa dks vFkZiw.kZ gksus ds fy, ,d nwljs ds fudV gksuk pkfg, ;k Rofjr :i esa cksyuk pkfg,A mnkgj.k ds fy,( ;fn 'kCn yacs fojke ds lkFk cksys tkrs gSa rks bldk dksÃ vFkZ ugÈ gSA pkSFkh fLFkfr esa oäk dk vk'k; çklafxd gks tkrk gS] tcfd ,d le; esa 'kCn ds dÃ vFkZ fudkys tk ldrs gSAa mnkgj.k ds fy,( dS'k dkmaVj ij tc dksÃ O;fä dgrk gS fd mls ifjorZu dh vko';drk gS rks bldk vFkZ gS fd mls de ewY; ds èku dh vko';drk gS] u fd thou esa ifjorZu dhA blfy, O;fä ds ç;kstu dks tkuuk vko';d gSA U;k; fopkjèkkjk esa 'kCn nks çdkj ds gksrs gSAa ;s gSa ykSfdd vkSj vykSfddA ykSfdd ds varxZr ekSf[kd xokgh fo'oklik= vkSj fo'oluh; O;fä;ksa ds 'kCn gS]a tcfd vykSfdd ds rgr ekSf[kd xokgh nSoh; ç—fr ds gSAa blfy, Kkfu;ksa ds dFku ykSfdd gSa] tcfd osnksa ;k èkkÆed xzFa kksa ds opu vykSfdd gSAa ;g 'kCn çek.k Kku ds lapj.k] vuqHkwfr dh mRifÙk vkSj ewY;ksa ds fuekZ.k esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA 'kCn ds ekè;e ls ^èkeZ*] ^drZO;*] ^nku*] ^R;kx* vkfn ds Kku dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA U;k; lw= es]a xkSre us lksyg inkFkks± dk mYys[k fd;k gSA lksyg esa ls] ^çek.k* dh foospuk igys gh Åij dh tk pqdh gSA blesa ls 'ks"k iaæg inkFkks± dh foospuk uhps dh xÃ gSA 14 © ;g lgh Kku ;k okLrfodrk ds ckjs esa crkrk gSA U;k; fopkjèkkjk okLrfod Kku dh ckjg igyqvksa dks ekurh gSA ;s gS& a ¼i½ Lo;a ¼vkRek½] ¼ii½ 'kjhj ¼;gk¡ tSfod xfrfofèk;k¡ gksrh gSa vkSj lq[k o nnZ tSlh Hkkouk,¡ eglwl gksrh gS½a ] ¼iii½ bafæ;k¡ ¼Lokn] Li'kZ] xaèk] Jo.k o –f"V½] ¼iv½ bafæ;ksa dh oLrq,¡ ¼Lokn] Li'kZ] xaèk] èofu vkSj jax dks le>us dk xq.k½] ¼v½ vuqHkwfr ;k Kku ¼cqf)½] ¼vi½ ekul ¼eu] tks lq[k rFkk ihM+k dks le> lds½] ¼vii½ ço`fÙk ¼xfrfofèk½] ¼viii½ ekufld nks"k ¼nks"k ;k det+kjs h tSls ^jkx] ^}s"k* vkSj ^eksg*½] ¼ix½ çsR;Hkko ¼e`R;q ds i'pkr~ iqutZUe½] ¼x½ Qy ¼thou esa lq[k ,oa nnZ dk vuqHko½] ¼xi½ nq%[k] ¼xii½ vioxZ ¼nq%[k ls eqfä½A ;g langs vkSj vfuf'prrk dh fLFkfr gSA ;gk¡ dÃ fodYiksa dh miyCèkrk ds dkj.k fodYi ds p;u esa eu esa my>u gks tkrh gSA ;fn leku oLrqvksa dh fojksèkkHkklh O;k[;k miyCèk gks rks ;g fLFkfr vkSj Hkh vfèkd my>u dks cqdko vè;kReokn dh vksj gS] ftlds }kjk Lo;a dh èkkj.kk dks O;kid :i ls le>k;k x;k gSA Lo;a dks çk;% gh vkRek vkSj psruk ds lkFk tksMk+ x;k gSA U;k; fopkjèkkjk esa O;fäxr :i ls Lo;a ¼vkRek½ tks lhfer gS vkSj Ã'oj ¼ijekRek½ tks vuar gS] mldks ekU;rk çnku dh xÃ gSA Lo;a ¼vkRek½ ,d ,slk loZK gS] tks O;fä esa mifLFkr gS vkSj bafæ;ksa ds ekè;e ls lq[k ,oa nnZ dh vuqHkwfr dh {kerk j[krk gSA bu lHkh dks ekul ;k eu tku ldrk gSA fdlh O;fä dh fØ;k ;k ço`fÙk o nks"k tSls vkosx rFkk yxko mldh ihM+k o çlUurk ds dkj.k curs gSAa Lo;a ,d fujarj ;k=k esa jgrk gS vkSj eks{k çkIr djus rd 'kjhj ifjoÆrr djrk jgrk gS ¼Chakrabarti, Kisor Kumar: 2001½A pkokZd n'kZu crkrk gS fd vkRek lw{e gS vkSj blfy, bls bafæ;ksa }kjk ugÈ ns[kk tk ldrk gSA Lo;a dks tkuuk ,d dfBu dk;Z gSA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd lq[k] ihM+k] bPNk] ?k`.kk] ç;kl rFkk psruk tSls xq.kksa ls Lo;a dk vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gSA vkRek vkSj ijekRek ¼lhfer Lo;a vkSj vuar Lo;a½ nksuksa gh bPNk] ç;kl vkSj psruk tSls xq.kksa dk vuqHko djrs gSAa vuar Lo;a gh ?k`.kk vkSj ihM+k dk vuqHko djrk gSA O;fä vkSj Ã'oj nksuksa gh lq[k dk vuqHko djrs gSa] gkyk¡fd O;fä dk lq[k 'kk'or ugÈ gS tcfd Ã'oj dk lq[k 'kk'or gSA U;k; fopkjèkkjk dk ekuuk gS fd Lo;a Lora= :i ls mifLFkr jgrk gSA Lo;a eu] 'kjhj] bafæ;ksa vkSj psruk ls fHkUu gSA Lo;a 'kk'or gS vkSj bls mRiUu ;k u"V ugÈ fd;k tk ldrk gSA psruk] Lo;a dk ,d xq.k gS tks vko';d ugÈ gSA ftl çdkj ls lks, gq, O;fä ds ikl Lo;a gS ysfdu psruk ugÈ gSA blfy, Lo;a] psruk ds fcuk mifLFkr 20 © gks ldrk gSA eu ds laidZ esa vkus ij Lo;a] psruk çkIr dj ldrk gS] vkSj eu bafæ;ksa ds laidZ esa vkrk gS vkSj bafæ;ksa dk oLrqvksa ds lkFk laidZ gksrk gS ¼Ibid.½A vkRek 'kjhj ls vyx gksus ij eqfä ;k eks{k çkIr djrh gSA bl voLFkk esa vkRek lHkh lkalkfjd d"Vksa vkSj nq%[kksa ls eqä gks tkrh gSA ;fn vkRek 'kjhj ls tqMh+ gqÃ gS rks bafæ;k¡ lkalkfjd oLrqvksa ds laidZ esa vk tk,¡xh vkSj lq%[k ;k ihM+k dks tUe nsx a hA eqfä ihM+k ls NqVdkjk fnykrh gS ,oa iqutZUe ds pØ dks lekIr djrh gS rFkk vkRek dks 'kk'or vkuan dh vksj ys tkrh gSA Lo;a ds ckjs esa Kku çkIr djus ds fy, O;fä dks 'kkL=ksa dh f'k{kkvksa dks lquuk pkfg, vkSj ml ij Çpru djuk pkfg,A ,d O;fä dks ;ksx dk vH;kl djds è;ku djuk pkfg,A bl çdkj ls ,d O;fä Lo;a ds ckjs esa tkusxk vkSj ;g le> ik,xk fd Lo;a 'kjhj ls i`Fkd gksrk gSA bl vuqHkwfr ds dkj.k O;fä HkkSfrd oLrqvksa vkSj lkalkfjd lq[kksa dh vksj vkdÆ"kr ugÈ gksxkA bl çdkj ls O;fä fiNys deks± ds naM dks lekIr dj nsxk] ihM+k ls eqfä çkIr djsxk] 'kjhj ls Lo;a dks i`Fkd dj eks{k çkIr djsxkA Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd Çpru dh Kkuehekalk dk vkèkkj mu fopkj çfØ;kvksa dh ifj.kfr gS] tks fd çkphu dky ls _f"k;ks]a nk'kZfudks]a fl)kardkjksa vkSj rdZ'kkfL=;ksa }kjk fodflr dh xÃ gSaA çkphu Hkkjr esa fodflr gqÃ fopkj çfØ;k us fofHkUu fooknks]a foospukvksa o çFkkvksa }kjk Lo;a dks le`) fd;k gSA ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd fopkj çfØ;k us viuh fujarjrk vkSj Li"Vrk cuk, j[kh gSA vè;kReokn dh vksj >qdko djds] Kkuehekalk ds vkèkkj us u dsoy Ã'oj vkSj lkalkfjd dk;ks± ds eè; ,d dM+h tksMh+ gS] cfYd lalkj esa gks jgh xfrfofèk;ksa ds fy, Ã'oj ls vfèkdkj Hkh çkIr fd;k gSA bl çdkj ,d jktk dks ekU;rk feyh vkSj bl rjg jkT; vfLrRo esa vk;kA jktk ds drZO;ksa vkSj jkT; ds mís'; dk foLrkj gqvk vkSj le; chrus ds lkFk ;g lesfdr gksrk x;kA ,d jkT; ds mís'; vkSj y{; dks fuèkkZfjr djus esa nk'kZfud uÈo us egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkÃ gSA jkT; dh fdlh Hkh çdkj dh leL;k ;k tfVyrk dks fofHkUu fopkjèkkjkvksa ls çkIr Kku }kjk gy fd;k x;k gSA 21 © çkphu Hkkjr dh dqN nk'kZfud voèkkj.kk,¡ tSls& èkeZ] vFkZ] dke vkSj eks{k] Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd ekul esa bruh xgjh tM+as tek pqdh gSa fd jkt dkS'ky us Lo;a dks bu voèkkj.kkvksa ds lkFk tksM+ fy;k gSA 1- cgqfodYih; ç'u a. U;k; n'kZu ds eq[; çLrkod dkSu gSa\ ¼i½ xkSre ¼ii½ c`gLifr ¼iii½ dqekfjy b. vioxZ dk vFkZ gS --------- ¼i½ nq%[k ls eqfä] ¼ii½ nq%[k] ¼iii½ e`R;q ds ckn iqutZUe 2- Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd Çpru esa çR;{k dk vFkZ ,oa ç—fr dh O;k[;k dhft,A 3- 'kCn dh çeq[k fo'ks"krkvksa dh foospuk dhft,A 4- Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd Çpru dks Lo:i nsus esa pkokZd n'kZu dh Hkwfedk dk lekykspukRed ijh{k.k dhft,A 5- Lo;a ds ewy Lo:i dk o.kZu dhft,A  Altekar, A S (1958), State and Government in Ancient India, Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass.  Banarjee, Sarbani (2003), Theory of Nyaya: Some Observations, Indian Philosophical Quarterly, XXX (1): 103-110.  Bilimoria, Purushottama (2017), Pramana Epistemology: Origins And Developments, in Purushottama Bilimoria (et. al.) (eds.) History of Indian 22 Philosophy Routledge history of world philosophies, London: Routledge. ©  Brown, D. Mackenzie (1953), The Premises of Indian Political Thought, The Western Political Quarterly, 6 (2): 243-249.  Chakrabarti, Kisor Kumar (2001), The Existence and Permanence of the Self, in Classical Indian Philosophyof Mind: The Nyaya Dualist Tradition, Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass.  Chatterjee, Satishchandra and Dheerendramohan Datta (1948), An Introduction to Indian Philosophy, Calcutta: Calcutta University Press.  Chatterjee, S C (1939), The Nyaya Theory of Knowledge: A Critical Study of Some Problems of Logic And Metaphysics, Calcutta: University of Calcutta.  Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad (1992), Lokayata: A Study In Ancient Indian Materialism, New Delhi: People’s Publishing House.  Dasgupta, Surendranath (1922), A History of Indian Philosophy, Cambridge: Cmanbridge Univeersity Press.  Krishna, Daya (1996), The Problematic and Conceptual Structure of Classical Indian Thought about Man, State and Polity, Delhi: Oxford University Press.  Perrett, Roy W (2016), An Introduction to Indian Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.  Phillips, Stephen (2019), Epistemology in Classical Indian Philosophy, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, [Online: web] Accessed 04 October 2021URL: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-india/  Potter, Karl H (1977), Introduction to the Philosophy of Nyaya-Vaisesika, in Karl H Potter (ed.) Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian Metaphysics and Epistemology: The Tradition of Nyäya-Vaisesika up to Gaûgesa, Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass.  Sharma, Chandradhar (1987), A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy, Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass.  Soni, Jayandra (2003), On the Origin and Development of Epistemology in Indian Philosophy, [Online: web] Accessed 04 October 2021URL: https://them.polylog.org/4/fsj-en.htm  Varma, Vishwanath Prasad (1959), Studies in Hindu Political Thought and Its Metaphysical Foundations, Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass. 23 © 'kksèk fo|kFkÊ] jktuhfr&foKku foHkkx] Mh;w 2-1 mís'; 2-2 ifjp; 2-3 oSfnd dky esa èkeZ dh voèkkj.kk 2-4 mÙkj&oSfnd dky esa èkeZ o naM dh voèkkj.kk 2-5 jkT; o jktuhfr ds lanHkZ esa èkeZ'kkL= 2-6 Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd ijaijkvksa esa pkokZd n'kZu dk ;ksxnku 2-7 Hkkjr esa bLykeh jktuhfrd ijaijk 2-8 lwQh vkSj Hkfä vkanksyu ds lanHkZ esa Hkkjr esa leèkeÊ jktuhfrd ijaijk 2-9 vH;kl ç'u 2-10 lanHkZ&lwph bl ikB esa Hkkjr dh èkkÆed ijaijkvks]a oSfnd ijaijkvksa ds lkFk blds tqMk+ o ds ckjs esa ppkZ dh tk,xhA ijaijkvksa esa Nk= ^èkeZ* ls tqMh+ lkekftd] lkaL—frd vkSj jktuhfrd ppkZvksa dks le>sx a s tks Hkkjr dks vU; ijaijkvksa ls vyx djrh gSA ;g vè;k; jkT; vkSj jktuhfr ds lanHkZ esa èkeZ'kkL=] Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd ijaijkvksa esa 'kSeSfud ¼Shamanic½ n'kZu ds ;ksxnku vkSj lwQh vkSj Hkfä vkanksyu ds lanHkZ esa Hkkjr esa lefUor jktuhfrd ijaijk ds ckjs esa crk,xkA 25 © Hkkjr ds jktuhfrd Çpru dk çkjaHk oSfnd ;qx ls gksrk gS] tgk¡ Hkkjr dk lkekftd] lkaL—frd o jktuSfrd thou vR;ar oSfoè;iw.kZ jgk gSA oSfnd ;qx ls ysdj X;kjgoha lnh rd Hkkjrh; Çpru dk lØe fodkl vkSj foLrkj gqvk gSA bl dky [kaM ds nkSjku Hkkjrh; lekt ds lHkh fo"k; èkeZ o mlds çfriknu ds fy, dqN ijaijkvksa ls tqMs+ jgsA Hkkjrh; Çpru o lekt esa èkkÆed ijaijkvksa dh eq[;r% nks ç.kkyh jgh gSa] czkã.k o Je.kA czkã.k tks oSfnd dky ls Hkkjr esa mifLFkr jgh vkSj Je.k tks yxHkx NBh 'krkCnh Ãlk iwoZ ls mifLFkr jghA eq[;r% tks yksx czkã.koknh O;oLFkk o ijaijk ds vuqlkj thou dks lek;ksftr ugÈ dj lds] mUgksua s lalkj dk R;kx dj fn;k ftUgsa Je.k dgk x;k gSA blds vfrfjä bl dky [kaM esa vkxs py dj èkkÆed –f"V ls vU; nks ijaijk,¡ lkeus vkrh gS]a bLyke o leèkeÊA eq[;r% tks yksx bLyke o czkã.k O;oLFkk nksuksa dks udkjrs gSAa Hkkjrh; Çpru dh bu èkkÆed ijaijkvksa esa ^èkeZ* ds pkjksa vksj lkekftd] lkaL—frd o jktuSfrd fopkj o foe'kZ jgs gSaA ftldks le>us esa if'peh txr vlQy jgk gSA çkphu Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd Çpru çkphu Hkkjrh; n'kZu dk ,d vfHkUu vax gSA eq[;r% oSfnd dky dh ;fn ckr dh tk, rks èkeZ lacfa èkr fu;e vkSj dkuwu èkeZ'kkL= esa fufgr gSaA èkeZ dk vFkZ gS O;fä dk mfpr drZO; vFkkZr~ iq.; ds ekxZ ds vkSj ,d mfpr lR; dks viukukA ;g ,d uSfrd vkSj çk—frd fu;e gSA ;g ,d lkekftd O;oLFkk gSA oSfnd Hkkjr esa ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd O;fä dks èkeZ ds vuqlkj viuk thou O;rhr djuk pkfg, vFkkZr~ mfpr ekxZ ij py dj vius drZO;ksa dk ikyu djuk pkfg,A oSfnd dky esa xzke Lokoyach Fks vkSj mudh vko';drk dh gj ,d oLrq xzke esa mifLFkr FkhA bl ;qx esa lHkh O;fä deZ ds vkèkkj ij pkj o.kks±& czkã.k] {kf=;] oS'; o 'kwæ esa caVs FksA bl o.kZ O;oLFkk dk vkèkkj thfodk ij vkèkkfjr FkkA dksÃ Hkh O;fä vius Kku] ;ksX;rk vkfn ds dkj.k vius deZ dk ifjorZu dj nwljs o.kZ esa ços'k dj 26 © ldrk FkkA mnkgj.kr% Hk`xq _f"k ds oa'kt jFk cukus esa fuiq.k crk Fkk ¼vgen] 1962] i`"B& 121&130½A ehj [kqnZ ds vuqlkj] cjuh dh jpukvksa esa lcls vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ jpuk rkjh[k&,&fQjkst'kkgh gS tks jkT; dh ç—fr] jktRo dh fnO;rk vkSj jkT; ds drZO; ds fo"k; esa ppkZ djrh gSA cjuh ds vfrfjä eè;dkyhu Çpru ds varxZr vcqy Q+t+y ,d vU; çeq[k Çprd FksA tgk¡ ,d vksj cjuh dêjiaFkh bLykeh fopkjdksa esa lfEefyr fd, tkrs gSa ogh vcqy Q+ty + ds fopkj cjuh ls foijhr jgsA ftl lanHkZ esa mudh nks jpuk,¡ çeq[k Fkha vkÃus&,&vdcjh vkSj vdcjukekA bLykeh jkT; esa 'kkld }kjk lg&èkkÆed çtk ds fy, vkSj xSj&eqfLye çtk ds fy, 32 nksgjh uhfr dks viuk;k FkkA eqlyekuksa ds thou vkSj laifÙk dh j{kk djuk jkT; dk © drZO; Fkk] ijarq xSj&eqlyekuksa dks jkT; esa viuh lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, ^tft+;k* uked ,d fo'kg dj dk Hkqxrku djuk iM+rk FkkA jkT; dh vU; egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk ;g Fkh fd jkT; dh igpku 'kkgh ifjokj ls dh tkrh FkhA vcqy Q+ty + ds vuqlkj] ÞvYykg dh utj esa 'kkgh ifjokj ls cyd vdcj ds fopkjksa esa Hkh fn[kkÃ iM+rh gSA ftldh ppkZ og vdcjukek esa Hkh djrs gSaA vcqy Q+t+y dh vkÃu&,&vdcjh nks çdkj ds jktkvksa ds eè; varj 33 © djrh gS&lPpk jktk vkSj LokFkÊ jktkA ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd nksuksa esa lkekU;] [ktkuk] lsuk] ukSdj] vkKkdkjh çtk] Kkuh vkSj dq'ky dkexkjksa dh HkhM+ gSA lPps jktk ds 'kklu es]a ;s ckrsa fpjLFkk;h gSaA og Lo;a dks bu fo"k;ksa ls ugÈ tksM+rk gS] D;ksfa d mldk y{; çR;sd LFkku ij mRihM+u nwj djuk gSA blds foijhr] ,d LokFkÊ jktk 'kkgh 'kfä ds ckgjh :iksa dks cgqr vfèkd egÙo nsrk gS] blfy, mlds 'kklu esa gj txg vlqj{kk] fo'okl dh deh] mRihM+u vkSj MdSrh gSA èkkÆed dêjiaFkh gksus ds dkj.k cjuh ds èkkÆed fopkjksa esa bldh >yd Li"V fn[kkÃ nsrh gSA mldk fo'okl Fkk fd lHkh Çgnqvksa dks eqlyeku cuk ysuk ;k ryokj ls ekSr ds ?kkV mrkj nsuk laHko ugÈ gSA vr% mlus ;g le>kus dk ç;kl fd;k fd de ls de bruk gksuk vko';d gS fd Çgnqvksa dks nfjæ cuk fn;k tk,] rkfd og vknjiwoZd thou O;rhr u dj ldsa ¼gchc] 1995½A ogÈ vcqy Q+t+y ds èkkÆed fopkj cjuh ls fHkUu FksA ftlds fy, mUgsa ledkyhu ;qx esa dM+h vkykspuk dk lkeuk Hkh djuk iM+kA tgk¡xhj }kjk Q+t+y dks ckxh crk;k x;kA Q+ty + dks dkfQj le>uk ,d lkekU; lh ckr FkhA mu ij fgan]w vfXuiwtd] èkeZfujis{k vkSj ukfLrd gksus ds vkjksi yxs FksA okLro esa og loZ= 'kkafr esa fo'okl j[krs FksA mudh nks eq[; jpukvksa vkÃu&,&vdcjh vkSj vdcjukek dk vè;;u djus ls irk pyrk gS fd og ,d eqä fopkjd Fks vkSj jhfr&fjoktksa o iqjkuh èkkÆed iqLrdksa dk lg;ksx ysus okyksa dh vogsyuk djrs FksA ,d fopkjèkkjk ;k Hkfä ds :i esa lwQhokn loZçFke eè; vkSj if'peh ,f'k;k esa fodflr gqvk] tgk¡ ls ;g fofHkUu fn'kkvksa esa foLrkfjr gks x;kA vfèkdka'k lwfQ;ksa dh Ã'oj ds çfr xgjh Hkfä Fkh vkSj muesa ls dÃ èku ds v'yhy çn'kZu ls nwj ,d lkèkkj.k thou ij cy nsrs gSaA Hkkjr esa lwQhokn dÃ lwQh laçnk;ksa ;k flyflyk ¼vkns'k½ ds :i esa mifLFkr Fkk] tSlk fd fp'rh] lqgjkonÊ vkSj ud'kcanh flyflykA fp'rh laçnk; ds 34 laLFkkid] eqbu&mn&nhu fp'rh] fo'ks"k :i ls lwQh bLyke esa edcjs dh iwtk esa èkkÆed © ijaijkvksa dk cgqr varÆojksèk gSA lar vkSj mudh lekfèk dh ifo= 'kfä fofHkUu leqnk;ksa ds euq";ksa esa ,d:irk ykrh gS tks 'kkafr vkSj lqyg dks cwBh Çunk djuk] lEifÙk ij vuqfpr dCtk] cqjk Hkyk dguk vkSj çgkj djukA dkSfVY; jktk dh futh lqj{kk esa Hkh vR;ar lkoèkkuh ds i{kèkj Fks vkSj blds fy, egy dks ;ks)kvksa ds o`Ùkksa dh Ük`a[kyk }kjk lajf{kr fd;k tkuk FkkA mlds vusd 'k;u d{k gksrs Fks vkSj mlds lcls utnhdh lkFkh dks Hkh ;g tkudkjh ugÈ gksrh Fkh fd fdlh fo'ks"k jkr og fdl 'k;u d{k esa gSA jktk dh eqlhcrsa vkarfjd vFkok cká gks ldrh gSAa vkarfjd eqlhcr cká eqlhcrksa ls vfèkd xaHkhj gksrs gSa] tks ?kkr yxk, lk¡i ds [krjs tSls gksrs gSAa ea=h ds dkj.k vkbZ eqlhcr vU; çdkj dh vkarfjd eqlhcrksa ls vfèkd xaHkhj gksrh gSA bl dkj.k foÙk vkSj lsuk dh 'kfä jktk dks vius gh fu;a=.kkèkhu j[kuk pkfg,A ,d ;FkkFkZoknh gksus ds ukrs dkSfVY; us jktk dks lq>ko fn;k fd og le;≤ ij vius eaf=;ksa dh fu"Bk dh tk¡p ds fy, xqIrpjksa dk mi;ksx djsA ,d ;FkkFkZoknh gksus ds ukrs mUgksua s ;g lq>ko fn;k fd dksÃ Hkh [krjk utjvankt ugÈ fd;k tkuk pkfg,] Hkys gh og fdruk Hkh ekewyh D;ksa uk gksA tSlk fd igys mfYyf[kr gS] dkSfVY; ds fy, jktk jkT; ds lHkh fØ;kdykiksa ds dsaæ esa FkkA blh dkj.k jktk ls vis{kk,¡ Hkh cgqr vfèkd Fkha vkSj mls fofoèk çdk;Z Hkh djus FksA ¼1½ jktk dk loZçFke drZO; yksxksa dks jf{kr djuk vkSj mUgsa lqj{kk çnku djuk FkkA ç'kklu dh xq.koÙkk dk vkdyu yksd{kse vFkok lc ds dY;k.k ds fl)kar ij vkèkkfjr FkkA blesa lekt esa fofèk] O;oLFkk vkSj 'kkafr dks cuk, j[kuk vkSj vkarfjd vFkok cká] lHkh çdkj dh vkØkedrkvksa ds fo#) dk;Zokgh djuk 'kkfey FkkA buds vfrfjä jktk }kjk çk—frd vkinkvksa ds le; Hkh yksxksa dh lgk;rk djus dh vis{kk FkhA ¼2½ jktk U;k;ky; ds insu çeq[k vkSj lHkh xqgkjksa dk loksZPp fudk; FkkA dkSfVY; dk lq>ko Fkk fd U;k; ds çcaèku esa lnSo èkeZ ds fl)kar dk ikyu fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj jktk dks lnSo lrdZ jguk pkfg, fd dksÃ Hkh lgh tk¡p&iM+rky 110 vkSj lcwrksa ds fcuk nafMr uk fd;k tk,A © ¼3½ dkSfVY; ds jkT; esa dqN foèkk;h fØ;kdykiksa dks 'kklu&vkns'k ds :i esa tksM+k x;kA rFkkfi] jktk dks lnSo èkeZ ds fl)kar dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, gh fofèk fuekZ.k djuk pkfg,A ekxZn'kZu ds fy, Kkuh vkSj vuqHkoh yksxksa ds lkFk lHkh dkuwuksa dh foospuk gksuh pkfg, vkSj dksÃ Hkh dkuwu euekus :i ls ugÈ cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A ¼4½ blesa eaf=;ksa dh fu;qfä vkSj jktk }kjk muij ç;qä fu;a=.k 'kkfey FkkA lgh O;fä dks lgh in fu;qä djuk vkSj mudh {kerk ds vuqlkj mUgsa dk;Z lkSia uk ,d egÙoiw.kZ ç'kklfud çdk;Z gSA ¼5½ jktk eq[; iqjksfgr dh fu;qfä djrs FksA jktk }kjk fu;qä ?kjsyw iqtkjh vkSj dk;Zokgd iqtkjh ?kjsyw vuq"Bku vkSj ;K dk dk;Z djrs FksA dkSfVY; dk lq>ko Fkk fd jktk dks iqtkfj;ksa dk vknj djuk pkfg, vkSj èkkÆed laLFkkuksa dks pans esa vPNh jkf'k nsuh pkfg, D;ksfa d ;g mu vke yksxksa ds eu esa jktk ds çfr oSèkrk dh Hkkouk mRiUu djrk gS tks veweu èkkÆed gksrs gSAa ¼6½ ;g lqfuf'pr djuk jktk dk drZO; Fkk fd jktdks"k lekIr uk gksA jktk ikorh vkSj [kpZ ds [kkrksa dks Hkh ns[krk FkkA oks egkfu;a=d dh fu;qfä djrk gS tks jktLo olwyh ds fy, mÙkjnk;h FkkA og dj O;oLFkk dks tkjh j[kus vkSj eqækLQhfr dks fu;af=r j[kus ds fy, mÙkjnk;h FkkA lkFk gh] dkSfVY; dj dh ;qfälaxr O;oLFkk dk lq>ko nsrs gSa rkfd xjhc turk mRihfM+r eglwl uk djsA ¼7½ çèkku lsukè;{k ds :i esa jktk dk ;g drZO; Fkk fd og lSfudksa dh fu;qfä dh çfØ;k dk fujh{k.k djs vkSj ;g lqfuf'pr djs fd lSfudksa dks vPNk osru fey jgk gks vkSj muds ifjokj dh ns[kHkky gksA jktk dks lsuk }kjk mi;ksx esa yk, tkus okys gkfFk;ks]a ?kksMk+ as vkSj jFkksa dh fLFkfr ij Hkh utj j[kuh pkfg,A ;q) vkSj 'kkafr ds le; jktk dks vius lSfudksa dk eukscy cuk pkfg,A dkSfVY; us fons'k uhfr vkSj varj&jkT;h; lacèa k dk ,d foLr`r fl)kar çfrikfnr fd;kA muds fy, Hkw[kaM dk fujarj foLrkj uk dsoy ,d lkefjd ;qfä Fkh cfYd jktk dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ drZO; Hkh FkkA os jktk dks foftxh"kq ¼egÙokdka{kh jktk½ dgrs gSAa dkSfVY; ds vuqlkj varj&jkT;h; lacèa k egÙoiw.kZ Fkk D;ksfa d fdlh jkT; dk vfLrRo ,dkdhiu esa ugÈ gksrkA okLro esa os ekurs Fks fd çR;sd jkT; fujarj nwljh Hkwfe ij 'kfä LFkkfir djus dh [kkst esa jgrk gSA mudk varjkZ"Vªh; lacèa k dk fl)kar bl lw=okD; ij vkèkkfjr gS fd ,d fe= ds fe= dk fe= gksuk vkSj ,d 'k=q ds fe= dk 'k=q gksuk laHkkO; gSA jkteaMy vFkok eaMy fl)kar ds uke ls çpfyr ;g fl)kar pkj ladsfa ær o`Ùkksa ds leqPp; dh dYiuk djrk gS ftlesa dqy ckjg jkT; gksrs gSa vkSj çR;sd o`Ùk esa rhu jkT; gSaA bl jktuhfrd ra= ds dsæa esa foftxh"kq }kjk 'kkflr jktuhfrd 114 © O;oLFkk FkhA vxyh Js.kh vfj ¼'k=q jkT;½ }kjk n'kkZbZ tkrh gSA rhljh Js.kh eè;ek jktk dks n'kkZrh gS tks fe= vFkok 'k=q nksuksa cu ldrk gS vkSj fotsrk dk leFkZu djrs gq, mldh vksj ls gLr{ksi dj ldrk gS ;k fQj rVLFk ¼mnklhu½ vFkok 'k=q ¼vfj½ cuus dk fu.kZ; ys ldrk gSA pkSFkk o`Ùk mnklhu jkT; dks n'kkZrk gS tks dsæa ls nwjh ds dkj.k eq[; :i ls xSj&gLr{ksih vkSj rVLFk FksA tSls&tSls foftxh"kq vius fot;iFk esa vkxs ck djrk gqvk egÙokdka{kh dk fe= ¼fe=½ jgrk gS] mlds fudV vfj fe= ¼'k=q dk fe=½ lhek lk>k djrk gSA vfj fe= ds ckn fe= fe= ¼foftxh"kq ds fe= dk fe=½ gS tks 'k=q ds fe= ds fe= ¼vfjfe= fe=½ ds lkFk lhek lk>k djrk gSA blh çdkj] foftxh"kq ds ihNs] ihNs dk 'k=q gksxk tks ihNs ls geyk dj ldrk gS ¼ikÆ".kxzkg½A foftxh"kq dk ihNs dh vksj dk fe= ¼vkØan½ mlds lkFk lhek lk>k djrk gSA blds ckn ihNs dh vksj ds 'k=q dk fe= ¼ikÆ".kxzkglkj½ jgrk gS vkSj mlds ckn ihNs dh vksj ds fe= dk fe= ¼vkØanlkj½A ;g 115 © egÙokdka{kh jktk ds Bhd lkeus vFkok ihNs ds lacèa k gSaA buds vfrfjä os eè;ek jktk dh dYiuk djrs gSa tks eè;LFk jktk gS vkSj blh dkj.k 'kq: esa mnklhu jgrk gSA ysfdu pkSrksa ds fy, fd, x, gksAa ß çkjafHkd ckS) èkeZxFza kksa ds vuqlkj] :fkSrs esa] djksa dh laLFkk fof'k"V dk;Z ds fy, Hkqxrku dk çfrfufèkRo djrh gS] vkSj djkèkku vuqcèa k dk çrhd gS*A QyLo:i ;g vifjgk;Z gS] u rks yksxksa vkSj u gh jkT; ds ikl lkFk jgus ds vfrfjä dksÃ vU; fodYi ugÈ gSA jktRo dh laLFkk ,d jkT; dh lcls egÙoiw.kZ laLFkk gS] vkSj ;g ,d gh O;fä] lezkV }kjk 'kkflr ;k dsfa ær gSA QyLo:i] jkT;foghu lH;rkvksa dh fo'ks"krk 129 © okys vU; lkekftd laxBuksa ls jktRo fHkUu gksrk gS] tSls fd eqf[k;kA jkt'kkgh ,d laLÑfr ds dsæa dk çrhd gS ftls ,d jkT; esa lajfpr fd;k x;k gSA bu O;fä;ksa dks dÃ rÙoksa vkSj fgrksa ds chp eè;LFk ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gS tks lekt dh lkekftd O;oLFkk vkSj ekuo vkSj vfrfjä&ekuo fo'o ds eè; xBcaèku djrs gSAa ds nkSjku] ftls lcls egÙoiw.kZ ckS) xzFa kksa esa ls ,d ekuk tkrk gS] czkã.k olsVk cq) ls iwNrk gS fd loksZPprk dk czkã.koknh nkok mfpr Fkk ;k ugÈA bfrgkl dh ,d vlkèkkj.k ?kVuk us cq) ds –f"Vdks.k dk leFkZu fd;k Fkk tc muls iwNk x;k fd D;k os bl ç'u ls lger gSa ;k vlger gSaA ,d le; Fkk tc O;fä vius 'kjhj esa dksÃ HkkSfrd inkFkZ ugÈ gksus ds var rd funksZ"k FksAß ds vuqlkj] ekuo lH;rk ds bfrgkl dk irk yxkrk gSA ;g igyh leL;k dk ,d laf{kIr fooj.k çnku djrk gS] tks ,d jkt'kkgh ;k jkT; cuk jgk gSA lkekftd&jktuhfrd vkSj vkÆFkd ?kVukvksa dh ifjoÆrr ç—fr dks bfrgkl ds ekè;e ls] Hkzw.k ls vfèkd tfVy :i esa [kkstk tkrk gSA ds vuqlkj] ^jktRo dh mRifÙk fodflr gqÃ vkSj viuh orZeku fLFkfr rd igq¡pus ls igys ekuo lekt ds dÃ pj.kksa ls xqtjhA ;s ladrs djrs gSa fd os ÃFkj tho ,d foLrkfjr vofèk ds fy, 'kkafr] lq[k] le`f) vkSj 'kkar fLFkfr esa FksA gkyk¡fd] ;g iw.kZ 'kq)rk vc laHko ugÈ Fkh] vkSj viw.kZrk rLohj esa ?kqlus yxh*A Çyx] tkfr] èkeZ vkSj vU; fo'ks"krkvksa esa varj çdV gksrk gS] thou dks ÃFkj ls HkkSfrd ry uhps ykrk gSA lcls igys vkSj lcls egÙoiw.kZ] Þos Hkkstu ,d= djus dh çfØ;k esa lfEefyr gks x,A nwljk] [kk| mRiknu esa o`f) vkSj —f"k Hkwfe ij —f"k ds ekè;e ls] iq#"kksa us vius ifjokjksa ds varxZr rhljs LFkku ij Lo;a dks laxfBr djuk 'kq: dj fn;kA pkSFkk] mUgksua s vius pkoy ds ikSèkksa ;k vukt dks vkil esa ck¡Vuk pquk vkSj viuh laifÙk dh j{kk ds fy, lhek,¡ fuèkkZfjr dÈA vafre pj.k esa igq¡pus ds i'pkr~] ,d O;fä us vius Hkkx dks lqjf{kr djus ds vfrfjä] nwljs dks Hkh vius vfèkÑr dj fy;k tks mls lkSia k ugÈ x;k Fkk] vkSj rc ls] pksjh] nks"kkjksi.k] >wBk Hkk"k.k vkSj cy ç;ksx turk ds eè; çlkfjr gks x;k gSA lekt esa bl ladV ds i'pkr~] Þ us bdëk fd;k vkSj leL;k ds laHkkfor lekèkkuksa ij ifjppkZ dhA fQj os bl lkekftd fo"k; dks gy djus esa mudh lgk;rk djus ds fy, ,d lÙkk dks pquus ds fy, lger gq,A tSlk fd esa ntZ gS] egklEekrk dks ,d lezkV 130 © ¼jktk½ dk in ugÈ fn;k x;k FkkAß mUgsa dsoy leqnk; ;k tutkfr ds çFkkxr dkuwuksa dks ykxw djds 'kkafr vkSj O;oLFkk cuk, j[kus dh vuqefr Fkh] tks mUgksua s yksxksa dh bPNk ls fd;k FkkA xks[kys dk nkok gS fd] tSlk fd lqÙkar us crk;k] ÞjkT; dk eq[; mís'; laifÙk vkSj ifjokj tSls fo"k; dks lqj{kk çnku djus vkSj vuqfpr dk;ks± ij èkkÆedrk dh 'kfä dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, gj lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ds fo#) dkuwu dk 'kklu lqfuf'pr djuk gSAß bls iwjk djus ds fy, dks jktk ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA rc mUgsa dgk tkrk FkkA og Þ[ksrksa ds Hkxoku Fks] vkSj jktk us viuh èkkÆedrk èkEe ls yksxksa dks çlUu vkSj lajf{kr fd;k] ftls ckn esa jktk esa ifjoÆrr dj fn;k x;kA nwljs 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks jkT;] bl –f"Vdks.k ds vuqlkj] vius mís';ksa vkSj dk;ks± dh O;kid Loh—fr ij vkèkkfjr gSA èkEe ds vH;kl ds ekè;e ls] Þ;g O;fä;ksa ds vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk vkSj lqj{kk djus ds fy, ekuk tkrk gS] lkFk gh mu yksxksa ds fy, çlUurk dh fLFkfr mRiUu djrk gS tks blds vfèkdkj {ks= esa gSa Aß var esa jkT; A es]a ÞèkEe LokFkÊ pkgrksa ls mRiUu la?k"kks± ls eqfä ds :i esa çdV gksrk gS] vkSj ;g O;oLFkk ;k jkT; dh LFkkiuk dh uÈo ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA ds esa jkT; vkSj mlds lgorÊ] lkekftd vuqcèa k fl)kar ds fuekZ.k ij fopkjksa dk ,d cM+k LisDVªe gSA ;g fcuk dgs pyk tkrk gS fd bl y{; dks lp ugÈ ekuk tk ldrk FkkAß ;|fi] cq) us jktk dh fLFkfr dk o.kZu ml çdkj ls djus dk ç;kl fd;k ftl çdkj ls mudk ekuuk Fkk fd ;g gksuk pkfg,A fcuk fdlh ç'u ds] mUgksua s dgk fd lezkV dks pquk x;k Fkk vkSj mudk lcls vko';d dke 'kkafr vkSj O;oLFkk cuk, j[kuk Fkk] lkFk gh dj yxkus ds ctk; vius yksxksa ,oa çtk dh laifÙk dh j{kk djuk FkkA tc dh ckr vkrh gS] rks t;fryds dgrs gSa fd Þ esa muds fdlh fo'ks"k tkfr ls lacfa èkr gksus dk dksÃ mYys[k ugÈ gS] tc mUgsa muds leqnk; }kjk muds usrk ds :i esa lsok djus ds fy, pquk x;k FkkA loksZPp foèkk;h vfèkdkj ds vFkZ esa] lkekftd vuqcèa k ds ckS) fl)kar ds vuqlkj] lexz :i ls yksxksa dks laçHkqrk çnku dh tkrh gSAß dqN phtsa gSa tks ckS) jktRo dh èkkj.kk esa vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ gSaA os bl çdkj gSa& Þ;|fi ç'u esa jktk dks iwjh vkcknh }kjk pquk x;k Fkk] mls euq"; dh lekurk ds dkj.k ,d çeq[k varj ikjs ¼,d O;fä tks ^vius tSlk gS vkSj Lo;a ds foijhr ugÈ gS*½ 131 © ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gSA vius pquko ds ckn] Hkys gh og vius vki esa ,d lqanj vkSj çHkko'kkyh O;fä gSAa ß ds vuqlkj] Þ u dsoy ,d dkuwu&fuekZrk Fks] cfYd mUgsa yksxksa }kjk vkil esa ls muds usrk ds :i esa Hkh pquk x;k Fkk] vkSj og yksxksa }kjk çnku fd, tkus okys pkoyksa ij gh fuHkZj jgrs FksA tc jktRo ds ckjs esa çkjafHkd ckS) –f"Vdks.k dh ckr vkrh gS] rks ikyh fofgr xzFa kksa }kjk çnku fd, x, lk{; dkQh leku çrhr gksrs gSaAß jktRo ds çfr ckS)ksa dh Þ ds jktRo dh laLFkk dh mRifÙk ds fooj.k ls lwfpr gksrh gS] tks cnys esa bafxr djrk gS fd ckS) fdl çdkj ds jktRo dk leFkZu dj ldrs gSa( vFkkZr~] jktRo dk ,d :i tks ,d lkekftd la?kVu ds ifj.kkeLo:i mRiUu gqvkA esa oÆ.kr] igys lezkV dks yksxksa }kjk vkil esa U;k; vkSj O;oLFkk lqfuf'pr djus ds lkèku ds :i esa pquk x;k FkkAß og Fkh ftl ij 'kklu djus ds fy, ;k nh xÃ FkhA og ogh Fkk ftlus ,slk fd;k FkkA jktRo dh czkã.koknh èkkj.kkvksa dh rqyuk es]a ftlesa jktk us ÞczãkaMh; vkSj fnO; dk;Zß [ksyk] tSlk fd gsu&xsYMuZ dgrs gSa] vkSj ^;k rks ,d nsork dk vorkj ;k ,d nsork ;k nksuksa dk oa'kt ekuk tkrk Fkkß] ;g jktRo dh if'peh voèkkj.kk ls ,d egÙoiw.kZ çLFkku gSA ysfdu bl lqÙk dh dgkuh ds vuqlkj og u rks jktk Fkk vkSj u gh foèkk;dA fQj Hkh] mUgksua s ,d çdkj ds dk;Zdkjh ds :i esa dk;Z fd;k] ftUgksaus ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k fd iwjs lekt esa dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk cuh jgsA blds vykok] D;ksfa d og fu"i{k Fkk] mlus lewg ds jhfr&fjoktksa vkSj ijaijkvksa dk mYya?ku djus okys fdlh Hkh O;fä dks nafMr fd;kA bl rjg] mls fdlh çdkj ds dkuwu vkSj U;k; vfèkdkj ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i] tSlk fd çopu çnÆ'kr djrk gS] euq";ksa ds chp ,d vkfne lkekftd laxBu Hkh bl çdkj ls mHkjkA ds vuqlkj] jkT; bl dky ds nkSjku vfLrRo esa vk;k FkkA QyLo:i] ge ;g fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSa fd u dsoy Hkwfe dk Lokeh Fkk] cfYd jkT; dk jktk vkSj viuh çtk ij loksZPp 'kkld Hkh FkkAß jktk dh fLFkfr dh çxfr le; ds lkFk jktRo ds fodkl esa çxfr dks çnÆ'kr djrh gSA ifj.kkeLo:i] Þ,d lekt ls pksjh dks lekIr ds fy, vdsys vkÆFkd fodkl i;kZIr ugÈ gksxkA nwljh vksj] bl ckr esa dksÃ langs ugÈ gS fd lekt esa vHkko vkSj èku ds vleku forj.k ds dkj.k yksx pksjh djrs gSaA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa es]a pksjh ds fy, 132 © fdlh O;fä dks nafMr djus dk dksÃ vkSfpR; ugÈ gS] tks dsoy vius vfLrRo dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, çnku ugÈ fd;k tkrk gSAß og okLrfodrk ds vykok fdlh vU; dkj.k ls pksjh ugÈ djrk gS vfirq mlds ikl vius vkSj vius ifjokj dk leFkZu djus ds fy, vkSj dqN ugÈ gSA mlds fy, lekèkku ltk esa ugÈ cfYd foosdiw.kZ foÙkh; çcaèku esa fufgr gSA ds vuqlkj] ÞckS) èkeZ esa jkT; dh mRifÙk ç—fr ds czãkaMh; fodkl ds fl)kar ij vkèkkfjr gSAß bl çopu ds vuqlkj] jkT; dh mRifÙk dks nks fodkloknh fl)karksa dk mi;ksx djds le>k;k tk ldrk gS& czãkaM foKku dk fodkl vkSj ekuo foKku dk fodkl] nksuksa gh egÙoiw.kZ gSaA vxkuklqÙk dh f'k{kkvksa ds i'pkr~] Þ,d le; vk;k tc fo'o fleV x;k] tYnh ;k ckn es]a ,d yach vofèk chr tkus ds i'pkr~] vkSj thfor çkf.k;ksa dk iqutZUe dh nqfu;k esa iqutZUe gqvk vkSj fnekx ls cuk vkSj mRlkg ij f[kyk gqvk] tkjh jgk ,d yach vofèk ds fy, vfLrRo esa gS] varfj{k dks ikj djrk gS vkSj efgek esa ekStnw jgrk gSAß ml Çcnq ij xzg fQj ls fodflr gksuk 'kq: gqvk( ikuh] vLi"Vrk vkSj vaèkdkj dk dsoy ,d gh æO;eku Fkk] vkSj thfor çkf.k;ksa dks dsoy çk.kh dgk tkrk FkkA fQj Hkh] fo'o dk fodkl fujarj gksrk jgk] vkSj tSls gh ÞLokfn"V i`Foh xzg dh lrg ij fn[kkÃ nsus yxh] thfor çtkfr;k¡ bldh vko';drk ds dkj.k bldh vksj vkdÆ"kr gqb±A lw;Z] paæek] rkjs vkSj u{k= mudh de vkRe&ped dh vofèk ds nkSjku mUgsa fn[kkÃ ns jgs FksA ifj.kkeLo:i] mUgksaus _rqvks]a eghuksa vkSj mlds ckn ds o"kks± ds ckjs esa lh[kkAß ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd vxkuklqÙk ds vuqlkj çk.kh ped dh nqfu;k esa jgrs Fks vkSj ml ped dh nqfu;k dks ijekuan }kjk cuk, j[kk x;k Fkk] tc nqfu;k ?kweh] rks mUgksaus vkleku esa mM+ku Hkjh vkSj ml fnyd'k i`Foh dks ns[kk ftlus xzg dh lrg dks vkoj.k dj fd;k FkkA fQj mUgksua s i`Foh ij dCtk dj fy;k vkSj mudh Lo;a dh çfrHkk Nhu yh xÃA muds }kjk yh xÃ nok ds çHkko ds dkj.k mudh Ropk dk jax ifjoÆrr gks x;k gSA dqN çkf.k;ksa us vkd"kZ.k çkIr fd;k] tcfd vU; us viuk vkd"kZ.k [kks 133 © fn;kA lqanj fn[kus okys çk.kh cqjs fn[kus okys euq";ksa ds çfr viuk vlarks"k O;ä djus yxsA ;g lq>ko nsus ds fy, i;kZIr lcwr gSa fd fo'o dh 'kq#vkr esa Hkh] Þtc tUe ds vkèkkj ij dksÃ Li"V Hksn ugÈ Fkk] rc Hkh fdlh dh Ropk ds jax ds vkèkkj ij lkekftd iwokZxzg Fkk] vkSj ;g jax fdlh dh Ropk dh mRifÙk dh ijokg fd, fcuk lp FkkA tc tho Lo;a çdk'keku çdk'kksa ds lkFk ok;q esa mM+]s rks i`Foh dh lrg ij Lokfn"V feêh fn[kkÃ nhA blus lcls igys euq";ksa ds miHkksx ds fy, thfodk ds :i esa dk;Z fd;kAß Lokfn"V i`Foh dks igys thfor çkf.k;ksa us viuh m¡xfy;ksa ls Li'kZ fd;k Fkk] vkSj fQj Þmudh 'kkjhfjd cukoV ifjoÆrr gks xÃA ftu yksxksa dh 'kkjhfjd cukoV vPNh Fkh] os mu yksxksa dh vkykspuk djus yxs ftUgksaus ,slk ugÈ fd;kA Lokfn"V i`Foh vc xzg dh lrg ij mifLFkr ugÈ Fkh vkSj varr% xk;c gks xÃA tc Lokfn"V i`Foh ekStnw ugÈ Fkh] dod thfor çkf.k;ksa ds lkeus çdV gq, vkSj muds fy, Hkkstu çnku fd;k] mUgsa ys tkus ds ckn] muds 'kjhj esa ifjorZu gqvk] vkSj ckn esa mUgksua s ,d&nwljs dks ,d Hk;kud 'kkjhfjd :i ds fy, Çunk dh] vkSj blds ifj.kkeLo:i dod fonk gks x;kAß yrk i`Foh dh lrg ij rc çdV gqÃ tc dod xk;c gks x;k] vkSj os lHkh thfor phtksa ds fy, thfodk dk lzksr cu x,A xk;c gksus ls igys jsx a us okys dqN le; ds fy, muds fy, Hkkstu ds :i esa jgsA var es]a pkoy vkfne thfor çkf.k;ksa esa fn[kkÃ fn;k vkSj ml le; ls mudk eq[; vkgkj jgk gSA ;|fi czãkaM lacèa kh fodkl ds nkSjku euq"; i`Foh ij Fks] gesa irk pyrk gS fd uj ;k eknk ds :i esa mudk Li"V Çyx cgqr ckn esa çdV ugÈ gqvk FkkA yacs le; rd vkgkj ds :i esa pkoy dk lsou djus ds i'pkr~] Þvax èkhjs&èkhjs Lo;a dks uj vkSj eknk ds :i esa çdV djus yxs] vkSj varr% os ;kSu O;ogkj esa lfEefyr gks x,A mUgksaus >ksifM+;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k ftlesa os viuh xanh xfrfofèk;ksa dks fNikus ds fy, vyx&vyx jg ldrs FksA tc muds cPps gksus yxs] rks mudh larkuksa dk >qdko mu yksxksa ds lewg dh vksj gksus yxk] tks mudh Ropk ds jax dks lk>k djrs FksA mUgksua s >ksiM+h dk fuekZ.k blfy, fd;k rkfd os vyx&vyx jg ldsa vkSj laHkksx dj ldsaAß fodkl dh bl vofèk ds nkSjku] Þeuq";ksa dks ,d lewg ds :i esa cus jgus dh dksÃ vfuok;Z vko';drk ugÈ Fkh( os ftl lekt ls lacaèk j[krs Fks] vdsys jgus dh viuh {kerk esa os iwjh rjg ls larq"V vkSj vk'oLr Fks] mUgsa 'kk;n gh dHkh nwljksa ls lgk;rk dh vko';drk gksrh FkhA ifj.kkeLo:i] lH;rk dk tUe vLi"V çrhr gksrk gS( dsoy 134 © ;kSu feyu dks iw.kZ vFkks± esa Hksn dh dlkSVh ds :i esa mi;ksx ugÈ fd;k tk ldrk gSA mudh ,drk le; ds lkFk èkhjs&èkhjs ck djrs Fks vkSj leku çfØ;kvksa dk ikyu djrs Fks] ftldk vFkZ Fkk fd mUgsa ,d lkekftd O;oLFkk LFkkfir djus ds fy, feydj dke djuk Fkk] ftls fodflr gksus esa le; yxrk FkkAß ckn esa] os yksx mi;ksx ds fy, vukt bdëk djus vkSj HkaMkj.k ds ewY; dh ljkguk djus yxsA laifÙk ds forj.k ds egÙo ij tksj nsus ds fy,] ;g mYys[k djuk egÙoiw.kZ gS fd ;g lkekftd lacèa kksa dh 'kq#vkr ds lkFk&lkFk ,d lkekftd O;oLFkk dh 'kq#vkr dk çrhd gSA bl vglkl ds ifj.kkeLo:i Lo;a dks Lora= :i ls O;ä fd;k x;k vkSj nwljksa ds lkFk tks dqN Hkh gS mls lk>k djus dh bPNkA ifj.kkeLo:i] lexz :i ls lekt ds fgrksa dks vkxs ck dh tkrh gSa vkSj blfy, lkoZHkkSfed :i ls ykxw gksrh gSaA ftldh flQkfj'k dh xÃ gS&Þcq) ds lkekftd n'kZu esa lkoZHkkSfed d#.kk ;k çse&—ik ¼esÙkk½ dh Hkkouk ds fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk jpukRed ijksidkfjrk dh mRifÙk] lkekftd ,dhdj.k vkSj leUo; ds fy, lcls çHkkoh f'k{k.k gSA esÙkk dks le>us ds fy,] fdlh dks ;g ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd cq)] esÙkk ds dkj.k pfj= ds xgu vkSj mRFkku dk çLrko djrs gq,] tkfr ;k lkekftd oxZ ds fopkjksa ls çsfjr ugÈ gSaA esÙkk dks le>us ds fy,] esÙkk vkSj cq) dks le>uk pkfg,Aß var esa] ckS) èkeZ ,d ekSfyd fl)kar ds :i esa dEek ds dkuwu ds egÙo ij cy nsrk gSA blh çdkj] bl fo'o esa vkSj lkFk gh vxys esa gj txg vkSj gj le; O;fä dk ihNk djus okyh Nk;k ds fy,] tSlk fd cq) ?kksf"kr djrs gS& a Þvukt] laifÙk] iSlk] vkidh lHkh iksf"kr 136 © oLrq,¡] ukSdj] deZpkjh vkSj lg;ksxh] buesa ls dksÃ Hkh ugÈ ;s vki vius lkFk ys tk ldrs gS(a vkidks mUgsa ,d rjQ j[kuk gksxkAß ;|fi] vki tks Hkh dEek cukrs gS]a pkgs og vkids 'kjhj] vkokt ;k fopkj ls gks] vkidh okLrfod laifÙk gS] vkSj vkidks vius }kjk cuk, x, dEek ds vuqlkj O;ogkj djuk pkfg,A Þcq) ds le; esa yksxksa ds lkekftd thou esa tkfr ,d çkFkfed dkjd FkhA ,d O;fä tks ,d fo'ks"k tkfr esa iSnk gqvk Fkk] fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr es]a vius thoudky esa viuh lkekftd fLFkfr dks ugÈ ifjoÆrr dj ldrk FkkA tc bl fo"k; dh ckr vkrh gS] rks cq) dk ;ksxnku bl èkkj.kk dks Lohdkj djuk gS fd fdlh dh tkfr ifjoÆrr dh tk ldrh gSA mUgksaus viuh lkekftd fLFkfr dh ijokg fd, fcuk] vius fHk{kqvksa ds leqnk; esa lHkh tkfr;ks]a mPp vkSj xjhc nksuksa ds yksxksa dks vkeaf=r djds bl n'kZu dks vey esa yk;kAß cq) us HkkÃpkjs dks cus yxrk gS] tks varr% ,d O;fä] 'kkld ¼jktk½] ;k jkT;ikyksa ds laxzg }kjk ljdkj dh LFkkiuk dh vksj ys tkrk gSAß urhtru] lkekftd ekunaM] lkFk&gh&lkFk ljdkjh ç'kklu dh lhek,¡ LFkkfir dh xÃ gSAa fu"i{krk cuk, j[krs gq,] Þcq) us jkT;ksa dh uktqdrk ij cy fn;k vkSj 'kkldksa vkSj muds 'kklu djus okyksa ds chp lacèa k LFkkfir fd;kA cq) dh ekSfyd f'k{kk,¡ vfuR;rk] ihM+k vkSj Lo;a dh vuqifLFkfr FkÈ] vkSj ;s fopkj xq# dh lHkh f'k{kkvksa vkSj Hkk"k.kksa esa ifjyf{kr gksrs FksA mUgksaus yksxksa dh Lora=rk ds lkFk&lkFk ekuo tkfr ds fy, 'kkafr vkSj iw.kZrk esa jgus dh vuqHkwfr ds fy, tksj fn;kAß vijkèkksa dh [kkst dh xÃ] vkSj vijkfèk;ksa dks U;k; ds fy, yk;k x;kA ySafxd lekurk dks vaèkkèkqaèk rjhds ls cuk, j[kk tkrk gSA rks] cq) dh jktuhfrd fopkjèkkjk Hkfo"; ds jktuhfrd laLFkkuksa vkSj laxBuksa vkSj orZeku jktuhfrd laLFkkuksa vkSj laxBuksa ds fy, ,d çfreku ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA 139 © 1- ^vxkuklqr* esa jktuhfrd fopkj] vfèkdkj o drZO; ds fo"k; esa D;k mYysf[kr gS\ 2- ckS) èkeZ esa jktRo o jkT; ds fopkj dh O;k[;k dhft,A 3- lkekftd&jktuhfrd lekurk ds fo"k; esa ckS) èkeZ esa D;k dgk x;k gS\ mYys[k dhft,A  Verma, V.P. (2017): Ancient and Medieval Political Thought, L.N. Agarwal Publishers, Agra  Himanshu Roy & M.P. Singh (2020): Indian political thought, Pearson Education, New Delhi  Hindu-Muslim Syncretism in India, J.J. Roy Burman, Economic and political weekly, vol.31, No.20 (May,18,1996) 140 © VII jsorh oh esuu fo'kky dqekj xqIrk 'kksèk fo|kFkÊ] o;Ld] lrr f'k{kk vkSj foLrkj foHkkx] Mh;w 8-1 mís'; 8-2 ifjp; 8-3 ys[ku ds le; vkSj vofèk ij ç'u 8-4 fr#oYyqoj vkSj fr#dqjy dk egÙo 8-5 fr#dqjy dk vuqokn 8-6 fr#oYyqoj dk O;fäRo 8-7 fr#oYyqoj dh f'k{kkvksa ls vko';d ckrsa 8-8 fu"d"kZ 8-9 vH;kl ç'u 8-10 lanHkZ&lwph bl ikB ds vè;;u ds mijkar fo|kFkÊ &  fr#oYyqoj }kjk ys[ku ds le; vkSj vofèk ds ç'u dk vFkZ le> ik;sx a sA  fr#oYyqoj vkSj fr#dqjy ds fopkjksa ds egRo dk vFkZ le> ldsx a As  fr#dqjy ds vuqokn ds vFkZ dks Hkh le> ldsx a sA 143 © tSlk fd if'peh fopkj eq[; :i ls euq"; vkSj lekt ij dsafær Fkk vkSj vius fuekZrk ds lkFk euq"; ds lacaèkksa dh mis{kk djrk Fkk( vksfj,aVy fopkj us bl ço`fÙk dks myV fn;k vkSj euq"; ds lkFk euq"; ds lacaèk dh rqyuk esa vius fuekZrk ds lkFk euq"; ds lacaèkksa ij vfèkd è;ku dsafær fd;kA oYyqoj us nksuksa fopkjèkkjkvksa ls lcls vfèkd lh[kk vkSj mudh lcls cM+h miyfCèk dk fopkj bfrgkl esa igyh ckj nksuksa dks ijLij tksM+uk FkkA fr#ôqjy] fo'o ds lcls iqjkus uSfrd dk;ks± esa ls ,d gS tks fd vkt rd thfor gSA bldh lfn;ksa ls ç'kalk dh xÃ gS vkSj nksgs ds :i esa le>us ;ksX; rfey esa fy[kk x;k gSA bldk dÃ Hkkjrh; vkSj ;wjksih; Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn fd;k x;k gSA vius uSfrd mins'kksa ds dkj.k] rfey Hkk"kh yksx fr#ôqjy dks rfey osn ¼ifo= ikB½ ds :i esa iwtrs gSaA bldh rqyuk esa dkSfVY; dk laL—r xzUFk vFkZ'kkL= vfèkd çfl) gSA Hkkjrh; Çpru ds fy,] gekjs vè;;u lhfer gks x, gSa vkSj laL—r lkfgR; rd lhfer jgs gSa D;ksfa d jktuhfr vkSj vFkZ'kkL= ij ;g ,dek= çkphu dk;Z gS]a gesa blls vkxs cyd ls larq"V ugÈ gks ldrs Fks vkSj èkS;ZiwoZd çdk'k dh çrh{kk dj jgs FksA lcls mfpr fu"d"kZ ;g gS fd fr#oYyqoj dk oxÊdj.k laL—r oxÊdj.k esa mi;ksx fd, tkus okys fopkjksa dh rqyuk esa iw.kZ :i ls vyx fopkjksa ij LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA fr#oYyqoj dh vjke dh O;k[;k lkexzh ds lanHkZ esa èkeZ 'kkL= ds èkeZ ds Li"Vhdj.k ls dkQh fHkUu gSA èkeZ'kkL=ksa ds foijhr] fr#oYyqoj yksxksa ds fofHkUu lewgksa ds fy, fHkUu &fHkUu vjke fuÆn"V ugÈ djrk gSA vjke ¼Arams½ ds ckjs esa mudk fopkj ,d ,slk fopkj gS ftlls gj dksÃ lacfa èkr gks ldrk gSA tSlk fd ,d O;fä fodkl ds dÃ pj.kksa ds ekè;e ls çxfr djrk gS] og ml O;fä dks fofHkUu ftEesnkfj;ksa ds lkFk lkSairk gSA og vius ekrk&firk] ifr ;k iRuh vkSj cPpksa ds çfr ifjokj ds lnL; ds :i esa viuh Hkwfedkvksa esa ,d O;fä ds nkf;Roksa dks js[kkafdr djrk gS( vius vuqdwy] çfrdwy] ;k rVLFk iM+ksfl;ksa ds çfr ,d leqnk; ds lnL; ds :i es(a vkSj jkT; ds jkT; çeq[k ds çfr ,d jkT; ukxfjd ds :i esAa bu çR;sd lacèa kksa es]a mls n;kyqrk fn[kkuh pkfg, vkSj uSfrd O;ogkj dk vH;kl djuk pkfg,A nwljh iqLrd dk dsæa jktuhfr ls lacafèkr ppkZ gSA jktk ds uSfrd –f"Vdks.k dh iw.kZ :i ls ljkguk dh tkrh gSA ,d jkT; ds Ng ?kVdksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA jktk ls ;g vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd og mfpr ,oa fu"i{k gksA jkt'kkgh ds rhu eq[; fodkj nq[k] ?keaM vkSj dkeqdrk gSaA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd vFkZ o èkeZ leku gSaA fr#oYyqoj] ftldk vFkZ gS vjke esa vuq'kkluA ekuo vfLrRo dh vkèkkjf'kyk vjke gSA okLro esa] jktuhfr vkSj lekt brus Hkh fHkUu ugÈ gSa] vkSj vjke mUgsa tksM+rk gSA fFk#ôqjy esa vjke ¼èkeZ½ vkSj iks:y ¼vFkZ½ nksuksa ij cy fn;k tkrk gSA 151 © u rks laL—r esa vFkZ fopkj vkSj u gh fr#oYyqoj ds iks#V iky rqyuh; gSaA iks#V iky esa dsoy dqN vè;k; laçHkqrk vkSj ljdkj dh dyk ij vFkZ'kkL= ds bu fo"k;ksa dh O;kid ppkZ ds foijhr ppkZ dh tkrh gSAA blds vfrfjä] tc Hkh dqjy esa Þjktkß 'kCn dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] rks ;g fdlh Hkh fnO; vfèkdkj ds fcuk ,d lezkV dks lanÆHkr djrk gS] ftlls iq.; dks cuk, j[kus vkSj cqjkÃ ls nwj jgus dh mEehn dh tkrh gSA ,d 'kkld dks iztk ds ewY;ksa vkSj xq.kksa dks ewrZ :i nsus ds :i esa fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA bl Hkkx esa lkekftd jktuhfr esa ikjLifjd ckrphr dks cuk, j[kus vkSj ck: iq#"kksa dh ,d pkSdh gksuh pkfg,A ,d lQy lsuk vius fojksfèk;ksa dh j.kuhfr;ksa dks ekr nsxh vkSj vkxs cko nsrs gSAa os mnklh ds le; vR;fèkd çlUurk ;k vR;fèkd mnklh gksus ds fo#) psrkouh nsrs gSaA ;g funsZ'k ckS) èkeZ ds ^eè; ekxZ* dh ;kn fnykrk gSA og nqHkkZX; gksus ij mls çdk'k ¼Kku@rdZ½ esa Mkyus dk lq>ko nsrs gSaA bls ijkLr djus dk blls vfèkd mÙke volj fdlh vkSj oLrq ds ikl ugÈ gSA og lkekftd foosd gksus ds ewY; dks le>rk gSA og bl ckr dk nkok djrs gSa fd mR—"V iq#"kksa ds fcuk] lekt qM a esa 'kkfey gksx a s tks lkekftd dk;ks± esa yxs gq, gSaA og ifj.kkeLo:i vFkZO;oLFkk dk ,d vkn'kZ –f"Vdks.k çLrqr djrk gSA dsæa esa fdlku gSaA yksx tkx jgs gSa vkSj la;e esa nwljksa ds lkFk ckrphr djus esa dq'ky gSaA os yxu ,oa mRlkg ds lkFk dke djrs gSaA blesa u dsoy èku [kpZ fd;k tkrk gS] 165 © cfYd bls forfjr Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA lHkh yksxksa ds futh fgr gSa] fQj Hkh os lekt dh Hkh ijokg djrs gSa vkSj èkekZFkZ gSaA cM+s 'kgjksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa mldh dksÃ Hkwfedk ugÈ gSA mlds }kjk vFkZO;oLFkk esa jkT; dh Hkwfedk ds ckjs esa yxHkx dqN Hkh ppkZ ugÈ dh tkrh gSA blfy, fr#oYyqoj vkÆFkd ekeyksa esa ljdkj dh de&ls&de Hkkxhnkjh dk leFkZu djrs gSAa og vkÆFkd y{;ksa dk ihNk djrs gq, çfrLièkkZ ij lg;ksx dk i{k ysrk gSA blfy,] mudh vFkZO;oLFkk dks lgdkjh vèkZ&lektoknh jk"VªeaMy ds :i esa lanÆHkr djuk mfpr gSA bldh jktèkkuh laHkor% miegk}hi ds nf{k.kh {ks= rd gh lhfer Fkh D;ksfa d ;g rfey esa fy[kh xÃ FkhA okLro es]a blesa vFkZ'kkL= ds çHkko 'kkfey gS]a tks f'k{kkfonksa dk dguk gS fd laL—r esa fy[ks tkus ds dkj.k blds dkQh O;kid n'kZd FksA gkyk¡fd] fr#oYyqoj dkSfVY; ls dÃ egÙoiw.kZ rjhdksa ls fHkUu gSaA ;gk¡] ge muesa ls dqN eqëh Hkj gh lwphc) dj jgs gSAa blds 'kfä ds lanHkZ es]a dkSfVY; foLrkj ls pys x,A fr#oYyqoj }kjk U;k; ij cy fn;k x;k FkkA blds vfrfjä] fr#oYyqoj jkT; dks vFkZO;oLFkk esa vis{kk—r NksVh Hkwfedk çnku djrk gqvk çrhr gksrk gSA nwljh vksj] dkSfVY; dh fLFkfr dk vFkZO;oLFkk ij i;kZIr çHkko iM+kA vFkZ'kkL= okLrfodrk rFkk lkalkfjdrk dh Hkkouk ds lkFk fy[kk x;k FkkA blds foijhr] fFk#ôqjy uSfrd O;ogkj ij ,d xzaFk esa ekStwn gSA ifj.kkeLo:i] bldk çHkko lcls mÙke ns[kk tkrk gS fd blds fl)karksa dk vke turk fdruh ckj ikyu djrh gSA fr#oYyqoj ds jktuhfrd ,oa vkÆFkd fl)karksa esa dÃ mYys[kuh; fo'ks"krk,¡ gSAa fr#ôqjy dkSfVY; ds vFkZ'kkL= ds foijhr] jkT;dyk ij ,d ifj"—r lan's k ugha nsrs gSAa ,sls lkekU; uSfrd mins'k] tks fd dke dks js[kkafdr djrs gSa] os ml O;ogkj dk lzkrs gSa ftls ;g ckoksa ij çdk'k Mkfy,A 3- jktuhfr dh fr#ôqjy èkkj.kk dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft,A  Altekar, A. S. (2002). State And Government in Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.  Bhagwan, V. (1976). Indian Political Thinkers. Atma Ram.  Dasgupta, A. K. (2002). A History of Indian Economic Thought. Routledge.  Gupta, R.C. (2001) Great Political Thinkers East and West, Lakshmi Narain Agarwal, Education Publisher, Agra-3 167 ©  Mohanty, D. K., & Rajan, S. S. (1997). Indian Political Tradition. Anmol Publications.  Nagarajan, K. V. (2005). Thiruvalluvar’s Vision: Polity and Economy in Thirukkural. History of Political Economy, 37(1), 123-132.  Parthasarathy, S. (2013). Rendering Thirukkural in LATEX–An Experiment in Creating Large, Bi-Lingual Documents.  Pope, G. U., Drew, W. H., Lazarus, J., & Ellis, F. W. (1886). Tirukkural: English Translation and Commentary. WH Allen, & Co, London.  Tiruvalluvar, P. S. (1991). The Kural.  Wright, D. (1996). Some reflections on Tiruvalluvar’s Kural. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 19(1), 161-167. 168 © VIII vkSj vuqokfndk % ofj"B vuqokfndk] jktHkk"kk ea=ky;] dsUæh; ljdkj 9-1 mís'; 9-2 ifjp; 9-3 thou vkSj fodkl 9-4 dfork vkSj opuksa ds ekè;e ls n'kZu 9-5 yksdra= 9-6 drZO; 9-7 LorU=rk 9-8 dk;kdk 9-9 lkE;okn 9-10 fu"d"kZ 9-11 vH;kl ç'u 9-12 lanHkZ&lwph bl ikB esa çkphu nk'kZfud cloUuk ds dfork vkSj opu ¼dUuM+ lkfgR; esa ys[ku½ ds ekè;e ls muds n'kZu dk laf{kIr fooj.k fn;k tk,xkA fo|kFkÊ ml le; fo|eku euqoknh] czkã.koknh laL—fr ds f[kykQ cloUuk ds fopkjksa ls ifjfpr gks ik,¡xAs bl ikB esa yksdra= ds fopkj] iq#"kksa dks lkSais x, drZO;ksa ds ckjs esa Hkh ppkZ dh tk,xh( èkkÆed drZO;ksa vkSj èkeZfujis{krk ds fopkj ij Hkh ppkZ dh tk;sxhA 171 © vkt ekuoh; leL;k,¡ igys ls dgÈ vfèkd tfVy gks xÃ gSAa fu%langs euq"; ds ikl vikj cy vkSj cqf) gS] bu flf);ksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i vrqyuh; ifjorZu dh Çpxkjh Hkh çTTofyr gqÃ gS] ftlls thou vkSj Hkh my> x;k gSA gekjs vklikl dh nqfu;k esa yxkrkj ifjorZu gks jgk gSA gekjs bfrgkl dh vis{kk] gesa orZeku esa vkè;kfRed igq¡p dh l[r vko';drk gSA ge nqfu;k ds egku dfo;ksa vkSj larksa ls lh[k ldrs gSa fd lkalkfjd nSfud thou dh yhd ls cpus ds fy, vko';d vkè;kfRed yphysiu dks dSls fodflr fd;k tk,A Hkkjr ds lcls egku vkè;kfRed f'k{kdksa esa ls ,d] clos'oj ;k cloUuk] dukZVd jkT; ds ,d lar] dfo vkSj Hkkoço.k lekt lqèkkjd FksA cloUuk ds jktuhfrd fopkj tfVy gSa vkSj ,d [kaM esa mudk irk ugÈ yxk;k tk ldrk gS] blds fy, muds fofHkUu ^opuks*a ¼dUuM+ lkfgR; esa ys[ku½ dk xaHkhj :i ls fo'ys"k.k djus dh vko';drk gS] vkSj bu opuksa ds ekè;e ls mudh lkekftd] jktuhfrd] lkaL—frd n`f"V dk irk pyrk gS vkSj blfy, egku Hkkjrh; nk'kZfudksa dh fopkjèkkjk ds ckjs esa mudh fofoèk –f"V gks ldrh gSA muds opuksa dh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd mUgsa fdlh ,d fl)kar ;k fopkjèkkjk rd lhfer ugÈ j[kk tk ldrk gS] çR;sd opu] le; vkSj LFkku ds lacèa k esa vyx&vyx vFkZ çnku djrk gSA blds vykok] lgh vFkZ çkIr djus ds fy, mudh Bhd ls O;k[;k djus dh vko';drk gSA cloUuk ,d nk'kZfud] jktusrk] dUuM+ Hkk"kk ds dfo vkSj lekt lqèkkjd Fks] ftudk tUe Hkkjr ds dukZVd esa fcTty I ds rgr dypqjh&oa'k ds 'kklu ds nkSjku gqvk FkkA mUgksaus viuh dfork ftls opu ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] ds ekè;e ls 12oÈ 'krkCnh dh lkekftd&vkÆFkd&èkkÆed&jktuhfrd Økafr esa çeq[k ;ksxnku fn;k vkSj lkekftd tkx:drk cyd fn[kkÃA og ,d mTToy] Lora= ftKklq cPpk FkkA mudk ikyu&iks"k.k ,d ikjaifjd czkã.k ifjokj esa gqvk Fkk vkSj muds ikl mu dBksj jhfr&fjoktksa vkSj deZdkaMksa ij fopkj djus ds volj Fks ftudk :fwB er cksyks] Øksèk er djks] nwljksa dk vieku er djks] viuh ç'kalk er djks] nwljksa dh Çunk er djksA ;g vkarfjd 'kq)rk gS] ;g ckgjh 'kq)rk gS] vkSj ;g gekjs Hkxoku dqnkylaxe nso dks çlUu djus dk ekxZ gSA mudk ekuuk gS fd rkuk'kkgh ls vjktdrk dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA ;fn vjktdrk dks lekIr djuk gS vkSj dkuwu ds 'kklu dh LFkkiuk djuh gS rks 'kj.kksa dks lHkh çdkj dh Lora=rk gksuh pkfg,A os O;fäxr Lora=rk ds çcy i{kèkj gSAa mudk nkok gS fd gj dksÃ viuh jk; j[kus ds fy, Lora= gSA vuqHko eaMi esa okd~ vkSj vfHkO;fä dh Lora=rk ,d O;kid çFkk FkhA vuqHko eaMi ds lnL; tkfr ;k Çyx ds HksnHkko ds fcuk dk;Zokgh esa lfØ; :i ls Hkkx ysrs FksA fdlh Hkh fu.kZ; ls igys] lHkh jk;ksa ij fopkj fd;k tkrk FkkA ;gk¡ rd fd v;Môh yôEek tSlh efgyk lnL; lykg Hkh nsrh FkÈ vkSj vius ifr dh jk; dh vkykspuk Hkh djrh FkÈA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d opu esa yôEek }kjk vius 179 © ifr v;nôh ej¸;k dks vko';drk ls vfèkd pkoy bdëk u djus dk vkºoku dkQh Li"V gS vkSj og mls igys ls gh ,d= fd, x, vfrfjä pkoy dks lekt dks okil nsus dk vkns'k nsrh gSA cloUuk esa lekurk dk fopkj vR;fèkd fof'k"V vkSj foy{k.k gSA f'koHkä ls dksÃ Js"B ugÈ gS vkSj dksÃ ghu ugÈ gS] opu ds ekè;e ls çnÆ'kr fd;k x;k gS% ,uÇxFkfdfj;kfjYyk f'koHkäfjfxUFkkfgfj;kfjYyk( vFkZ % dksÃ Hkh eq>ls Js"B ugÈ gS] vkSj dksÃ Hkh Hkxoku ds f'k"; ls Js"B ugÈ gS( lekurk ds fy, muds tquuw dks n'kkZrk gSA vius opuksa dks cukus esa mudk çkFkfed y{; ,d lerkoknh lekt dk fuekZ.k djuk FkkA bl otg ls mUgsa iqjksfgr vfHktkr oxZ ds }kjk cgqr lh ckèkkvksa vkSj çfrjksèk dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA ,d vU; opu % Ãokujok,okujok,Uukfnj¸;k] Ãok uEekouEekok,fUuj¸;k( vFkZ % mlds ckjs esa dHkh iwNrkN u djs(a lhèks 'kCnksa esa dgsa fd og gekjk vkneh gS( ;g ,d lerkewyd lekt ds fuekZ.k ds fy, muds mís'; vkSj Çprk dks n'kkZrk gSA og lHkh 'kj.kksa dks v¸;k@vôk@vOos ds :i esa lanÆHkr djrk gS tks Hkkjrh; lekt esa ,d O;fä ds fy, loksZPp lEeku gSA og efgykvksa ds fy, leku ewY; j[kus okys igys cqf)thoh FksA efgykvksa dks thou Hkj ?kj dh pkj nhokjh ds Hkhrj jguk iM+rk FkkA rFkkfi og mUgsa vuqHko eaMi dh xfrfofèk;ksa esa 'kkfey gksus vkSj Hkkx ysus ds fy, etcwj djrs gSAa vuqHko eaMi esa 35 ls vfèkd efgyk lnL; gSa] ftuesa vôekegknsoh] lqys ladOos] uhyfEcds] xaxkfEcds] dkfnjs jsees sOos] eqäk;ôk] dksêukM lkseOok vkfn 'kkfey gSaA mudh jk; esa ifo=rk@çHkqrk dk ewy tkfr ugÈ cfYd pfj= gSA efgykvksa dh eqfä ,d egÙoiw.kZ miyfCèk FkhA osn vkSj vU; èkkÆed xzaFk efgykvksa vkSj 'kwæksa ds fy, oÆtr FksA ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa clo us –k;k tk ldrk gSA ;g çk;% çfØ;k iw.kZ :i ls ,d uÃ laL—fr@èkeZ@milaLÑfr dh jpuk djrh gSA fdlh Hkh leèkeÊ ?kVuk dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ gSa&  ,d lkekU; leqnk;] tSls fd ,d HkkSxksfyd leqnk; vFkok ,d lkekftd lewg dk gksukA  ,d gh leqnk; esa fofHkUu laL—fr;ksa dh lgHkkfxrk dk gksukA  fofHkUu milewgksa ds chp lkaL—frd fopkjksa vFkok fo'ks"krkvksa dk vknku&çnku djukA  nks vFkok nks ls vfèkd laL—fr;ksa ds çeq[k lkaL—frd fopkjksa dk ,d vf}rh; lkaL—frd n'kZu vFkok thou 'kSyh esa çeq[k lkaL—frd fopkjksa dk vafre lfEeJ.kA leUo;okn dh çfØ;k ds rgr laL—fr] èkeks± vkSj n'kZu dk feJ.k iqjkus dks u"V dj ldrk gS ;k ugÈ] ysfdu ;g u, okys dk fuekZ.k dj ldrk gSA bl çdkj dk lfEeJ.k vkerkSj ij èkeZ ds {ks= esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd èkkÆed 212 leUo;okn--- ©  rc laHko gS tc èkeZ vius egÙoiw.kZ fl)karksa ls nwj pys tkrs gSa vkSj vius vklikl ds ifjos'k ls fo'oklksa dks vkRelkr djus ds bPNqd gksrs gSaA  ;g 'kkafr] ln~Hkko] lg&vfLrRo] lfg".kqrk vkSj esy&feyki dks c rys] ;g fo'kky ckt+kj] viuh le`f) [kks nsxk] vkSj iwjk xzg ,d catj Hkwfe cu tk,xkÞA gkyk¡fd] 'kkgh U;k; ds çdk'k esa] dqN yksx [k+q'kh ls vkKkdkfjrk dk ekxZ pqurs gS]a tcfd vU; lt+k ds Mj ls Çglk ls nwj jgrs gSa] vkSj dqN t+:jr ls ckgj èkkÆedrk dk ekxZ pquus ds fy, etcwj gksrs gSAa 'kkg Hkh ,d ,slk uke gS tks vius lkfFk;ksa ls csgrj çn'kZu djus okys dks fn;k tkrk gS] tSlk fd 'kkg&Loj vkSj 'kkg&jkg tSls 'kCnksa ls çekf.kr gksrk gS( ;g nwYgs ds fy, Hkh ç;qä gksus okyk 'kCn gS] ,slh fLFkfr esa nqfu;k] nqYgu dh Hkwfedk es]a jktk ds lkFk viuh lxkÃ dj ysrh gS vkSj mldh mikld cu tkrh gSA 'kkg Hkh ,d ,slk uke gS tks vius lkfFk;ksa ls csgrj çn'kZu djus okys dks fn;k tkrk gS] tSlk fd 'kkg&Loj vkSj 'kkg&jkg tSls 'kCnksa ls çekf.kr gksrk gSA tks yksx ew[kZ vkSj vnwjn'kÊ gksrs gSa os ,d lPps jktk vkSj ,d ykyph rkuk'kkg ds chp varj djus esa vleFkZ gksrs gSAa ;g Hkh vk'p;Z dh ckr ugÈ gS] ;g ns[krs gq, 233 © fd nksuksa ds ikl ,d fo'kky [ktkuk] ,d cM+h lsuk] pkykd ukSdj] vkKkdkjh yksx] cqf)eku yksxksa dh cgqrk;r] dÃ dq'ky deZpkjh vkSj vke rkSj ij vkuan ds cgqr lkjs lkèku gksrs gSaA nwljh vksj] vfèkd var–Zf"V okys iq#"k ,d varj ns[krs gSAa ftu oLrqvksa dks vHkh lwphc) fd;k x;k gS os iwoZ esa yacs le; rd pyus okyh gS]a ysfdu ckn okys ekeys esa os lhfer vofèk dh gSaA blds vykok] igyk bu pht+ksa ls viuh igpku ugÈ j[krk D;ksfa d mldk y{; mRihM+u dks de djuk vkSj nqfu;k esa gj vPNh pht+ miyCèk djkuk gSA mÙkjk)Z dks 'kkgh 'kfä] xoZ] iq#"kksa dh nklrk vkSj vkuan dh bPNk dh ckgjh vfHkO;fä;ksa }kjk fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gS( ifj.kkeLo:i] fo'o ds gj dksus esa vfLFkjrk] v'kkafr] dyg] mRihM+u] vfo'okl vkSj MdSrh ikÃ tk ldrh gSA Q+ty + jktlh lÙkk dks ÞlqYrku ds fy, ,d fnO; çdk'k ;k 'kk;n iw.kZrk dh dyk ds ihNs ds dkj.k ds :i esa ns[krs gSaß7 bls vkèkqfud Hkk"kk esa QjZ&,&bft+nh8 ¼fnO; çdk'k½ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] tcfd çkphu Hkk"kk esa fd;ku [kqjk9 ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA bldh mifLFkfr es]a iq#"k viuk flj >qdkrs gSa iwtk djrs gSa vkSj vius ekFks dks tehu ij j[krs gSa tSls fd os Hkxoku dks leÆir dj jgs gksaA gkyk¡fd] vxj ckn'kkg us Þtkfr] èkeZ ;k lkekftd oxZ ds vkèkkj ij yksxksa ds lkFk HksnHkko fd;k] rks og lH; 'kkld ugÈ ekuk tk ldrkA muds vuqlkj] lezkV ds ikl tknqÃ 'kfä;k¡ gSa] vkSj mlds f[kykQ [kM+k gksuk ;k fdlh ds lkFk muds vfèkdkj lk>k djuk vlaHko FkkA ifj.kkeLo:i] lHkh dks mlds vkns'kksa dk ikyu djuk vko';d gSß10 vcqy Qty ds er esa vdcj ,d vkn'kZ jktk gS] ;gh dkj.k gS fd mUgksua s vdcj dks Þ,d iw.kZ O;fä tks dHkh xyrh ugÈ dj ldrkß ds :i esa lanÆHkr fd;kA11 Hkxoku ds ,tsVa dks lekt esa çfrfufèkRo gsrq dÃ èkkÆed ekU;rkvksa ds chp HksnHkko djus dh vuqefr ugÈ FkhA bl le; ,d lfg".kq èkkÆed uhfr dk leFkZu djus ds fy, ,d fl)kar dh rRdky vko';drk FkhA ,slk ugÈ Fkk fd fdlh fof'k"V èkeZ dks laçHkqrk çnku ugÈ dh xÃ FkhA blus ,d loZO;kih ç—fr xzg.k dhA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd ÞèkeZ vyx&vyx jkLrksa ds lkFk ewy :i ls ,d gh gSA vcqy Qty us bLyke ds fy, rdZß12 vkSj 'kjh;r13 dk bLrseky fd;kA gkyk¡fd cjuh Hkh ,slk dj jgk Fkk] ijarq og muds vfèkdkj ds fy, Li"Vhdj.k ugÈ ns ldkA mUgksaus rdZ fn;k fd jktra=h; laçHkqrk dk fl)kar Hkkjr tSls cgq&èkkÆed lekt esa vfèkd ykxw gksrk gS D;ksfa d jktk lHkh èkeks± ls Åij Fkk] bl lanHkZ esa laçHkqrk fdlh èkeZ ls tqMh+ ugÈ FkhA muds }kjk 234 © fofHkUu èkeks± dh odkyr dh xÃ] vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i fo'o 'kkafr gsrq dke djus ds fy, og fofHkUu èkeksZ dks ,d lkFk ysdj vk;sA mUgsa èkkÆed lac)rk dks cuk;s j[kus ds fy, ,slh fo'ks"krkvksa dks cuk, j[kus dh vko';drk Fkh tks muds fy, lgh FkhA mUgksua s vius vkSj vius yksxksa dks mudh lksp dh csfM+;ksa ls eqä dj jkgr nhA vcqy Qty ls ge ;g fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSa fd laçHkq dks orZeku fopkjèkkjkvksa ds çfr lfg".kq gksuk pkfg,A mUgsa vkèkqfud thou ds fy, vko';d vkSj iwjd vius yksxksa ds iqjkus rjhdksa dks igpkuuk pkfg,A vcqy Qty us bl eqís ij rkÆdd –f"Vdks.k ds :i esa fpf=r djds lkekftd lqèkkj ij vdcj ds fopkjksa dks le>k;kA Q+ty + us nkok fd;k fd mlus ,slk fd;k D;ksfa d og varjjk"Vªh; leqnk; esa ,d ,slk ÞfgUnqLrkuß cukuk pkgrs Fks] tks nqfu;k esa vkSj vfèkd vkRefo'okl ds lkFk [kM+k gks14A bls nwljs rjhds ls j[kus ds fy,] mUgksua s laçHkqrk vkSj jkT; dk o.kZu lekt ds lanHkZ esa fd;kA bl èkkj.kk ls funsZf'kr] gksdj mUgksua s Þtula[;k dks pkj lewgksa esa foHkkftr fd;k& ;ks)k] f'kYidkj] vkSj O;kikjh( lh[kk gqvk oxZ( rFkk vU;A muds vuqlkj lh[kus okyk rhljk oxZ lcls egÙoiw.kZ oxZ FkkA mUgksaus vius le; dh lkekftd vkÆFkd okLrfodrk ij vkèkkfjr bl oxZ dks uhpk fn[kk;k**15A xzhd ijaijk ds vkèkkj ij mUgksaus euq";ksa dks mudh fo'ks"krkvksa ds vkèkkj ij rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k& dqyhu] fuEu vkSj eè;orÊA viuh fo'ks"krkvksa ds vkèkkj ij vfHktkr ,sls O;fä Fks ftuds ikl csgrj cqf)] nwjnÆ'krk] ç'kklfud {kerk ;k okDiVqrk dh lajpuk] vkSj lSU; ijkØe gsrq O;fäxr lkgl rFkk drZO; vkfn FkkA fofHkUu O;olk;ksa dk çfrfufèkRo fuEu vkSj eè;orÊ Hkkxksa esa fd;k x;k FkkA ;g Lo&dsfa ær O;fä;ksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ FkÈ tks eq[; :i ls nwljksa ds ykHk ds ctk; vius Lo;a ds ykHk ls viuh xfrfofèk;ksa dks vatke nsrs FksA lrh'k paæ ds vuqlkj euq";ksa ij vcqy Qty ds fopkj] fo'ks"k :i ls fuEu oxZ ls lEcafèkr] ftudk mUgksua s mYys[k Þvkèkkjß ¼fuEu½ ;k Þvuns[kkß oxZ ds :i esa fd;k] ledkyhuksa ds mPp oxZ ds iwokZxzgksa ds egÙoiw.kZ fgLls esa çfrèofur gksrk gSA bl O;k[;k ds vuqlkj] dqyhu ifjokjksa vkSj mPp tkfr;ksa ls lacafèkr O;fä;ksa dks jkT; ds 235 © çkfèkdj.k ds fgLls dh vkdka{kk ugÈ j[kuh pkfg,16A jkT; pykus okyksa dks dqyhu ifjokjksa rFkk mPp tkfr;k¡ ds fy, vkjf{kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A lekt esa nq"V {ks=ksa dh çèkkurk ds ifj.kkeLo:i] 'kkgh vR;kpkj mfpr Fkk D;ksafd dsoy ,d lezkV ds ikl vko';d y{k.k Fks ftlls og lekt ds bu oxks± dk fu;a=.k cuk, j[k ldrk FkkA nwljk] Q+t+y ds vuqlkj] Þfdlh Hkh lqYrku ds fy, tks Qj&,&bt+hnh dh ifo= fo'ks"krkvksa ls tqM+s gq, Fks lcls egÙoiw.kZ rÙo Fkk] fdlh Hkh O;fäxr la?k"kZ dh vuqefr u nsdj lkekftd fLFkjrk ykus esa enn djukß17A ;g mudh ftEesnkjh Hkh Fkh Þlarqyu cgky djsa vkSj nwljksa ds fy, lEeku gsrq O;fäxr çfrHkk dks tksMd + j nqfu;k ds mRFkku esa ;ksxnku nsaß18A ifj.kker%] thou esa fdlh ds mfpr LFkku dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, fLFkjrk vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd xfjek dh vko';drk gksrh gS19 Þvdcj dks ;g dgrs gq, ntZ fd;k x;k gS fd njksxkvksa dks ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fd dksÃ Hkh yksHk ls vius Lo;a ds O;kikj ;k O;olk; dks ugÈ NksMs+xk bl ij dM+h utj j[kuh pkfg,A ,d vU; LFkku ij] gesa crk;k x;k gS fd Þvdcj us 'kkg rgekLi dsß20 dFku dh ç'kalk dh fd Þtks lh[kus esa dfBu yxrk gS] og bls vius dkeksa dh dher ij djrk gSß21A laçHkqrk dh fnO;rk us lÙkk vkSj vfèkdkj dks lcls Li"V rjhds ls laçHkq dks lhfer djus ds fdlh Hkh vkSj lHkh ç;klksa dks [kkfjt dj fn;kA vcqy Qty }kjk vius dÃ oxÊdj.kksa esa ls ,d dks fofHkUu lUnHkks± esa vius O;ogkj ds vkèkkj ij euq";ksa dks rhu çdkjksa esa ckaVk x;k gS& os yksx ftudh jktk vdcj ds çfr vVwV fu"Bk gS] vkSj fu%LokFkZ Hkko ls Js"Bre vkRek,¡ gS]a vkSj ;g vius vki esa ,d xq.k gSA vdcj vkRekvksa esa lcls egku22 gSA bu O;fä;ks]a ftUgksaus mudh lsok ls ckgj O;kikj vkSj ewrZ ds cnys esa viuh çfrc)rk dk çn'kZu fd;k gS ykHk rFkk egÙo ds inkuqØe ij muds uhps j[ks x, gSaA Þlcls [kjkc 'kksß ;k lcls [kjkc oQknkjh dk dksÃ ladrs ugÈA eè;dkyhu vnkyr lkfgR; esa foæksfg;ksa dks gjkuk lÙkk:uk pkfg,ß32 mls ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd mls lHkh dks 'kkafr vkSj U;k; nsus ds fy, Hkxoku }kjk i`Foh ij Hkstk x;k gSA og Þmudh HkykÃ ds fy, ikjn'kÊ fxyklß ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS blfy,] mls gj le; viuh rVLFkrk cuk, j[kuh pkfg, vkSj ;g lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg, fd mldh xfrfofèk;ksa ls fdlh dks uqdlku u gksA mldk fu.kZ; ikjn'kÊ gksuk pkfg,] mlds 'kkludky esa lH; lekt dh LFkkiuk ds fy, gj laHko ç;kl mls djuk pkfg,ß33A yksxksa dh ekSfyd t:jrksa dk mls è;ku j[kuk pkfg,A tc jktk ds ikl fu.kZ; ysus dk le; vkrk gS rks mls [kqn dks vijkèkh ds LFkku ij j[kus dk ç;kl djuk pkfg,A vijkèk ds vklikl dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds gj fgLls ij mls fopkj djuk pkfg, vkSj mlds ckn gh viuk fu.kZ; ysAa ijaijk ds vuqlkj] ;fn ÞlqYrku vius jkT; dh vPNkÃ dk foLrkj djuk pkgrk Fkk rks mls ges'kk vPNs yksxksa dh ç'kalk djuh pkfg, vkSj vPNs dk;ks± dks muds }kjk Hkfo"; esa crs gq,] vdcj us lafoèkku esa la'kksèku fd;k vkSj jkT; esa ljdkj vkSj ç'kklu ds fy, ,d ç.kkyh LFkkfir dh37A ftyk vkSj mi&ftyk Lrj ij ç'kklfud

Ancient and Medieval Indian Political Thought PDF

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