Anatomy Notes PDF
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Uploaded by ConciseHarpy
Benguet State University
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Summary
These notes provide an introduction to human anatomy, covering the levels of structural organization (chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organismal), basic life processes (metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction), homeostasis, cavities, and directional terms. The document is suitable for secondary school students learning about the human body.
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Level of Structural Organization 1. CHEMICAL LEVEL - “Basic level “ - ATOMS : smallest unit of matter MOLECULE : 2 or more atoms 2. CELLULAR LEVEL - “ Structural and functional unit of the body “ - CELLS :smallest unit of life : structural unit of all...
Level of Structural Organization 1. CHEMICAL LEVEL - “Basic level “ - ATOMS : smallest unit of matter MOLECULE : 2 or more atoms 2. CELLULAR LEVEL - “ Structural and functional unit of the body “ - CELLS :smallest unit of life : structural unit of all living things 3. TISSUE LEVEL - “ group of similarly specialized cells” - Formed by cells 4. ORGAN LEVEL - “ composed of 2 or more tissues “ - Form and function 5. SYSTEM LEVEL - Association of Organs 6. ORGANISMAL LEVEL - Any Living Individual. Basic Life Processes 1. METABOLISM - The sum of all chemical processes a) CATABOLISM - BIG to small b) ANABOLISM -small to BIG 2. RESPONSIVENESS - body ability to detect and respond to changes 3. MOVEMENT - motion of the whole body 4. GROWTH - Increase in body size from increase if existing cells 5. DIFFERENTIATION - development of cells from unspecialized to specialized state 6. REPRODUCTION - Formation of new cell for tissue growth, repair, replacement NOTES ANAPHY - Study of the body’s structure PHYSIOLOGY - Study of the body’s function PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - Study of disorder functioning - Marks deviation from homeostasis HOMEOSTASIS - Condition of equilibrium ( BALANCE ) - Maintenance by the body’s regulatory processes HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE - Body organs become less efficient. less functional - GROSS ANATOMY - Study of large observable structure - MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY - Study of small structure Components of Homeostatic Control Center 1. RECEPTORS - sensor that monitors and responds to changes 2. CONTROL CENTER - determines levels at which a variable is to me maintained 3. EFFECTORS - receive output from the control center and produce response Type of Feedbacks 1. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK - Counter response to the stimulus 2. POSITIVE FEEDBACK - Adds to the stimulus , more *STIMULUS - anything that disturbs conditions CAVITIES BODY CAVITY - spaces that encloses internal organs MEMBRANES - thin pliable sheet of tissue that lines the cavity DORSAL CAVITY 1. CRANIAL CAVITY - formed by cranial bones , contains brain 2. SPINAL CAVITY - contains spinal cord *MENINGES - membrane that lines this cavity VENTRAL CAVITY 1. THORACIC CAVITY -chest a.) Pleural cavity - Lungs b.) Pericardial cavity - Heart c.) Mediastinum - Contains heart, thymus …. 2. ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY a.) Abdominal cavity - stomach , spleen , liver , gallbladder *PERITONEUM - serous membrane b.) Pelvic Cavity - urinary bladder , internal organs of reproduction Directional Terms 1. Farther from the attachment of extremities - DISTAL 2. Nearer at the back at the back of backbone surface of the body - POSTERIOR 3. Nearer at the midline of the body of structure - MEDIAL 4. On the same side of the body - IPSILATERAL 5. Opposite side - CONTRALATERAL 6. Pertaining to the wall of the cavity - PARIETAL 7. Pertaining to the organ within the cavity - VISCERAL 8. Within , inside - DEEP 9. In front or, toward the front -ANTERIOR or VENTRAL 10. Towards the surface - SUPERFICIAL 11. Toward the side - PROXIMAL 12. Closer to origin - MEDIAL 13. Towards the head of the upper part of the body - SUPERIOR or CRANIAL 14. Below, Lower than - INFERIOR or CAUDAL 15. Between structures - INTERMEDIATE Abdomino pelvic region REVIEW ALSO THE BODY LANDMARKS
