Biological Diversity PDF

Biological Diversity  Definitions Biological Diversity: Refers to the variety of species and ecosystems on earth Variation - Differences within a species. Species: Is a group of organisms that have the same structure and can reproduce with one another.There are more specie...

Biological Diversity  Definitions Biological Diversity: Refers to the variety of species and ecosystems on earth Variation - Differences within a species. Species: Is a group of organisms that have the same structure and can reproduce with one another.There are more species of insects than all of the other kinds of life form combined. Population: A group ot the same species live in a specific area and share same resources. Community: When populations of different species live together.  Definitions Biotic factors: All living things Ex. plants, predation, animals disease, parasitism. Abiotic Factors: Non-living physical and chemical factors which affect the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce. Ex. light intensity, dissolved gasses, temperature, level of pollutant, type of soil or rock, water availability, pH level (acidity). Interdependence: Depending on many other species in its environment to survive. Ex. Mule deer need trees to shelter them from the wind and predators such as wolves. Symbiosis: The relationship between 2 different animals.  3 Types of Biological Diversity 1. Ecosystem Diversity - The different types of living communities and environments such as bogs, marshes, lakes, and forests. 2. Community & Species Diversity Population -a group ot the same species live in a specific area and share same resources Community -when populations of different species live together 3. Genetic Diversity- Differences within organisms at the cellular level, describes the variety of genetic information in all organisms, this represents the potential for adaptation over time Biological Diversity  Linnaeus Classification System Carlos Linnaeus- developed a naming system for species. Genus Species ex. Canis rufus (red wolf) Canis lupus (timber wolf) Canis familiaris (dog) The species part of the name is the most specific way to name something. 5 Kingdom Classification System 1. Animalia (animals) 2. Plantae (plants) 3. Fungi (yeasts, moulds,and mushrooms) 4. Protista (single celled organisms) 5. Monera (bacteria) Classification of Living Things  Interdependence in an Ecosystem Watch the video and answer the following questions. 1. What is the relationship between plants and animals? 2. How does diversity and interdependence impact an ecosystem? 3. What effect does genetic diversity have on survival? Interdependence in an Ecosystem There are 3 Different Kinds of Symbiotic Relationships: 1. Commensalism - One organism benefits, and the other is neither harmed nor benefits. Ex. a bird that builds its nest in a tree. 2. Mutualism - both organisms benefit. Ex. Ants living in a tree. The tree gives the ants food and shelter, while the ants protect the tree from other animals feeding on it. 3. Parasitism - one organism benefits while the other is harmed. Ex. a tape worm attached to the wall of a human’s intestine. The tapeworm absorbs the nutrients from the intestine leaving little for the human. Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism? Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism? Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism? Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism? Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism? Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism?  Definitions Interspecies competition: 2 or more species need the same resource. Ex. 2 species compete for the same food, then there is less food for each species. Niche : Describes the role of an organism within the ecosystem. The niche includes what the organism eats, its habitat, nesting site, or range and its effect on both the populations around it and its environment. Resource partitioning : Different species divide up a resource among themselves. Ex. instead of competing for a place for nesting they divide up the tree so they can all build a nest.  Natural Selection The environment (natural causes) chooses/selects the individuals that survive. Charles Darwin observed that it is not the strongest members of a species that survive, but the ones that are the most adaptable to change. Project Project Creatures of the Lost Island Assignment  Definitions Heritable Characteristics: characteristics that are transmitted from generation to generation such as eye color, hair color and skin color. Non-Heritable Characteristics: characteristics caused by the environment such as tanning skin due to exposure to sunlight Discrete Variation: variation in a heritable characteristic that has an “either/or” form, such as either being albino or not being albino. A cat has blue eyes or does not have blue eyes. Continuous Variation: characteristics that have a range of forms. (Example) The height of an adult can range from 1.2 meters to 2.1 meters. In squirrels mass can range from 133g to 249g.  Variation and the Environment - Some variations result from the interactions with the environment. Example. A plant grown in sunlight will be very bushy and green, while a plant grown in dim light will look a pale green and spindly. - Height is a heritable characteristic but can also be affected by diet. - Variations caused by interactions with the environment are non- heritable.  Sexual Reproduction in Animals & People Sexual reproduction: reproduction involving the exchange of genetic material between two individuals resulting in offspring that are genetically different from the parents. Gametes - sex cells (male or female) that unite with another to form a fertilized egg (zygote) that develops into a new individual -Male gametes- sperm cells -Female gametes - egg cells or ova Fertilization - the union of an egg cell (female sex cell) with a sperm cell (male sex cell)  Sexual Reproduction in Animals & People Once a zygote is formed it divides in two and the division is repeated. This cell division is called cleavage. An embryo is formed and the new organism will show characteristics of both parents. The development of the embryo may occur inside OR outside the female parent. Ex. Inside – humans Outside- chicken eggs  Sexual Reproduction in Plants Most plants produce male and female gametes. Male Parts: Pollen - fine yellow powder on the anthers of the flowers, consisting of grains that contain male gametes Anther - Part of the stamen that produces and stores pollen Filament- Tube like structure that holds up the anther Female Parts: Pistil - the female reproductive organ of the flower Ovules - sac containing the female gametes Ovary - structure which contains the ovules Stigma - the female part of the flower that receives pollen. Style - the structure that supports the stigma and connects it with the ovary of the plant Sexual Reproduction in Plants  Definitions Pollination -occurs when pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma of the pistil. Cross pollination - occurs when the pollen of one plant is carried to the stigma of another plant by wind, water, or animals such as insects  Sexual Reproduction Advantages -provides lots of variation which will help survival in different environmental situations. Disadvantages - it takes a lot of energy and time which limits the amount of offspring that can be produced.  Asexual Reproduction ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Asexual Reproduction: reproduction without the fusion of sex cell, resulting identical offspring and parent (involves only 1 parent) Forms of Asexual Reproduction; 1. Binary Fission 2. Budding 3. Spore Production 4. Vegetative Reproduction  Asexual Reproduction 1)Binary Fission: Results when a single celled organism cell splits in two resulting in two identical individuals. Ex) Bacteria, Some Protists, Amoebas, Some Algae  Asexual Reproduction 2) Budding: A type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth, or bud, on the parent. The new individual is identical to its parent. Ex. hydra and yeast  Asexual Reproduction 3)Spore Production: formed from the division of cells from cells of the parent. (spores are similar to seeds) The new individual is identical to its parent. Ex) many fungi, green algae, molds, non-flowering plants like ferns  Asexual Reproduction 4)Vegetative Reproduction: A type of asexual reproduction in plants that does not involve the formation of a seed. Ex) -taking a cutting and having it root in the water (willow) -runners sent from the parent (strawberry) (spider plant) -tubers ON TOP of a potato plant -bulbs from a tulip or daffodil -a sucker from an aspen tree  Asexual Reproduction Advantages- Can produce lots of individuals very quickly. Ex. 1 bacteria over 12 hours can produce 10 million copies of itself Disadvantages - If conditions become unfavorable the entire population can be wiped out because of very little variation.  Asexual & Sexual Reproduction -Some species have the ability to reproduce both sexually and asexually ex. Some plants can produce seeds and can also be reproduced by cuttings, bulbs or runners. -Some animals can also reproduce sexually and asexually. -Ex. Sponges and Aphids (small sluggish insects that suck the juices off plants) Review Meiosis & Cell Division Gizmo  Genetics Traits are: characteristics that an organism inherits from its parents. Ex. color of eyes, blood type, shape of nose and lips etc. Every living thing is made up of cells. Cells are the basic unit of life. All activities of the cell are controlled by the nucleus. The nucleus contains inherited material called DNA that determines the function of each cell.  DNA DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) Inherited material responsible for variation "Your blueprint" All DNA is made up of 4 different chemicals. These chemicals are: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. The arrangement of these chemicals forms a code that the cell can read (genetic code). The genetic code is the set of instructions formed by the DNA arrangement that the cell "reads". DNA  Chromosomes - Packages of DNA - Rod-like or thread -like structures found in the nucleus - Human cells contain 46 chromosomes with the exception of sex cells (sperm and egg only have 23). - one chromosome only contains part of the instructions for the cell. Every cell needs all 46 chromosomes to work properly. Chromosomes  Genes Chunks of DNA that contain the instructions that control the development traits or characteristics of the organism. Each trait is controlled by a different gene or several genes working together. Each Chromosome contains between 20,000 and 100,000 genes) Chromosomes are made up of genes, and genes are made up of DNA. Genes  Genes Alleles: Genes have two or more forms called alleles. Our inherited traits depend on the alleles we have gotten from our parents. Video