UNIT 4 Objectives 6th ed. PDF

UNIT 4 How do organisms reproduce? Chapters 11, 15 (15.4), 16-17, 18 (18.1 & 18.6) LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1) What is involved in cellular reproduction? What role does DNA replication play? a) List and the four key criteria that the genetic mate...

UNIT 4 How do organisms reproduce? Chapters 11, 15 (15.4), 16-17, 18 (18.1 & 18.6) LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1) What is involved in cellular reproduction? What role does DNA replication play? a) List and the four key criteria that the genetic material must fulfill. (11.1) b) Outline the structural features of DNA at five levels of complexity. (11.2) c) Describe the structures of the nucleotide, a DNA strand, and the DNA double helix. (11.2) d) Describe the double stranded structure of DNA and explain how the AT/GC rule underlies the ability of DNA to be replicated semi-conservatively. (11.4) e) Describe how the synthesis of new DNA strands begins at an origin of replication. (11.5) f) List the functions of helicase, topoisomerase, single-strand binding protein, primase, and DNA polymerase at the replication fork. (11.5) g) Outline the key differences in the synthesis of the leading and lagging strands. (11.5) h) What is the difference between cell division and the cell cycle? (16.1) i) Outline the phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle, identifying the function of each. (16.1) ii) Describe how the replication of eukaryotic chromosomes produces sister chromatids. (16.2) iii) Outline the key events that occur during the phases of mitosis. (16.2) iv) Discuss how cytokinesis differs in plant cells and animal cells. (16.2) v) Discuss how the cell cycle is controlled and what happens when control is lost. (16.1) vi) Outline the steps in the development of cancer. (15.4) 2) Why does sexual reproduction require 2 parents and how does it promote genetic diversity? a) Describe the processes of synapsis and crossing over. (16.3) b) Outline the key events that occur during the phases of meiosis. (16.3) c) Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis focusing on key steps that account for the different outcomes of these two processes. (16.3) d) Identify the advantages of sexual reproduction. (16.5) 3) How are traits/characteristics passed on to future generations? a) Discuss Gregor Mendel and his role in understanding heredity, including the terminology he developed. (17.1) i) Outline the general methodology that Mendel used for his experiments in genetics. (17.1) ii) List and explain the two laws of Mendelian genetics. (17.1) iii) Outline the principles of chromosome theory of inheritance and relate the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis to Mendel’s laws of inheritance (17.2) iv) Solve one-trait and multi-trait genetics problems utilizing the laws of probability. (17.7) v) Given a pedigree or other scenario, distinguish between recessively inherited disorders and dominantly inherited disorders. (17.3) b) Do all traits follow Mendelian genetics? i) Describe different systems of sex determination and explain why X-linked traits are more likely to occur in human males. (17.4) ii) Define the factors that appear to violate Mendelian genetics. (17.5-17.6, 18.1, 18.6) 4) What is a genetic disorder? a) Identify the ways that the structure of a chromosome can be altered. (16.5) b) Compare and contrast changes in the number of sets of chromosomes and changes in the number of individual chromosomes. (16.5) c) Differentiate between recessive and dominant genetic disorder. (17.3)