Learning Objectives Exam 3-2 PDF

Learning Objectives Slides 15 Describe the role of an enzyme and mechanisms an enzyme uses to affect a chemical reaction. Compare and contrast a competitive and noncompetitive inhibitor. Describe allosteric regulation of an enzyme. Describe feedback inhibition of a metabolic pathway and why...

Learning Objectives Slides 15 Describe the role of an enzyme and mechanisms an enzyme uses to affect a chemical reaction. Compare and contrast a competitive and noncompetitive inhibitor. Describe allosteric regulation of an enzyme. Describe feedback inhibition of a metabolic pathway and why a cell would use this mechanism. Describe why temperature and pH can affect an enzyme’s activity. Know the 5 general principles of metabolic pathways Define redox reactions. What does it mean if a compound is reduced or oxidized Learning Objective Slides 16 Know the 5 general principles of metabolic pathways Define redox reactions. What does it mean if a compound is reduced or oxidized? Is NAD+or NADH the oxidized form? Understand that oxidation and reduction always occur together Describe why energy metabolism occurs in small steps Describe glycolysis, pyruvate reduction, and the citric acid cycle, including the location, products, and the following: Glycolysis: Understand why glycolysis requires energy in the first steps, but later will release energy/synthesize ATP Know the indicated enzymes. What would happen if that enzyme was inhibited? Know the first and last step of the citric acid cycle and the key products that are reactants in other pathways (ATP, NADH/FADH2). Understand if a carbon intermediate (product) has 1 less carbon, carbon dioxide is produced Why does the citric acid cycle regenerate oxaloacetate Learning Objectives Slides 17 Describe the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis (including location and output). Know when most of the ATP is generated during cellular respiration. Describe the role of oxygen during oxidative phosphorylation. Describe how the electron transport chain in mitochondria produces an electro-chemical gradient, and what this gradient is used for. Predict consequences of increased permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to protons. Compare and contrast aerobic respiration vs fermentation Understand conditions under which a cell would undergo pyruvate oxidation vs fermentation and what the product of fermentation would be (depending on type of organism). Understand which of the four cellular respiration pathways are needed for fermentation of glucose to lactic acid or ethanol. Describe the relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis and in which types of organisms each of these processes occur Learning Objectives Slides 18 Compare and contrast cellular respiration and photosynthesis-include how they are linked Describe what occurs during photosynthesis in the light reactions and during the carbon-fixation reactions, including location and the products of the light reactions that are used in the Calvin Cycle. Describe the structure of a photosystem. Describe how light energy is converted into chemical energy at the level of a photosystem (PS). Include in your description the terms chlorophyll, photon, electrons, PS I, PS II, P680, P700, electron transport, water, oxygen, proton gradient, ATP synthase. Describe how the light reactions are coupled to chemiosmosis in photosynthesis. Describe cyclic vs. noncyclic electron transport (and the purpose of having both). Be able to trace the flow of electrons in noncyclic electron transport and compare it with that of cyclic transport Describe the general process of the Calvin Cycle- purpose, what occurs (3 main processes), molecules involved, inputs/outputs, cellular location, catabolic or anabolic Learning Objectives Slides 19-20 Describe the concept and mechanisms of signal transduction pathways Understand how signal transduction pathways are activated Understands how signal transduction responses can vary (activation vs. inhibition, the ligated receptor activates multiple pathways, etc.) Understand how signal transduction distributes a signal and amplifies a signal Compare and contrast internal receptors vs. cell surface receptors and what needs to occur in order for each to be activated Compare and contrast how protein kinase cell surface receptors and G-protein coupled receptors initiate signal transduction cascades Define apoptosis, and know that apoptosis can be initiated by internal or external signals Describe how signal transduction is regulated Forms of Chemical Signaling Autocrine Cell targets itself Juxtacrine Cell targets a cell that is connected by a gap junction (direct contact) Paracrine Cell targets nearby cell (no direct contact) Endocrine Cell targets distance cell through bloodstream Catabolic Reactions in Eukaryotic Cells Occurs in absence of oxygen Glycolysis, NAD+ reduced to NADH, NADH oxidized to NAD+ In mitochondrial membrane Electron Transport, Chemiosmosis, NADH oxidized to NAD+ In mitochondrial matrix Pyruvate oxidation, Citric acid cycle, NAD+ reduced to NADH ATP production Glycolysis, Citric acid cycle, chemiosmosis Photosystems Photosystem 1 NADPH production Cyclic Pathway P700 Reaction center chlorophyll ○ Chlorophyll unstable ATP production if cyclic Passes excited electron to NADP+ Photosystem 2 Water P680 Reaction center chlorophyll ○ Chlorophyll unstable Oxygen Oxidizes H2O and initiates electron transport chain 1.Compare and contrast asexual and sexual reproduction. 2.Understand the processes by which asexual reproduction occurs in prokaryotes (e.g., binary fission) and eukaryotes (e.g., mitosis). 3.Define and give examples of the 4 events involved in cell division in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 4.Understand how a karyotype is produced and be able to interpret a karyotype. 5.Compare and contrast homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids. 6.Understand the concepts of diploid and haploid with respect to numbers of sets of chromosomes and presence/absence of homologous chromosomes. 7.Know where DNA is located in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 8.Describe how DNA is packaged in eukaryotic cells. 9.Describe the events that occur during each subphase of mitosis. 10.Understand the roles of the 3 types of microtubules important for mitosis. 11.Apply what you know about mitosis to scenarios involving drugs or mutations (e.g., if you’re given the action of a chemical/drug, what is the expected impact on mitosis). 12.Understand how cytokinesis differs in plant and animal cells. 13.Apply what you know about homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids, diploid, haploid, and mitosis to determine the number of chromosomes, sister chromatids, homologous chromosome pairs present at different points in the eukaryotic cell cycle. 14.Analyze a picture representation of a cell’s chromosomes to determine (1) the cell cycle stage and (2) whether the cell is diploid or haploid. 15.Describe events that occur during the eukaryotic cell cycle. 16.Describe how the eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated. 17.Understand the role of cyclin and CDKs in regulation of the cell cycle. 18.Understand the concept of a cell cycle checkpoint and when during the cell cycle checkpoints occur. 19.Understand the roles of Rb, p53, and p21 in regulating the cell cycle and predict the effects of mutations in these genes on cell cycle progression 20.Describe the normal role of a tumor suppressor gene and oncogene and how mutations in these types of genes can lead to cancer.