Unit 4 Motivation and Emotional Processes - Part 2 PDF

Unit 4 Motivation and Emotional processes - PART 2  Define emotions. Explain the nature of emotions. Discuss the functions of emotions. Describe the theories of emotion. Learning Enumerate the various types of outcomes emotions....

Unit 4 Motivation and Emotional processes - PART 2  Define emotions. Explain the nature of emotions. Discuss the functions of emotions. Describe the theories of emotion. Learning Enumerate the various types of outcomes emotions. Explain various methods to measure emotions. Discuss the role of emotions in health and illness. Enumerate the importance of the knowledge of emotions for health care professionals.  “ Emotions means many things at once” - Morgan, King and Robinson. DEFINITION “Emotion is a conscious experience arising out of a specific kind of situation accompanied by physical and mental changes of both external and internal varieties.” - Woodworth. COMPONENTS OF EMOTION 1. Subjective Feeling –These are what you believe and what you are feeling. It is conscious and an intellectual perception of a situation, if the situation is intense enough, it may provoke an emotion. Emotional feelings are experienced before expression. 2. Emotional Expression or Expressive Behavior There are three ways in which an emotion can be expressed: ❑ Facial – Face is expressive part of the body. Some emotions like guilt, joy, anger, etc. can be perceived fairly accurately through facial expressions ❑ Vocal - tells us about an emotional state of an individual. ✔ A scream communicates fear, surprise or pain; ✔ a trembling voice means sorrow or disappointment; ✔ loud, sharp, high-pitched voice means anger, irritability or frustration. ✔ Slow monotonous voice usually communicates sadness. ❑ Bodily movements/gestures - indicate the emotional state of an individual. ✔ In anger, a person clenches his fists and moves forward to attack. ✔ In fear a person runs away, ✔ in joy the person is excited, holds his head high and chest out. Cont… 3. Physiological changes – This take place during an emotional state are caused mainly by the auto- nomic nervous system and the endocrine gland system like hormones, epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). 4. Conscious Experience- An emotion is not only a pattern of bodily changes, but also an experience. Emotional experience is generally a conscious feeling. In order to assess an individual’s emotion, his feelings and emotional experience is an important indicator.  CHANGES IN EMOTIONAL REACTIONS Emotional reactions affect the autonomic nervous system the most. The following external, internal and psychological changes occur during emotional states External Changes Facial expressions Bodily movement and gestures Voice disturbances Cont.. Internal Changes During fear and anger, the pulse rate or heart rate increases. Blood pressure increases during emotional excitement. During excitement breathing is in short quick gasps, but in depression it is slow. Psychological Changes During emotional experiences, perception, learning, consciousness and memory are affected.  Nature of emotions Emotion is usually temporary. In other words, it tends to have a relatively clear beginning and end and a relatively short duration. Emotional experience can be positive, as in joy, or negative, as in sadness. It can also be a mixture of both, as in the bittersweet feelings of watching one’s child leave for the first day of kindergarten. Emotion can vary in intensity. You can feel pleased, happy, or ecstatic. You can also feel mildly disappointed, sad, or deeply depressed.  Cont.. Emotional experience is triggered partly by thoughts, especially by a mental assessment of how a situation relates to your goals. An exam score of 75 percent may thrill you if your best previous score had been 50 percent, but it may upset you if you had never before scored below 90 percent. Emotional experience alters thought processes, often by directing attention toward some things and away from others. Negative emotions tend to narrow attention, and positive emotions tend to broaden it. Cont… Emotional experience brings on an action tendency, a motivation to behave in certain ways. Grieving parents’ anger, for example, might motivate them to harm their child’s killer. Emotional experiences are passions that you feel, whether you want to or not. You do have some control over emotions, though, because they depend partly on how you interpret situations (Gross, 2001). For example, you can reduce your emotional reaction to a car accident by reminding yourself that no one was hurt and that you are insured. Still, you can’t just decide what emotions you experience; instead, you “fall in love” or “explode in anger” or are “overcome by grief.”  1. Preparing us for action. Emotions act as a link between events in our environment and our responses. E.g. if you saw an angry dog charging toward you, your emotional reaction (fear) would be associated “fight-or-flight” response. The 2. Shaping our future behavior. Emotions promote Functions learning that will help us make appropriate responses in the future. of Emotions E.g. your emotional response to unpleasant events teaches you to avoid similar circumstances in the future. 3. Helping us interact more effectively with others. We often communicate the emotions we experience through our verbal and nonverbal behaviors, making our emotions obvious to observers.  James-Lange Theory Theories of Cannon-Bard Theory emotion Schachter-Singer Theory Lazarus Theory James-Lange Theory An event causes physiological arousal first and then we interpret this arousal. Only after our interpretation of the arousal can we experience emotion. EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. You notice these physiological changes and interpret them as your body’s preparation for a fearful situation. You then experience fear. Cannon-Bard Theory We experience physiological arousal and emotional at the same time but gives no attention to the role of thoughts or outward behavior. EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. At the same time as these physiological changes occur you also experience the emotion of fear. Schachter-Singer Theory According to this theory, an event causes physiological arousal first. You must then identify a reason for this arousal and then you are able to experience and label the emotion. EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. Upon noticing this arousal you realize that is comes from the fact that you are walking down a dark alley by yourself. This behavior is dangerous and therefore you feel the emotion of fear. Lazarus Theory Lazarus Theory states that a thought must come before any emotion or physiological arousal. In other words, you must first think about your situation before you can experience an emotion. EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you think it may be a mugger (thief) so you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens and at the same time experience fear.  EMOTIONAL ADJUSTMENTS Emotional adjustment (also referred to as emotional equilibrium, emotional stability, neuroticism, personal adjustment or psychological adjustment) is the maintenance of emotional equilibrium in the face of internal and external stressors. Autonomic nervous system, brain structures and hormones play an important role in emotional adjustment. Cont… 1. Autonomic Nervous system Sympathetic nervous system is more active in unpleasant situations, while the parasympathetic division is more active with more pleasant situations. Strong emotional reactions like fear, anger, etc. stimulate the sympathetic nervous system that releases hormones from the adrenal gland. The parasympathetic nervous system makes us calm by inhibiting the release of these hormones. Cont.. 2. Brain Structures Hypothalamus and limbic system are the structures, which control emotional systems. Amygdala is another key player within the limbic system, involves in processing emotions like patterns of attack, defense and flight. Right hemisphere regulates facial expressions and the left hemispheres, deciphers emotional tone from the messages we fear. Cont.. 3. Hormones Hormones play an important role in regulation of emotions. During emotional states there is an increase in hormonal level in the blood and urine. Range of emotions  1. Fear : Fear is caused by situations which are perceived as physically threatening. 2. Anxiety: Anxiety is a state of painful discomfort of mind. During anxiety a vague fear or apprehension occurs. Types of 3. Pleasure: Pleasure or happiness is a positive emotion which gives satisfaction to Emotions the person who experiences it. Pleasure is the reaction to the satisfaction of a need or attainment of a goal. 4. Affection: It is a pleasant emotional reaction directed towards a person, an animal or an object. It is built up as a result of pleasant experience. 5. Disgust: Disgust can be triggered by a physical experience, such as seeing or smelling rotting food, blood, or poor hygiene. Moral disgust may occur when someone sees another person doing something they find immoral or distasteful. 6. Anger: Anger can be expressed with facial expressions like frowning, yelling, or violent behavior. 7. Surprise: Surprise can be pleasant or unpleasant.  Researchers often use autonomic responses to MEASURING measure emotion. EMOTION The galvanic skin response is an increase in the skin’s rate of electrical conductivity, which occurs when subjects sweat during emotional states. POLYGRAPH TESTS The polygraph, or lie detector, is a device used to detect deception. The polygraph records the autonomic responses as the subject answers these questions. Emotions in health & illness Emotions are necessary part of life. When emotion becomes intense, pleasant or unpleasant , usually result in disruption of thought & behavior. When emotions are prolonged for a long time or if they are excessive, they harm the organs because of the sustained physiological changes that accompany them. Contd…. The disorders caused due to prolonged emotional disturbances are called psychosomatic disorders. Many physical complaints like: Low & high Blood pressure Skin diseases Asthma Migraine headache Peptic ulcer Are caused by reactions to emotional stress Importance of knowledge of emotions The health care professional must understand their own emotions. Certain circumstances at job (interaction with patients, relatives, superiors) may make the health care professional highly emotional. Under such circumstances the knowledge of emotions and their consequences will help him/her to control them. Many patients due to ignorance of the disease and treatment, may experience emotional tension, here the health care professional can help the patient by pacifying their tensions.  Bernstein, D.A. Penner, L.A. Stewart, A. & Roy, E.J. (2006). Psychology, 7th edition.. Houghton – Mifflin: Boston. Reddy, A N V. Essentials of Psychology for nurses.1st edition, Jaypee: New Delhi. Reference https://www.slideshare.net/professorjcc/ps ychology-motivation-and-emotion-web https://www.verywellmind.com/what-ar e-emotions-2795178 Sreevani. R. (2018). Psychology for Nurses. 3rd edition. Jaypee: New Delhi.