Unit 4_ Greece Part 1 PDF - World History 1

Greece: Part 1 Mr. Ferolito World History 1 The Early “Greeks” Mr. Ferolito World History 1  Prayer Let your spirit be with me today, In everything that I do And I ask your loving concern today, For the entire St. John’s community. Remind me, through the day, that I am...

Greece: Part 1 Mr. Ferolito World History 1 The Early “Greeks” Mr. Ferolito World History 1  Prayer Let your spirit be with me today, In everything that I do And I ask your loving concern today, For the entire St. John’s community. Remind me, through the day, that I am not alone. Amen.  Geography Parts of Greece Thessaly Attica Peninsula Peloponnesus Crete Islands Sea very important No Major rivers Mountains covered the country Prevented a united Greece Not good for farming, either Are myths good or bad for historical truth? Starter Question  The Minoans (2000-1500 BC) Named after the legendary king of Crete, King Minos What are they known for? 1. Frescos: paintings made on wet pastels 2. Sailors and traders 3. Indoor running water 4. Linear A Writing System End: Volcanic eruption Tsunami destroyed the Minoan civilization The Mythistory of Atlantis  The Mycenaeans (1600 - 1100 BC) On Greek “mainland” What are they known for? 1. They have walls! a. They fought people- warring, not peaceful 2. Conquered Crete 3. Linear B writing system 4. Divided into tribes (city-states!) What happened to them? 1. Major drought 2. Soil exhaustion 3. Natural Disaster? 4. System Failure After: The Greek Dark Ages (1100-800 BC) The Trojan War Mr. Ferolito World History 1 The Trojan War (1250 BC?) Started = economic rivalry between Mycenae and Troy, a rich trading city in present-day Turkey, over straits that connected the Mediterranean and Black seas. In Greek legend= romantic cause. ○ Trojan prince, Paris, kidnaps Helen, the beautiful wife of a Greek king, the Mycenaeans sail to Troy to rescue her. ○ 10 years, the two sides battle until the Greeks finally seize Troy and burn the city to the ground. 100s of years = Trojan War a legend. 1870s, a wealthy German businessman, Heinrich Schliemann, set out to prove that the legend was real. ○ He discovered that the city had been rebuilt many times and included at least nine layers. ○ At the layer dating to about 1250 B.C., he found evidence of fire and war. ○ Modern scholars -> must be some truth to the legend The Trojan War Explained Do Now: Open Up your Illiad Document! After the war, Odysseus travels home & The Odyssey takes place (1200 BC) Greek City-States Mr. Ferolito World History 1  Prayer Lord God, Let your spirit be with me today, In everything that I do And I ask your loving concern today, For the entire St. John’s community. Remind me, through the day, that I am not alone. Amen. What is something that is specific to our state that makes us who we are? What is something that all Americans (for the most part) would consider truly “American?” Starter Question Greek City-States: Introduction Polis Based on three things 1. geographical territory 2. the community it represented 3. political and economic independence Other key components Agora: marketplace Acropolis: fortress and temple Hinterland: villages surrounding the city Important City-States: Actium, Athens, Corinth, Delos, Delphi, Olympia, Sparta, Syracuse, Thebes, and more! Pan-Hellenization Greeks do refer to themselves as Greek….sometimes Pan-Hellenization or Pan-Hellenic Greek: larger cultural understanding, but not political Greek “Things” 1. Literature: Iliad and Odyssey 2. Delos: temple to Apollo and Artemis 3. Olympia: religious center 4. Delphi: Oracle to find out your fate Corinth Olympia One of the oldest and most important Olympia was the religious center of city-states (700 BC) Greece (since the 1000s BC????) Controlled the communication Best known for the Olympics between Attica Peninsula and the Every four years Peloponnesus Pan-Hellenic truce was Richest Commercial city in announced Greece Main reason for games = honor ○ Exploring Ancient Corinth the gods (Ignore the Music) Open to any free Greek The Games: Boxing, Running, Developed colonies Wrestling, Pentathlon Ex: Syracuse ○ The Olympics! City states will fight for control of colonies THIS IS SPARTA!!! Militaristic and Nationalistic Only know what people tell us about them Women: Treated much better than in Athens Social Structure 1. Spartiates: Were descendants of the original inhabitants 2. Perioikoi: Inhabited land controlled by Spartans a. Free, paid taxes, and served in the army 3. Helots: Slaves, did all the work 2 Ways to get a gravestone Die in Battle or Childbirth Both deaths for the state Spartan Life/Training Training: Agoge (13 year training period) Removed all comfort Walked without shoes All same clothes (winter or summer) Spartan Male’s Life Food: Broth and honey Birth: judged to see if they are “fit” Encouraged to steal food BUT if caught 5: men didn’t see their kids until then they were punished 7: boys taken from family to train (Agoge) Cheese and whips game 13: put in wilderness and expected to survive 14-20: In Ephebe (adolescence) 20-30: Could get married, but can’t live with their wives 60: released from service  Spartan Government - Complicated 2 Kings: 1 led army, 1 controlled day to day affairs The Gerousia (Council of Elders) Had to be over sixty years old! Proposed laws and the general court The Apella (Assembly) All males over the age of 30 Accepted or rejected the laws of the Council Ephors 5 yearly elected officials Kings are hereditary, Ephors hold a lot of power Krypteia: The young men of Sparta The Legend of Athens Duel Between Gods Athena vs. Poseidon: who would control the city Offer Gifts 1. Athena: Olive Tree 2. Poseidon: Salt water, first horse Athena became the patron goddess of the city Proof of Athens’s “greatness”? Athenian Society (Part 1) Social Structure 1. Citizens: Aristocrats or poor farmers ○ Had to be born in Athens 2. Metics: Non-Citizens ○ Born outside of Athens 3. Slaves Value on literacy and education Studied Iliad and Odyssey 18 years old = one year of military training Athenian Society (Part 2) Simple homes Athenian Women Believed their wealth should go towards Legally and socially inferior to men buildings for all people Citizens but could not own property No plumbing! Restrictions Marriage Stay out of sight when men had people over Appear in public only with man’s permission Girls married at 13 or 14 to men twice their age Why is this strange, especially in Athens? Draco and Solon 600 BC: laws were not written down and judges Solon - asked to make new laws were biased/corrupt Forgave the debts of Draco’s system Who is most impacted? Ended debt slavery entirely The “common” people He also gave “every” citizen a vote and all could attend Draco - tasked with writing down the laws the Ecclesia (town hall meetings) Made laws more merciful, but still not just Led to the beginning stages of democracy for all - especially the poor Debt Slavery (Draconian Law) Happiness, Solon, and Croesus People wanted change Croesus was incredibly wealthy ○ Asks Solon who is the happiest person in the world A peasant who never suffered want, had a good wife and children, and died for Athens Money does not mean happiness Draco and Solon 600 BC: laws were not written down and judges Solon - asked to make new laws were biased/corrupt Forgave the debts of Draco’s system Who is most impacted? Ended debt slavery entirely The “common” people He also gave “every” citizen a vote and all could attend Draco - tasked with writing down the laws the Ecclesia (town hall meetings) Made laws more merciful, but still not just Led to the beginning stages of democracy for all - especially the poor Debt Slavery (Draconian Law) Happiness, Solon, and Croesus People wanted change Croesus was incredibly wealthy ○ Asks Solon who is the happiest person in the world A peasant who never suffered want, had a good wife and children, and died for Athens Money does not mean happiness Athenian Democracy Athens was once ruled by tyrants (kings) 507 BC: Cleisthenes (father of democracy) Introduced demokratia or “rule of the people” demos - “the people” / kratos - “power” 3 Separate Institutions 1. The Ecclesia - general assembly (6,000-10,000 people) 2. The Boule - council of representatives (chosen by lot) 3. The Dikasteria - general courts Not exactly like the United States Chosen by lot, not a lot of real “voting” Direct democracy, not representative Only males older than 18 could participate Still an incredibly significant and revolutionary way to govern a society Democracy and the Navy Navy = democracy Triremes and Themistocles Needed more people to row Lines between classes were blurred Metics: Get citizenship, if join military More people could participate in the Democracy! The Greco-Persian Wars Mr. Ferolito World History 1  Prayer O Lord, I confess that you are our Refuge, please keep us safe, healthy and strong all through this month. Let no evil get close to us or enter into our homes. Shield us and our families from evil. In Jesus name we pray, amen! Based on previous knowledge, what was it like to live in the Persian empire? Why would that potentially cause an issue between the Persians and the Greeks? Starter Question Leading to War Greek city-states grew and developed without much interference Persians conquered Greek city states on West Coast of Asia Minor Persia conquered Ionia Impressed by the Greeks, wanted them to be part of Persian Empire Ionian Revolt Athens supported the Ionians Made Persia want to fight Athens War: The Beginning Darius crushed the Ionian Revolt Darius invaded Greece for revenge Huge Army Intended to crush the Greeks forever Athens was the target at Marathon Persia told to fight there by Hippias (former Athenian tyrant) Athens heard of the attack, and sent for help Sent Pheidippides to run 150 miles from Athens to Sparta ○ Sparta didn’t help Athens gets little to no support from other Greeks The Battle of Marathon, 490 BC  Battle of Marathon, 490 BC Athens outnumbered 3 to 1 Thin out their lines to appear bigger Weak middle, strong flanks Datis Persian general Took some of his troops back to the ships to sail to attack Athens Miltiades (Athenian general) ordered the attack The Battle Persians defeated the Greek center Greek center was losing, but the flanks closed in around the Persians (Double Envelopment) ○ Eliminated the Persian numbers advantage Victory for Greeks Aftermath of the Battle Pheidippides Sent to Athens to tell of victory- 22 miles from Marathon to Athens (our marathon is 26.2) Yelled “Nike!” (victory) then…. just dropped and died Greek beat the Persians at Marathon and then make it back to Athens and wait for Datis to arrive Persians so scared they leave Casualties (Greek sources) P: 6,400 A: 192 Results Important: Myth of Persia broken Athens received high praise, but Persia wasn’t finished Xerxes’s Revenge Xerxes wanted to get revenge for his father’s defeat Used a boat bridge to cross the Hellespont to attack by land Greek Problems 1. Greece not unified a. Some even joined the Persians 2. 31/100s of city-states were willing to fight a. X: 200,000 men Greeks sent Spies to Persian camps Persians were so cocky they showed them everything! The Battle of Thermopylae, 480 BC Battle of Thermopylae, 480 BC Location: “Hot Gates” Sparta, Leonidas, and Greek deaths became Narrow passageway – Gateway to Greece! inevitable Rest of the Greeks sent home, Spartans stay 300 Spartans led by Leonidas Also 7,000 Greeks vs. 250,000 Persians Strategy- Flank Attack after attack, Xerxes could not overpower Results the Greeks 1. Moral victory for the Greeks Immortals, Medes, etc. a. 20,000 Persians dead!!! b. 2,000 Greeks? Ephialtes 2. Protected against the fall of Athens Betrayed his fellow Greeks (evacuated) Now Greek for nightmare 3. Fulfilled the prophecy of a Spartan king death 4. Awesome movie, cooler story Movie: 300 Battle of Thermopylae Battle of Salamis, 480 BC Persia continued its land victories, now set on Peloponnesus Themistocles convinced the Spartans and other Greeks to focus attention on sea, not land Numbers: G: 371 P: 1207 Salamis Strait: Very narrow Sicinnus convinced Xerxes the Greek camp was in chaos Surprise attack Xerxes saw his men and ships destroyed Left and sailed back to Persia Greeks eventually win the whole War at Platea and Mycale in 479 BC Impact: Greco-Persian Wars 1.Greek confidence 2. Preserves Greek way of life 3. People begin to think of themselves as “Greek” 4. Direct energies now go towards advancement of society (Greek Golden Age) 5. Delian League vs. Peloponnesian League  Things to Remember Early “Greeks” Greek City-States Greco-Persian Wars Ionian Revolt Minoans = City of Atlantis? Corinth: communication center Persians: Darius, Datis, Mycenaean: major drought, Xerxes soil exhaustion, natural Olympia: Olympics disaster, system failure Greeks: Pheidippides, Sparta: training, life, and Miltiades, Leonidas, End: Dark Ages of Ancient social structure Ephialtes Greece Athens: democracy Battles: Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis Pan-Hellenization