World History - Ancient Greece & Minoans PDF

World History MINOANS King Minos and queen Pasiphae. They had 2 sons: one minotaur (half bull, half human) and another human girl named Ariadne. The king's worker was Daedalus, he was an architect, engineer, and a very wise adviser. Why did they have a minotaur as a son? God Poseidon gave them a W...

World History MINOANS King Minos and queen Pasiphae. They had 2 sons: one minotaur (half bull, half human) and another human girl named Ariadne. The king's worker was Daedalus, he was an architect, engineer, and a very wise adviser. Why did they have a minotaur as a son? God Poseidon gave them a White bull so the kings could eat him ( because gods couldn't eat anything more than nectar and ambrosia, but the smell of food made them savor it). Pasiphae fell in love with it, so she asked Daedalus to make one fake for her so she would not be killed by the real one. She kept the bull and excitedly petted him, which impregnated her. Poseidon angrily found out about the fake bull and punished her by giving her a baby minotaur. This creature only ate humans so they asked Daedalus to make a labyrinth to keep the minotaur there, feeding him human prisoners. Aent 7 women and 7 men from small kingdoms every 7 years to feed the creature) In the city of Athens the king Aegeusus goes on a business trip (leaving his wife) to the region of Troeren for 3 months. He got involved with princess Aethra and she got pregnant. He left because he had to go to his wife. Aegeus left scandals and a sword of gold under a rock, so when the child grew up he could go look for him to be recognized by him as his son. Theuses did look for him and found him, Theuses offered himself as one of the 14 slaves required to feed the minotaur. When Theuses arrived at Knossos, he stayed in a cell with the rest of the slaves. Princess Ariadne fell in love with him and helped him kill her brother. They ask Daedalus for help and he came up with an idea to kill the minotaur, that was to tie yarn to Theuses so he would know how to find his way out of the maze after killing the minotaur. They both escape to an island with the slaves, the God Dionysus (wine and grapes) falls in love with Ariadne. He makes Ariadne fall asleep and tells Theuses to go back to his land. He went back to his land and due to his depression forgot to change the sails. Aegalus sees his son arrive in a ship with BLACK SAILS, he assumed his son had died and decided to commit suicide and drowns himself in the sea. Theseus becomes the king of Athens. King Minos saw his son die and his daughter went missing so he blamed Daedalus. The king trapped him and his son in the labyrinth. Daedalus built wings made with feathers to escape the maze with his son Ikaro. The son died escaping by flying too high in the sky and the king never found Daedalus again. Daedalus went to Sicily where king Cocalus reigned. King Minos sent a challenge, where you had to pull a string from one end to the other end of a seashell. Minos concluded that the land which managed to accomplish this challenge meant that Daedalus was there. MYCENAEANS It all starts with the judgment of Paris. At the wedding of Peleus and Thetis, all the important gods were invited except for Eris, the goddess of discord. She threw an apple that said to the fairest and the 3 goddesses, Hera offers control of the world. Athena offered him a glorious military career and Aphrodite the love of Helen. Paris chooses Aphrodite. (Zeus chose Paris to take this decision). King Priam left Paris as a baby in Mount Ida. He goes to an archery competition in Troy and Cassandra recognizes him and takes it with Priam. Hector and Paris went to Sparta where king Menelaus was with his wife, Helen. Paris and Helen fell in love and Paris took her to Troy. Hector scolds him because of what he did. The Greeks went to Troy searching for revenge for what Paris did so he challenges Menelaus to a combat and the one that wins takes Helen and wins the war. Menelaus was about to kill Paris but Hector breaks the pact and kills Menelaus. The war starts. Patroclus was Achilles' cousin. He goes to war with the armour of Achilles so Hector kills him thinking that he was Achilles. Achilles gets insane and goes to Troy to kill Hector. He kills him. 12 days passed and Mycenaeans offered Troy as a gift, a big Horse. The idea was crafted by Oddyseus. The best Greek soldiers were inside the horse. At night, when Trojans were celebrating, Greeks got out from the horse and attacked Troy and burned it. Cassandra knew it but all the people thought that she was insane. In the battle, Paris hits Achilles in his heel and kills him. HELEN= Zeus and Leda were lovers and she produced an egg. The egg hatched and produced 4 children. 2 from Zeus and 2 from Leda. Helen was born. ODDYSEUS= Greek leader during the Trojan war. Responsible for the Trojan Horse. His wife was Penelope. Achilles= Thetis was one of the Titaness and Peleus, the groom, was a human. Thetis didn’t want to have his children because it meant that they wouldn’t be immortal. They had many children, but Thetis to make them immortal held them over the sacred fire to burn away their mortality. None of the children survived the ordeal. At last she gave birth to a boy that was sturdier than the others. The boy withstood the fire and was almost immortal, when Peleus rushed into the room and snatched the child away. Thetis was so hurt and disappointed that she went back to the sea and never returned. The little boy was brought up by Chiron, the wise centaur, and he grew up to be the greatest warrior that Greece has ever known. He was invulnerable except for his heel by which his mother held him over the fire. THE ODYSSEY During his 18 year journey faces many obstacles that try to prevent him from accomplishing his mission to get back to Ithaca and see his family. When he arrived at his home he reunited with his dog and it died. He begged as a suitor. Finally he reunites with Penelope. ANCIENT GREECE GAEA + URANUS Earth SKY They had 12 titans, 3 cyclopes, 1 eye and 3 hecatoncheires, 100 hands. Cronus, youngest and strongest. Rhea, great mother Iapetus The, moon. Hyperion, sun. Themis, justice. Crius Phoebe Coeus Tethys, ocean. Oceanus, ocean. Mnemosyne, memory. Cronus eats each of his sons but Rhea hides his last son, Zeus and puts a rock. Cronus eats the rock. Cronus threw up the babies and the rock. Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades and Poseidon. Zeus freed their uncles from Tartarus and fought the Titans. Olympian gods 1.​ Zeus: god of lightning and thunder, sky. 2.​ Poseidon: god of the sea 3.​ Hera: goddess of women, children,etc. 4.​ Athena: Goddess of wisdom. 5.​ Ares: god of the war. 6.​ Apollo: god of the sun. 7.​ Aphrodite: goddess of love. 8.​ Demeter: goddess of fertility. 9.​ Hermes :The Messenger 10.​Hephaestus - Blacksmith God 11.​Dionysus - The God of Wine 12.​Artemis - The Goddess of the Hunt 13.​Hades: god of the underworld. 14.​Hestia - Goddess of the Hearth. What created the seasons: Demeter, Zeus’ sister, had a daughter called persephone. Her brother Hades fell in love with Persephone, but that meant she had to live with him in the underworld. Demeter didn't like that because she wouldn't see her daughter ever again, so she made a deal with Hades that Persephone would live 6 months with each. The 6 months Persephone was with Hades, Demeter would be depressed and didn't grow crops nor vegetation. When Persephone was with Demeter the land would have many crops, plants and vegetation because Demeter was happy. Greek Religion, ethics and beliefs:  ​ Greeks created Gods to explain the physical world ​ Explain the “passions” that would take hold of them making them lose control over themselves, for example love. To be a great warrior in the ancient greece, you would have to obtain benefits such as: -​ good luck -​ long life -​ skills -​ abundant crops ​ In that time, people didn't believe in sins (pecados) No action was forbidden or punished by their beliefs. -​ NO COMMANDMENTS -​ NO DOGMAS -​ NO FAITH -​ NO SACRAMENTS -​ NO SPIRITUAL BENEFITS ​ they didn't fear the Gods. ​ Characteristics of the gods: -​ their appearance was human -​ They were considered to have strong and beautiful bodies -​ they were immortal, but suffered pain. -​ They would move from one place to the other extremely fast. -​ they had negative traits as well ( they were not perfect). how they treated women: Women were considered inferior to men. In the words of Aristotle: “Women are incomplete men”. Women would sleep with the slaves and the children in a common room in the back of the house called a “gineceo”. Humans were the center of the world Evolution of the Political Systems of the Greek City-states 1.​ It all begins with a monarchy (the monarch has unlimited power.) 2.​ oligarchy: then normally their close friends want the power that is concentrated in the one person that is ruling. 3.​ anarchy: They start fighting with each other for power.  4.​ tyranny: the person who won the fight, taking control using military force. 5.​ democracy: The people demand equality, a voice in the decisions (Athens was the first city-state to create it) Elections USA In 1887 13 colonies - states united under one country (United States) Who will lead the 13 states? Each state a vote This isn't fair because bigger states could vote more than smaller states. They changed it to depending how much population there was in a state they would have a certain amount of votes. This system is called the Electoral College. American colonies, the 13 British colonies that were established during the 17th and early 18th centuries in what is now a part of the eastern United States. The colonies grew both geographically along the Atlantic coast and westward and numerically to 13 from the time of their founding to the American Revolution (1775–81). Their settlements had spread far beyond the Appalachians and extended from Maine in the north to the Altamaha River in Georgia when the Revolution began, and there were at that time about 2.5 million American colonists. Within a century and a half the British had 13 flourishing colonies on the Atlantic coast: ​ Massachusetts, ​ New Hampshire, ​ Rhode Island, ​ Connecticut, ​ New York, ​ Pennsylvania, ​ Delaware, ​ New Jersey, ​ Maryland, ​ Virginia, ​ North Carolina, ​ South Carolina, ​ Georgia. When George Washington was elected for 1st president it was because 13 men who represented every state each got to pick and choose. Because they thought the citizens were not smart enough to vote. Every US state has 2 senators and some representatives depending on the amount of population. Example: FLORIDA VOTES 45 (Harris) 42 (Trump) The votes of Florida go to Harris. Democrats / Republicans The American Revolution was an insurrection carried out by 13 of Great Britain’s North American colonies that began in 1775 and ended with a peace treaty in 1783. The colonies won political independence and went on to form the United States of America. The war followed more than a decade of growing estrangement between the British crown and a large and influential segment of its North American colonies that was caused by British attempts to assert greater control over colonial affairs. Founding Fathers These seven men are the principle Founding Fathers: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison. The Electoral College was conceived of and adopted at the 1787 Constitutional Convention. The Electoral College is a process, not a place. The Founding Fathers established it in the Constitution, in part, as a compromise between the election of the President by a vote in Congress and election of the President by a popular vote of qualified citizens. The Electoral College is a process, not a place. The Founding Fathers established it in the Constitution, in part, as a compromise between the election of the President by a vote in Congress and election of the President by a popular vote of qualified citizens. What is the process? The Electoral College process consists of the selection of the electors, the meeting of the electors where they vote for President and Vice President, and the counting of the electoral votes by Congress. How many electors are there? How are they distributed among the States? The Electoral College consists of 538 electors. A majority of 270 electoral votes is required to elect the President. Your State has the same number of electors as it does Members in its Congressional delegation: one for each Member in the House of Representatives plus two Senators. How are my electors chosen? What are their qualifications? How do they decide who to vote for? Each candidate running for President in your State has their own group of electors (known as a slate). The slates are generally chosen by the candidate’s political party in your State, but State laws vary on how the electors are selected and what their responsibilities are. The electors who will ultimately cast votes for the President and Vice President are chosen in advance of the general election by political parties. Electors pledge to vote for the candidate from their party if that candidate wins the most votes in the state (or district in the case of Maine and Nebraska). FAITHLESS ELECTORS "Faithless electors" are electors who ultimately vote for someone other than for whom they pledged. Neither the U.S. The Constitution nor federal statutes address the concept of "faithless electors." This issue is reserved to the states. Thanksgiving Pilgrims: english people that did not like the way the english government told them to follow the religion. (religion that the english government told them to follow: Christian Anglican). So they left, their first destination was Netherlands, but they did not like the language, so they went back to England. The trip was: England-Netherlands-England-America (Plymouth) They decided to emigrate to America because there were English colonies there. The boat they used to emigrate from England to America was called “Mayflower” (The crossing of mayflower). In America, they were received by the tribe “Wampanoag”. Their tribe helped them a lot, especially an Indian named “Squanto”, he taught them to farm, hunt, fishing and other activities. The indian called “Samoset” was, in fact, the first that the Pilgrims met. Pilgrims decided to celebrate with a lot of food because they were grateful for everything since they arrived in AmericaG Thanksgiving in the United states is celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November. In the United States, each year on thanksgiving, the president forgives the lives of two turkeys, so instead of being sacrificed for food, they continue living. World History Introduction Israeli-Hamas Hezbollah conflict. Group of terrorists= Hezbollah, Hamas, Kataib Hezbollah. Israel's Mossad spy agency planted a small amount of explosives inside 5,000 Taiwan-made pagers ordered by Lebanese group Hezbollah months before Tuesday's detonations, a senior Lebanese security source and another source told Reuters. The operation was an unprecedented Hezbollah security breach that saw thousands of pagers detonate across Lebanon, killing nine people and wounding nearly 3,000 others, including the group's fighters and Iran's envoy to Beirut. Hezbollah fighters have been using pagers as a low-tech means of communication in an attempt to evade Israeli location-tracking. "The Mossad injected a board inside of the device that has explosive material that receives a code. It's very hard to detect it through any means. Even with any device or scanner," the source said. The source said 3,000 of the pagers exploded when a coded message was sent to them, simultaneously activating the explosives. All these events were on September 28th, 2024. Another attack was in October of 2023 where Hamas attacked Israel. How do they enter Israel? SUPERNOVA MUSIC FEST ATTACK EARLY ISRAELITES ABRAHAM Abraham heard a voice saying that said Leave your country and go to the land which I will show you. Abraham convinces his wife Sara and goes with her and LOT( his nephew). Also he went with his servants. LOT separates from his uncle and divided the land half for each. Abraham says that all the Jews must be circumcised. That is his covenant. Sara got pregnant 14 years later, even though she didn’t menstruate and was very old. The baby was born and was named Isaac. But Sarah saw that the son whom Hagar the Egyptian had borne to Abraham was mocking, and she said to Abraham, “Get rid of that slave woman and her son, for that woman’s son will never share in the inheritance with my son Isaac.” Agar and Ishmael are expelled from Abraham's household. An angel helps Agar and Ismael. He tells her that Ismael will have a great number of descendents too. And as for Ishmael, I have heard you: I will surely bless him; I will make him fruitful and will greatly increase his numbers. He will be. the father of twelve rulers, and I will make him into a great nation.” This created a conflict later on in history where Islams said that Jerusalem was their land because they were descendants of Abraham’s first son Ishmael, but Jews said that it was their land because they descended from Isaac “Abraham and Sara’s real son. God orders Abraham to sacrifice his son Isaac at Moriah. As Abraham begins to comply, having bound Isaac to an altar, when he is about to kill his son, an angel stops him. DEATH OF SARA Eliezer, Abraham's servant, went to a well where Rebekah was. She meets Issac and they get married. ABRAHAM DIES Issac and Rebekah had a pair of twins. Jacob and Esau. Esau was the primogeniture. Jacob prefered being at home and Esau hunting, outdoors, etc. Rebekah prefered Jacob so one day she helped him make a plan. Esau arrived with hunger but Jacob did only his food but he made a pact with him. Jacob gives him the food that was a bowl of lentils if Esau gives Jacob the rights of being born first. Esau accepted. Issac was blind so Jacob interpreted as if he was Esau to get the blessing of the father. He gets it. Scared of what he did, he escapes to Laban. Jacob goes to Aram where his uncle Laban lives.. He went to a well and found his cousin Rachel and both fell in love. They go back to Aram and Jacob worked for Laban for 7 years and the pay method was marrying Rachel. He had sex with his wife but the other day he finds out that it was Leah, Rachel's sister. Laban says that he could marry Rachel so he had 2 wives plus each wife's slaves. With 4 wives Isaac had 1 daughter and 12 sons later on represented as the 12 tribes of Israel. Jacob was done with Laban so he decided to take his family to the land his father had left him for his primogeniture rights. Arriving at the land Jacob decided to send a message to Esau which to his response was for them to meet up and he would bring 400 men. Jacob stayed awake all night waiting for his brother’s arrival. All of the sudden a man dressed in black appeared and Jacob fought him the whole night (the man was Y-veh but Jacob didn't know). The man told him that his known name was going to be Israel, then disappeared. The next day Esau appeared with his men. Esau hugged Israel immediately, forgiving him. Israel had a daughter named Dinah who fell in love with a christian and had amazing sex. She was dishonored by her father. Some people belive Schemites raped her but some belive it was true love. Shcemite’s father asked Israel for their son and daughter to get married but since they weren't jewish Israel asked for both of them to get circumcised. While they were recovering from the surgery, two of Dinah’s brothers killed them. Dinah disappeared and she was never mentioned again. Rachel couldn’t have kids but one day all changed. She had Joseph, the miracle kid. His brothers hate him because he was spoiled by Jacob and didn’t work like them. The ability of Joseph is to interpret dreams. Some facts: First son of Rachel. Dreams he would be worshipped by his brothers. “Listen to this dream I had: We were binding sheaves of grain out in the field when suddenly my sheaf rose and stood upright, while your sheaves gathered around mine and bowed down to it.” “ I had another dream, and this time the sun and moon and eleven stars were bowing down to me.” His brothers sold him to a caravan that was going to Egypt. He is bought by an official of the palace. The wife of the official tries to take advantage of him and he rejects her. She falsely accuses Josephof raping her and they imprison him. In prison he interprets the dream of two men. These men recommend Joseph to interpret the dream of the Pharaoh. The pharaoh dreams and wants to understand it. Pharaoh had a dream: He was standing by the Nile, when out of the river there came up seven cows, sleek and fat, and they grazed among the reeds. After them, seven other cows, ugly and gaunt, came up out of the Nile and stood beside those on the riverbank. And the cows that were ugly and gaunt ate up the seven sleek, fat cows. Then Pharaoh woke up. He fell asleep again and had a second dream: Seven heads of grain, healthy and good, were growing on a single stalk. After them, seven other heads of grain sprouted—thin and scorched by the east wind. The thin heads of grain swallowed up the seven healthy, full heads. The man recommends Joseph to the Pharaoh. They look for Joseph and take him to the Pharaoh. Joseph interprets the dream of the Pharaoh. Then Joseph said to Pharaoh, “The dreams of Pharaoh are one and the same. God has revealed to Pharaoh what he is about to do. The seven good cows are seven years, and the seven good heads of grain are seven years; it is one and the same dream. The seven lean, ugly cows that came up afterward are seven years, and so are the seven worthless heads of grain scorched by the east wind: They are seven years of famine. “It is just as I said to Pharaoh: God has shown Pharaoh what he is about to do. Seven years of great abundance are coming throughout the land of Egypt, but seven years of famine will follow them. Then all the abundance in Egypt will be forgotten, and the famine will ravage the land. The abundance in the land will not be remembered, because the famine that will be so severe. The Pharaoh gives Joseph control of Egypt. Joseph does a great job saving crops. The prediction happens just as Joseph said. Joseph’s brothers arrived in Egypt to buy food because in their home land there was a lot of scarcity. They don’t recognize Joseph. Joseph keeps his identity from them, but he finally tells them who he is. Joseph goes to Cannaan to see his father Israel. The 12 tribes of Israel move to Egypt due to Joseph’s invitation. They are favored and protected by Joseph. When that generation dies the Egyptians start to enslave the Israelites. The Early Israelites lived 400 years as slaves of the Egyptians. MOSES His mother had 3 kids, Miriam, Aaron and Moses. When Moses was born, all Israelites newborns were killed so his mom put him in a basket in the Nile River. The sister of the Pharaoh receives it and searches a wet mother who was his mother. Miriam helped a lot. Moses grows up as prince but one day he sees a guard hitting a slave and he kills him and escapes from there. He marries Sephora. Y-veh (god) talks to him and says that he needs to liberate the Israelites from Egyptians. He accepts. He goes to Egypt and tries to convince the Pharaoh in company of Aaron, his brother. Yaveh sent the 10 plagues to punish the Pharaoh for not letting the jews be free. Finally the Pharaoh caves in, but then regrets it. When the Israelites reached the Red Sea Moses stretched out his hand and the waters divided, allowing his followers safe passage. The Egyptians followed them but God again commanded Moses to stretch out his hand and the sea engulfed the army. Early Israelites are free. At this moment, Jews were honoring other gods. Josua tries to take over Canaan but can't because it was full of local people. Then King Saul takes over as leader but isn't able to recover the land either. DAVID AND GOLIATH Goliath was a big and strong fighter who was undefeatable, a local philistine. One little 14-year old named David defeats him with a slingshot and with the power of god so he was selected as king for what he did. He took back Cannaan. Established the kingdom of Israel. David wasnt faithful nor a good person. The Star of David can symbolize the connection between God, Israel, and the Torah. KING SALOMON After David, it was Salomon who took the charge. He was kind and wise. He created the synagogue, first temple of jews. He also created expensive taxes. Two mothers were fighting for a baby and Salomon said to cut it in half. One mom said that she gave the baby to the other mom so she was the real mom. Only one wall from the temple survived. The Wailing Wall is located in Jerusalem. The kingdom is divided in two, Israel and Judah. Israel was of Jeroboam and his 10 tribes that did not like taxes. Judah was ruled by Rehobam, Salomon’s son, and had 2 tribes. DIASPORA= Spread of people out of a land due to dislike of governmental choices. In early Israelites, especially Jews. The Persians took all the land, Judah and Israel. Persians were finally defeated by the Macedonian Empire commanded by Alexander the Great. After the Macedonian Empire, the Roman Empire dominated almost all of Europe. Jews were expelled from the area surrounding Jerusalem. No village in the district of Judea whose remains have been excavated so far has not been destroyed during the revolt. Roman emperor Hadrian, determined to root out Jewish nationalism, changed the name of the province from Judaea to Syria Palaestina. The Roman Empire was divided in two, Western and Eastern, the emperor was in the east so the west was weaker. When the Romans were weak, the Barbarians attacked and decided to separate all of the countries into Kingdoms. Israel was in Byzantium so they were intact. The Ottoman Empire conquered the Byzantine Empire. They were muslims from turkey. After the First World War, The Ottoman Empire falls and England and France take over. PROJECT ZION Theodor Herzl created a book named a Jewish State. “Were I to sum up the Basel Congress in a word…it would be this: ‘At Basel, I founded the Jewish State. If I said this out loud today I would be answered by universal laughter. If not in 5 years, then certainly in 50. Everyone will know it’ “. Theodor Herzl Diaries 1897. Israel was established in May 1948. Herzl missed his goal by only 1 year. He received a lot of land proposals but he wanted Israel. In 1948, Israel was established by UN resolution in a two-state solution, angering people on both sides. Since the departure of the British, the region has seen multiple conflicts between Palestinian-backing Arab states and Israel, supported by the United States, eventually leading to the modern-day occupation of the Palestinian territories. Both Palestinian Arabs and Israeli Jews have their own claims to Palestine. The Jews from the concept of “ancestral home,” the Balfour Declaration, and the conditions of its 1948 creation—so immediate after the Holocaust. The Arabs, of course, have been living there since the Jewish Diaspora and have developed their own culture and attachment to the region from the introduction of Islam in the seventh century to the present. What is pesaj? Passover (or Pesach in Hebrew) is one of the most important festivals in the Jewish year. It is a Spring festival that begins on the 15th day of Nisan, the first month of the Jewish calendar. The celebrations last for seven or eight days, depending on where you live. MINOANS King Minos and queen Pasiphae. They had 2 sons: one minotaur (half bull, half human) and another human girl named Ariadne. The king's worker was Daedalus, he was an architect, engineer, and a very wise adviser. Why did they have a minotaur as a son? God Poseidon gave them a White bull so the kings could eat him ( because gods couldn't eat anything more than nectar and ambrosia, but the smell of food made them savor it). Pasiphae fell in love with it, so she asked Daedalus to make one fake for her so she would not be killed by the real one. She kept the bull and excitedly petted him, which impregnated her. Poseidon angrily found out about the fake bull and punished her by giving her a baby minotaur. This creature only ate humans so they asked Daedalus to make a labyrinth to keep the minotaur there, feeding him human prisoners. Aent 7 women and 7 men from small kingdoms every 7 years to feed the creature) In the city of Athens the king Aegeusus goes on a business trip (leaving his wife) to the region of Troeren for 3 months. He got involved with princess Aethra and she got pregnant. He left because he had to go to his wife. Aegeus left scandals and a sword of gold under a rock, so when the child grew up he could go look for him to be recognized by him as his son. Theuses did look for him and found him, Theuses offered himself as one of the 14 slaves required to feed the minotaur. When Theuses arrived at Knossos, he stayed in a cell with the rest of the slaves. Princess Ariadne fell in love with him and helped him kill her brother. They ask Daedalus for help and he came up with an idea to kill the minotaur, that was to tie yarn to Theuses so he would know how to find his way out of the maze after killing the minotaur. They both escape to an island with the slaves, the God Dionysus (wine and grapes) falls in love with Ariadne. He makes Ariadne fall asleep and tells Theuses to go back to his land. He went back to his land and due to his depression forgot to change the sails. Aegalus sees his son arrive in a ship with BLACK SAILS, he assumed his son had died and decided to commit suicide and drowns himself in the sea. Theseus becomes the king of Athens. King Minos saw his son die and his daughter went missing so he blamed Daedalus. The king trapped him and his son in the labyrinth. Daedalus built wings made with feathers to escape the maze with his son Ikaro. The son died escaping by flying too high in the sky and the king never found Daedalus again. Daedalus went to Sicily where king Cocalus reigned. King Minos sent a challenge, where you had to pull a string from one end to the other end of a seashell. Minos concluded that the land which managed to accomplish this challenge meant that Daedalus was there. MYCENAEANS It all starts with the judgment of Paris. At the wedding of Peleus and Thetis, all the important gods were invited except for Eris, the goddess of discord. She threw an apple that said to the fairest and the 3 goddesses, Hera offers control of the world. Athena offered him a glorious military career and Aphrodite the love of Helen. Paris chooses Aphrodite. (Zeus chose Paris to take this decision). King Priam left Paris as a baby in Mount Ida. He goes to an archery competition in Troy and Cassandra recognizes him and takes it with Priam. Hector and Paris went to Sparta where king Menelaus was with his wife, Helen. Paris and Helen fell in love and Paris took her to Troy. Hector scolds him because of what he did. The Greeks went to Troy searching for revenge for what Paris did so he challenges Menelaus to a combat and the one that wins takes Helen and wins the war. Menelaus was about to kill Paris but Hector breaks the pact and kills Menelaus. The war starts. Patroclus was Achilles' cousin. He goes to war with the armour of Achilles so Hector kills him thinking that he was Achilles. Achilles gets insane and goes to Troy to kill Hector. He kills him. 12 days passed and Mycenaeans offered Troy as a gift, a big Horse. The idea was crafted by Oddyseus. The best Greek soldiers were inside the horse. At night, when Trojans were celebrating, Greeks got out from the horse and attacked Troy and burned it. Cassandra knew it but all the people thought that she was insane. In the battle, Paris hits Achilles in his heel and kills him. HELEN= Zeus and Leda were lovers and she produced an egg. The egg hatched and produced 4 children. 2 from Zeus and 2 from Leda. Helen was born. ODDYSEUS= Greek leader during the Trojan war. Responsible for the Trojan Horse. His wife was Penelope. Achilles= Thetis was one of the Titaness and Peleus, the groom, was a human. Thetis didn’t want to have his children because it meant that they wouldn’t be immortal. They had many children, but Thetis to make them immortal held them over the sacred fire to burn away their mortality. None of the children survived the ordeal. At last she gave birth to a boy that was sturdier than the others. The boy withstood the fire and was almost immortal, when Peleus rushed into the room and snatched the child away. Thetis was so hurt and disappointed that she went back to the sea and never returned. The little boy was brought up by Chiron, the wise centaur, and he grew up to be the greatest warrior that Greece has ever known. He was invulnerable except for his heel by which his mother held him over the fire. THE ODYSSEY During his 18 year journey faces many obstacles that try to prevent him from accomplishing his mission to get back to Ithaca and see his family. When he arrived at his home he reunited with his dog and it died. He begged as a suitor. Finally he reunites with Penelope. ANCIENT GREECE GAEA + URANUS Earth SKY They had 12 titans, 3 cyclopes, 1 eye and 3 hecatoncheires, 100 hands. Cronus, youngest and strongest. Rhea, great mother Iapetus The, moon. Hyperion, sun. Themis, justice. Crius Phoebe Coeus Tethys, ocean. Oceanus, ocean. Mnemosyne, memory. Cronus eats each of his sons but Rhea hides his last son, Zeus and puts a rock. Cronus eats the rock. Cronus threw up the babies and the rock. Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades and Poseidon. Zeus freed their uncles from Tartarus and fought the Titans. Olympian gods 1.​ Zeus: god of lightning and thunder, sky. 2.​ Poseidon: god of the sea 3.​ Hera: goddess of women, children,etc. 4.​ Athena: Goddess of wisdom. 5.​ Ares: god of the war. 6.​ Apollo: god of the sun. 7.​ Aphrodite: goddess of love. 8.​ Demeter: goddess of fertility. 9.​ Hermes :The Messenger 10.​Hephaestus - Blacksmith God  11.​Dionysus - The God of Wine 12.​Artemis - The Goddess of the Hunt 13.​Hades: god of the underworld. 14.​Hestia - Goddess of the Hearth. What created the seasons: Demeter, Zeus’ sister, had a daughter called persephone. Her brother Hades fell in love with Persephone, but that meant she had to live with him in the underworld. Demeter didn't like that because she wouldn't see her daughter ever again, so she made a deal with Hades that Persephone would live 6 months with each. The 6 months Persephone was with Hades, Demeter would be depressed and didn't grow crops nor vegetation. When Persephone was with Demeter the land would have many crops, plants and vegetation because Demeter was happy. Greek Religion, ethics and beliefs: ​ Greeks created Gods to explain the physical world ​ Explain the “passions” that would take hold of them making them lose control over themselves, for example love. To be a great warrior in the ancient greece, you would have to obtain benefits such as: -​ good luck -​ long life -​ skills -​ abundant crops ​ In that time, people didn't believe in sins (pecados) No action was forbidden or punished by their beliefs. -​ NO COMMANDMENTS -​ NO DOGMAS -​ NO FAITH -​ NO SACRAMENTS -​ NO SPIRITUAL BENEFITS ​ they didn't fear the Gods. ​ Characteristics of the gods: -​ their appearance was human -​ They were considered to have strong and beautiful bodies -​ they were immortal, but suffered pain. -​ They would move from one place to the other extremely fast.  -​ they had negative traits as well ( they were not perfect). how they treated women: Women were considered inferior to men. In the words of Aristotle: “Women are incomplete men”. Women would sleep with the slaves and the children in a common room in the back of the house called a “gineceo”. Humans were the center of the world Evolution of the Political Systems of the Greek City-states 1.​ It all begins with a monarchy (the monarch has unlimited power.) 2.​ oligarchy: then normally their close friends want the power that is concentrated in the one person that is ruling. 3.​ anarchy: They start fighting with each other for power. 4.​ tyranny: the person who won the fight, taking control using military force. 5.​ democracy: The people demand equality, a voice in the decisions (Athens was the first city-state to create it) Elections USA In 1887 13 colonies - states united under one country (United States) Who will lead the 13 states? Each state a vote This isn't fair because bigger states could vote more than smaller states. They changed it to depending how much population there was in a state they would have a certain amount of votes. This system is called the Electoral College. American colonies, the 13 British colonies that were established during the 17th and early 18th centuries in what is now a part of the eastern United States. The colonies grew both geographically along the Atlantic coast and westward and numerically to 13 from the time of their founding to the American Revolution (1775–81). Their settlements had spread far beyond the Appalachians and extended from Maine in the north to the Altamaha River in Georgia when the Revolution began, and there were at that time about 2.5 million American colonists. Within a century and a half the British had 13 flourishing colonies on the Atlantic coast: ​ Massachusetts, ​ New Hampshire, ​ Rhode Island,  ​ Connecticut, ​ New York, ​ Pennsylvania, ​ Delaware, ​ New Jersey, ​ Maryland, ​ Virginia, ​ North Carolina, ​ South Carolina, ​ Georgia. When George Washington was elected for 1st president it was because 13 men who represented every state each got to pick and choose. Because they thought the citizens were not smart enough to vote. Every US state has 2 senators and some representatives depending on the amount of population. Example: FLORIDA VOTES 45 (Harris) 42 (Trump) The votes of Florida go to Harris. Democrats / Republicans The American Revolution was an insurrection carried out by 13 of Great Britain’s North American colonies that began in 1775 and ended with a peace treaty in 1783. The colonies won political independence and went on to form the United States of America. The war followed more than a decade of growing estrangement between the British crown and a large and influential segment of its North American colonies that was caused by British attempts to assert greater control over colonial affairs. Founding Fathers These seven men are the principle Founding Fathers: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison. The Electoral College was conceived of and adopted at the 1787 Constitutional Convention. The Electoral College is a process, not a place. The Founding Fathers established it in the Constitution, in part, as a compromise between the election of the President by a vote in Congress and election of the President by a popular vote of qualified citizens. The Electoral College is a process, not a place. The Founding Fathers established it in the Constitution, in part, as a compromise between the election of the President by a vote in Congress and election of the President by a popular vote of qualified citizens. What is the process? The Electoral College process consists of the selection of the electors, the meeting of the electors where they vote for President and Vice President, and the counting of the electoral votes by Congress. How many electors are there? How are they distributed among the States? The Electoral College consists of 538 electors. A majority of 270 electoral votes is required to elect the President. Your State has the same number of electors as it does Members in its Congressional delegation: one for each Member in the House of Representatives plus two Senators. How are my electors chosen? What are their qualifications? How do they decide who to vote for? Each candidate running for President in your State has their own group of electors (known as a slate). The slates are generally chosen by the candidate’s political party in your State, but State laws vary on how the electors are selected and what their responsibilities are. The electors who will ultimately cast votes for the President and Vice President are chosen in advance of the general election by political parties. Electors pledge to vote for the candidate from their party if that candidate wins the most votes in the state (or district in the case of Maine and Nebraska). FAITHLESS ELECTORS "Faithless electors" are electors who ultimately vote for someone other than for whom they pledged. Neither the U.S. The Constitution nor federal statutes address the concept of "faithless electors." This issue is reserved to the states. Thanksgiving Pilgrims: english people that did not like the way the english government told them to follow the religion. (religion that the english government told them to follow: Christian Anglican). So they left, their first destination was Netherlands, but they did not like the language, so they went back to England. The trip was: England-Netherlands-England-America (Plymouth) They decided to emigrate to America because there were English colonies there. The boat they used to emigrate from England to America was called “Mayflower” (The crossing of mayflower). In America, they were received by the tribe “Wampanoag”. Their tribe helped them a lot, especially an Indian named “Squanto”, he taught them to farm, hunt, fishing and other activities. The indian called “Samoset” was, in fact, the first that the Pilgrims met. Pilgrims decided to celebrate with a lot of food because they were grateful for everything since they arrived in AmericaG Thanksgiving in the United states is celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November. In the United States, each year on thanksgiving, the president forgives the lives of two turkeys, so instead of being sacrificed for food, they continue living.