Unit 3 Test Review – Chapters 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 PDF

Unit 3 Test Review – Chapters 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 Knowledge (15 marks) – 15 multiple choice Newton’s 3 laws - ch11 1)​ Law Of Inertia - An object at rest stays at rest unless acted upon by a force. 1st of Newton's Laws E...

Unit 3 Test Review – Chapters 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 Knowledge (15 marks) – 15 multiple choice Newton’s 3 laws - ch11 1)​ Law Of Inertia - An object at rest stays at rest unless acted upon by a force. 1st of Newton's Laws Ex, a resting kettle ball exerts a force on the floor and the floor exerts an equal force back. This state of rest will remain unless an external force acts on the ball. Inertia : is the property of matter that causes an object to resist any changes in motion. 2)​ The Law of Acceleration - Force equals mass times acceleration. (F = ma); F/m = a; F/a = m; Newton's 2nd law Ex, if the same force is applied to a basketball and bowling ball, the basketball will have more acceleration as it has less mass. 3)​ The Law of Action-Reaction - For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Newton’s 3rd law Ex, When a sprinter responds to the starter’s signal and pushes against the starting blocks, the blocks generate a reaction force that is equal and opposite in magnitude and direction to the force applied by the sprinter. qualitative/quantitative analysis - ch13 Qualitative: Non-numerical (e.g., observing technique). Quantitative: Numerical (e.g., measuring speed or force). first, second, third class levers First Class: Fulcrum between load and effort (e.g., seesaw). Second Class: Load between fulcrum and effort (e.g., wheelbarrow). Third Class: Effort between load and fulcrum (e.g., biceps curl). (ALL THIRD CLASS IN BODY)  internal/external forces Internal: Forces within the body (e.g., muscle contraction). External: Forces outside the body (e.g., gravity, friction). linear/angular motion Linear Motion: Movement along a straight or curved path. Angular Motion: Rotation around an axis. components of human growth and development  PHYSICAL : The growth and development of the body’s muscles, bones, energy systems, and nervous system. COGNITIVE : Our ability to interpret and process information and the introduction and establishment of a person’s self-concept or self awareness. SOCIAL : The development of relationships with peers, friends, relatives, adults, and others in the “outside world.” EMOTIONAL : Our ability to manage and regulate emotions such as fear, pleasure, anger, empathy. Cephalocaudal sequence : Growth progresses first in the head, followed by Proximodistal sequence. Proximodistal sequence: Body movements that originate close to the centre of the body develop earlier than those that originate farther away from the centre. FACTORS : ​ Glandular and hormonal activity - the collection of glands that produce and release hormones ​ Heredity - the transmission of genetic characteristics ​ Nutrition and diet ​ Physical activity, and ​ Sociocultural factors stages of human development : Infancy/Toddler : ​ Infancy (birth to one year) is the fastest growth stage in humans. ​ Rapid growth of the head and chest supports brain, heart, and lung development. ​ Significant hardening of bones occurs during this period. ​ Muscular development progresses considerably. ​ Motor skills like crawling, grasping, walking, and running are acquired. Childhood : ​ Middle childhood is a stabilizing growth phase that helps develop motor skills. ​ Rapid growth and varying development levels pose challenges in organizing sports and activities. ​ Unstructured, imaginative play with active movement is crucial for healthy development.  Puberty/Adolescence : ​ Puberty occurs between ages 10 and 15, typically earlier in females. ​ Hormones trigger physiological changes, including the development of reproductive organs. ​ Psychological adjustments occur as changes impact social and behavioral contexts. ​ Peer relationships formed during this time influence self-esteem, values, and activities. Adulthood : ​ Most body growth is complete by adulthood, but physical changes occur with aging: ​ Weight gain ​ Reduced oxygen capacity ​ Increased blood pressure and resting heart rate ​ Weakening of stress-bearing joints like knees and hips ​ Importance of exercise and a healthy diet is often overlooked. ​ Regular exercise, a balanced diet, and a positive outlook can support healthy living into old age. Fitts and Posner’s motor learning model ​ One of the earliest and widely used models to understand how humans learn skills ​ Based on 3 stages ​ 1) Cognitive- earliest stage where beginners gain basic understanding of the task. Ex, for when a is introduced to soccer they are told the basics like not touching the ball with your hands. ​ 2) Associative- intermediate stage where you learn refined skills. Learners develop awareness of mistakes which leads to less errors. Ex, better passing and scoring in soccer, better dribbling without watching the ball in basketball. ​ 3) Autonomous- mature stage where skill becomes automatic. The person is simply able to do it and is the stage reached by professional players as the mind and body work together, progression in the skill continues. ​ Overall ex of baseball. Cognitive = simply throwing the ball without use of legs or body twists. Associative = throwing the ball while stepping forwards with the same foot side used to throw the ball, some twists. Autonomous = throwing while stepping forwards with opposite foot side from the hand used to throw the ball, More twisting and a larger windup. sport psychology - ch10  ​ Is the study of how people thing, feel and behave in spotting situation, includes the mental processes the control behaviour ​ Sport psychologists use many tools to handle the mental activities ​ The “in the zone” state is the ideal performance state as an athlete is highly focused. Feelings include, self consciousness, awareness, motivation, concentration. ​ Psychological skills training refers to the interaction between sports and psychology where tools are used to improve performance. Ex, self talk, visualization, relaxation, motivation, concentration extrinsic & intrinsic motivation - ch10 Extrinsic motivation: Motivation from material rewards (e.g., trophies). Intrinsic motivation: Motivation from self oriented rewards (e.g., personal satisfaction). relative age effect ​ Also known as RAE, use to describe statistical trend to be going in the ranks of sport ​ Shows how success appears to be slightly higher for those born in the early part of the year and the opposite for those in the late part ergonomics Ergonomics:​ Designing workspaces or tools to improve efficiency and reduce injury. Communication (15 marks) – analyze diagrams (2 questions, 7 & 8 marks) phases of movement : Preparation : the body prepares to perform a skill. Proper preparation ensures that skill is performed the way it is intended. Execution: generates momentum and requires the proper technique to carry out or execute the skill. The main action is carried out by applying the correct amount of force at the critical moment. Follow-Through: key to accuracy and force production.  KR feedback vs KP feedback Knowledge of Results (KR) Feedback : analyzing an action or sequence that did or did not succeed, and giving feedback based on the outcome of an action or series of actions. Knowledge of performance (KP) Feedback : watching an athlete perform a routine or a skill, and suggesting how to correct balance or how to perform maneuvers or actions more explosively or more accurately. sport psychology- ch10 mentioned in knowledge principles of biomechanics - ch12 Mentioned in thinking Thinking (15 marks) – short answer (3 questions, 5 marks each) coaching styles Authoritarian - Focuses on strict discipline, control, and high expectations. The coach often makes decisions without much input from the team. Pros: Effective for quick decision-making and maintaining structure in high-stakes or new environments. Cons: Can lead to resentment, reduced creativity, and a lack of motivation if overused. Business-like - Prioritizes professionalism, organization, and goal-oriented strategies. Interactions are often formal and focused on performance. Pros: Builds accountability and a results-driven culture. Encourages self-sufficiency.  Cons: May lack emotional connection and could demotivate individuals needing personal support. Nice Guy/Gal - Emphasizes kindness, empathy, and building personal relationships with team members. Pros: Fosters trust, loyalty, and a positive environment. Encourages open communication. Cons: Risks being seen as lenient or lacking authority. May struggle to enforce discipline or drive high performance. Intense - : High-energy and demanding, with an emphasis on pushing boundaries and achieving excellence. Pros: Inspires growth, resilience, and peak performance. Helps individuals break through limits. Cons: Can cause burnout, stress, or alienation if not balanced with support. Easy-Going - Relaxed and adaptable, focusing on creating a stress-free and enjoyable experience. Pros: Reduces tension, fosters creativity, and allows for individual expression. Cons: May result in lack of structure, discipline, or motivation to achieve high goals. sport psychology- ch10 mentioned in knowledge principles of biomechanics - ch12 Stability: The ability to maintain balance and resist forces that may disrupt equilibrium. Key Factors: ​ Base of Support: A wider base increases stability. ​ Center of Gravity: Lowering the center of gravity improves balance. ​ Line of Gravity: Stability is greater when the line of gravity falls within the base of support. ​ Application: Seen in sports like wrestling or gymnastics, where maintaining balance is critical. ​ Principle 1 Production of Maximum Force : Achieved when all the relevant muscles work together in a coordinated manner. ​ Key Factor: Sequential recruitment of larger muscle groups followed by smaller, more precise muscles. ​ Application: Used in activities like weightlifting or throwing to generate powerful movements. ​ Principle 2 Production of Maximum Velocity: Attained through the sequential movement of body parts, starting with the largest and slowest muscles and progressing to the smallest and fastest. ​ Key Factor: Efficient transfer of momentum through the kinetic chain. ​ Application: Essential in sports like baseball pitching, where speed is critical. ​ Principle 3 Impulse-Momentum Relationship: Impulse (force applied over time) changes an object's momentum (mass × velocity). ​ Key Principle: Increasing the time of force application increases the change in momentum. ​ Application: In long jump, extending the duration of force application during take-off leads to a greater jump. ​ Principle 4 Direction of Application of the Applied Force: The direction of force application determines the resulting motion. ​ Key Principle: For maximum efficiency, the force should be applied in the direction of the desired movement. ​ Application: In sprinting, pushing off the ground with force directed backward propels the runner forward. ​ Principle 5 Production of Angular Motion (Torque) : Angular motion is created when a force is applied at a distance from the axis of rotation, generating torque ​ Key Factor: Torque = Force × Lever Arm Distance. ​ Application: In sports like diving, torque is used to perform spins and flips. ​ Principle 6 Conservation of Angular Momentum : Angular momentum remains constant unless acted upon by an external torque. ​ Key Principle: Adjusting body position (e.g., tucking or extending limbs) changes rotational velocity but not total angular momentum. ​ Application: In figure skating, pulling arms closer to the body increases spin speed. ​ Principle 7 ​ It is constant when the object is free in the air ​ It is the quantity of motion in an object ​ It ia rate at which the athlete is rotating ​ Resistance to is the momentum is inertia ​ This inertia can be adjusted to slow or increase rate of rotation ​ Example can be a high diver or figure skater tucking in their arms to rotate faster Application (5 marks) – short answer (1 question) Designing developmentally appropriate activities