The Renaissance and 17th Century in Dentistry PDF

The Reinassence and 17th century Historical context Events that separate Middle Ages from Renaissance: Decline of the Roman Empire of the East. Taking of Constantinople by the Otoman empire in 1453. Byzantine scientists were established in other countries and with them their classical knowledge. I...

The Reinassence and 17th century Historical context Events that separate Middle Ages from Renaissance: Decline of the Roman Empire of the East. Taking of Constantinople by the Otoman empire in 1453. Byzantine scientists were established in other countries and with them their classical knowledge. Invention of printing (Gutenberg). Printing and engraving, as the largest and fastest dissemination of scientific texts. The conquest of America. Expansion of medical matter, understood as the set of known drugs. Key historical events that led to a scientific revolution Advances in Anatomy Advances in Pharmacology Advances in Surgery Anatomy As 'man’ came to occupy a central posi>on in the worldview, the human body itself began to gain interest. Numerous ar>sts began to represent it and, with it, made very accurate anatomical studies. Anatomy Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Description of the skull anatomy in detail. Description of the MAXILLARY SINUS 150 years before Nathenial Highmore (anatomist to whom such description is traditionally attributed). First distinction between premolars and molars. He captured in his drawings the effect that the loss of teeth has on the human physiognomy (reduction of vertical dimension). Anatomy Skull study by da Vinci Anatomy Teeth loss effect on facial physiognomy by da Vinci Anatomy Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) It develops a 'scienFfic' approach to anatomy. He was commissioned to translate Galen's works and publishes the errors he finds when comparing them with his work from dissecFons. Free research is encouraged. Work: De humani corporis fabrica Anatomy Andreas Vesalius: De humani corporis fabrica (The Factory) The "Factory" consists of seven books: 1st book: bones and cartilages. 2nd book: ligaments and muscles. 3rd book: veins and artery. 4th book: nerves. 5th book: organs of nutrition and generation. 6th book: heart and parts that “help". 7th book: central nervous system and the organs of the senses. Human body conceived as architecture, not as functional as Galen works. Importance of printing on its dissemination. Anatomy Andreas Vesalius: De humani corporis fabrica (The Factory) On teeth: · He stated that teeth were not bones (unlike Galen) · He agreed that teeth grew throughout life (as Galen) The description of the bones of the face, the articular disc and the muscles of mastication, with their actions, constitute Vesalius' contribution to the anatomofunctional study of TMJ. First valid description of sphenoid bone. Anatomy Andreas Vesalius: De humani corporis fabrica (The Factory) Anatomy Renaldus Colombus (c. 1516-1559) Colombo was successor to his teacher Vesalio as professor of anatomy and surgeon at the University of Padua. His contributions to anatomy and medicine include: · The lens is located in the front of the eye, not in the center. · The arteries expand with each beat. · The pulmonary valve of the heart closes during diastole, preventing reflux. · Blood flows from the right side of the heart through the lungs. His work De re anatomica presents a complete description of the pulmonary circulation and corrects some of the omissions and errors of Vesalius. William Harvey relied on Colombo's work for his own theory of blood circulation Anatomy Renaldus Colombus (c. 1516-1559) On teeth: · He discovered the dental follicles (refuted the idea that primary teeth are formed from the milk that the child ingests; although he perpetuated Vesalius' error, about the fact that permanent teeth are formed from the roots of deciduous teeth). Anatomy Gabriello Fallopio (c. 1516-1559) On teeth: · Provided a more detailed description of the dental follicle. · Showed that permanent dentition develop independently of primary/deciduous teeth. · Showed that mandible is made up by a single bone. · Disagreed with the idea that teeth were bones (Galen). · Description of the trigeminal (V), auditory (VIII) and glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves. Anatomy Bartolomeo Eustachio (c. 1524-1574) Work: Libellus de Den2bus (A liYle treaZse on the teeth). It is the first book dedicated to dental anatomy and histology. · Described the pulp chamber and the dental blood supply. · Stablished a link between structure-funcEon (the shape of a tooth correlates to its funcZon). Pharmacology Methods of diagnosis during the early Reinassence were not different from the Middle Ages. The irruption of syphilis in Europe demanded a change in their approach. The Columbian Exchange saw the exchange of many plants, animals, spices, minerals and commodities between the so-called Old and New Worlds. A lot of the plants found were incorporated into medical practice resulting in a big impact. Pharmacology Pharmacology Paracelsus (c. 1524-1574) He based his theory on the fact that diseases have a specific nature and can be cured with specific remedies. “Medicine is learnt, not explained”. Free research. He increased the pharmaceutical stock with valuable drugs, some of which had recently been imported from America (quinine and ipecac are two examples still in force, as well as rubber, with which gutta-percha is made, used in dental impressions and obturations). Surgery The profession of surgeon emerged from the barber’s craft in the late Middle Ages. Groups of authentic professional dentists emerged from the guild of barbersurgeons. The increasing professionalism of European surgeons during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries can be attributed to the great advances made in the field of anatomy and the increasing demand for specialists, due to the continuous wars of this period. After the introduction of gunpowder in the fourteenth century, wounds inflicted during fighting tended to grow in number and severity. Surgery Ambroise Paré (c. 1524-1574) · Stabilization of maxillary fractures with gold wire ligatures. · Treatment of caries by cauterization with acid. · Filing of broken teeth with specific files described in his books. · Reimplantation of teeth fallen by an accident by clamping with wires. · Bone/ivory bridges attached with wires to fixed teeth. · Description of pelican use for dental extraction. · Description of the palatine obturator. Surgery Pelican and its use for dental extraction Surgery Dental files Surgery Bone/ivory dental appliance, inserted in a base probably made of gold, tied to natural teeth with gold wire. Surgery Palatine Obturator was designed as a treatment for buccal-nasal communications through the hard palate. These openings were caused by malformations or, mostly in that era, by diseases such as syphilis. They caused important problems of feeding and phonation as well as aesthetics. Palatine obturator with sponge of Ambroise Paré. Palatine obturator without sponge of Ambroise Paré. Renaissence in Spain Francisco Martínez de Castrillo Renaissence in Spain Profession of surgery separate and inferior from the profession of medicine. Dentistry was considered a very low rank profession by physicians. Dentistry based on experience of the barbers. Regulation by Catholic monarchs (Reyes Católicos): Restricted entry: Barbers had to pass an exam to dental practice Renaissence in Spain Francisco MarMnez de CasOllo (16th century) “Coloquio breve y compendioso sobre la materia de la dentadura y maravillosa obra de la boca”. WriYen as a dialogue. 1st part: Concepts (tooth) and FuncEons of teeth (cut, grind, speak and aestheZcs) 2nd part: Oral diseases by age · From teeth erupZon unZl they fall out. · From the Zme they fall out unZl they stop growing. · From the Zme they stop growing unZl their loss. 3rd part: Oral diseases (decay, trauma, calculus). He states that there is no such a worm in tooth decay (neguijón negro), years before Pierre Fauchard. 4th part: Pharmacology and the importance of dental hygiene (mouthwashes and cleaning powder). Renaissence in Spain Francisco Martínez de Castillo (16th century) “Coloquio breve y compendioso sobre la materia de la dentadura y maravillosa obra de la boca”. Written as a dialogue. Pelican and other forceps (alicates) 17th century Scientific revolution and its impact on medical practice 17th century and the scientific revolution Scientific Revolution was a drastic change in scientific thought that took place during the 16th and 17th centuries. It was associated to a huge cluster of discoveries within a short period of time. A new view of nature emerged during the Scientific Revolution, replacing the Greek view that had dominated science for almost 2,000 years. Science became an autonomous discipline, distinct from both philosophy and technology, and it came to be regarded as having utilitarian goals. 17th century and the scientific revolution William Harvey Physiology of blood circulaEon. 17th century and the scientific revolution Edward Tyson Studies of comparative anatomy. 17th century and the scientific revolution Van Leeuwenhoek Development of the microscope. · Description of microorganisms (animalcules) in materia alba. · Description of dentin tubules. 17th century and the scientific revolution Marcello Malpighi Studies of microscopic structures (founder of histology) Malpighian tubules of a dissected cockroach, indicated by yellow arrow. Scale bar, 2 mm. 17th century and the scien4fic revolu4on Dentistry BARBERS offered different services. DENTAL EXTRACTION started to be performed by specialists: · Barber-surgeon · Zahnbrecher (Germany) · Cavadenti (Italy) · Arracheur des dents (France) Usually they offered their services at marketplaces but when successful they could settle their own “shops”.