UNIT-1-THE-SELF-FROM-VARIOUS-PERSPECTIVES.pdf

UNIT 1 At the end of this course,the student is expected to be able to do the following: discuss the different representations and conceptualizations of the self from various disciplinal perspectives; compare how the self has been represented across different discip...

UNIT 1 At the end of this course,the student is expected to be able to do the following: discuss the different representations and conceptualizations of the self from various disciplinal perspectives; compare how the self has been represented across different disciplines and perspectives; examine the different influences, factors and forces that shape the self and, demonstrate critical and reflective thought in analyzing the development of one’s self and identity by developing a theory of the self.  -He believed that the self is an “immortal soul in a mortal perishable body.” The soul has a tripartite nature. vsoul/immortal part vcourageous/spirited part vappetitive part in his book,, “ the soul is the giver of life to the body which makes the self “ a soul using the body.” for Plato- our life is a “continuous ascent towards the owrld of ideas.” FOR RESEARCH: YOU MUST HAVE HEARD ABOUT THE SO-CALLED “PLATONC LOVE.” WHAT IS THIS ABOUT?  The self is composed of body and soul,mind and matter, sense and intellect,passion and reason. REASON- is supreme in a human person and so should govern all of his life’s activities. Aristotle put emphasis on REASON,however,unlike Socrates and and Plato,he doesn’t neglect the development of a human person’s physical,economic and social powers. he believed that human happiness comes from the harmonious development of the whole self. For Aristotle, perfection and happiness come from wisdom and virtue. WISDOM- true knowledge VIRTUE-doing what is best for you He also taught the theory of the “Golden Mean”-which means moderation. FOR RESEARCH: CONFUCIUS ALSO TAUGHT THE GOLDEN MEAN. IS THIS THE SAME AS THE GOLDEN MEAN OF ARISTOTLE? A. ST. AUGUSTINE -he combined Greek philosophy and truths contained in the scriptures. -The self is made up of a body and a soul,” a soul in possession of a body.” -Like Aristotle, he also taught virtue- “ is the order of love.” -he also taught against HEDONISM. B. ST. THOMAS ACQUINAS -like Aristotle, he proclaimed the supremacy of REASON in a human person. - the truths are the known through reason and those from Divine Revelation can never contradict each other -”God, who is TRUTH itself. C. IMMANUEL KANT - a human person has an inner and outer self,which together form his /her consciousness. Inner self- pyschological and rational intellect outer self- senses and physical world -he is known for his supreme principle of morality,” KANTIAN CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE.-act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a natural law. A. MAURICE MERLAU PONTY -SELF is an inextricable union between mind and body unlike PLato and other philosophers who look at the body as a mere tool in the service of the mind or spirit. B. GILBERT RYLE -he believes that the “workings of the mind are NOT distinct from the actions of the body but are one and the same. - another teaching of Ryle that relates to understanding developing your self is the distinction among knowing how [technical ability], knowing that[facts and propositions], and knowing what [acquaintance with things and persons]. C. PAUL CHURCHLAND -adheres to MATERIALISM- the belief that nothing except matter exists. ANTHROPOLOGY- is the holistic study of humans, their cultures, societies, and biological evolution. It seeks to understand what it means to be human by exploring the development of societies, the cultural practices of various peoples, and how humans have biologically adapted over time. The discipline combines elements of social science, natural science, and the humanities, giving it a unique approach to studying humanity. *Understanding the self from the anthropological point of view necessarily includes a study of culture. Culture- is the integrated system of learned patterns of behavior,ideas and products characteristics of a society.  EGOCENTRISM- identity is always in part unique and internal to an individual -focuses on individual self natural tendency to view everything within the world in relation to oneself SOCIOCENTRISM- always within a larger cultural context of complex interpersonal relations focuses on one’s social group natural tendency to view everything within the world in relation to one’s group so be group-centered. vCULTURAL RELATIVISM - is the principle of understanding and evaluating another culture based on its own values, beliefs, and practices rather than judging it by the standards of one’s own culture. Example: Some cultures practice polygamy, which might be frowned upon in other societies. v ETHNOCENTRISM is the belief that one’s own culture, ethnicity, or nation is superior to others, and it involves evaluating other cultures by the standards and values of one’s own. Example: A person from a Western country might judge the eating habits of another culture, such as consuming insects, as "disgusting" or "uncivilized," because it does not align with their own culinary customs. v Xenocentrism is the belief that the culture, goods, or values of another country or society are superior to one’s own. It is the opposite of ethnocentrism. EXAMPLE: A person from a developing country might believe that Western fashion, technology, or lifestyle is superior to their local traditions and products, leading them to reject or look down upon their own culture in favor of imported goods or ideas.