The Early Middle Ages PDF

THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES UNIT 1 1. THE BREAK-UP OF ROMAN EMPIRE THE END OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE ANCIENT ROME: Kingdom: Rome was a monarchy. (753 BC) Republic: Rome was ruled by a council of citizens called SENATE. (509 BC) Empire: Rome was ruled by an emperor. (27 BC) THE END OF THE ROM...

THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES UNIT 1 1. THE BREAK-UP OF ROMAN EMPIRE THE END OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE ANCIENT ROME: Kingdom: Rome was a monarchy. (753 BC) Republic: Rome was ruled by a council of citizens called SENATE. (509 BC) Empire: Rome was ruled by an emperor. (27 BC) THE END OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE BARBARIANS - What’s a barbarian? - Kind of barbarians - HUNS: nomadic animal headers, attack de Germanic people → Germanic people cross the Roman frontier. - GERMAN: nomads, farmers and livestock breeders: Tribes: assembly of warriors and chief Close to the Roman borders by: ○ Milder climate ○ Riches of the empire They maintained relations with the Romans (peaceful or violent) - Meanwhile, in Rome: - Crisis of the 3rd century THE END OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE ROMAN EMPIRE SUFFERED AN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CRISIS WHY?: - The pressure of the barbarians → military weakness + migrations - Maximum expansion of the empire - Less slaves, less spoils of war, less labor people, less trade, less taxes. - People start living in the countryside. Depopulation of cities. EFFECTS: Theodosius divided the Roman Empire, AD 395. THE END OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE ROME CONSTANTINOPLE Weak, could not resist the Huns Known as BYZANTINE EMPIRE and Germanic tribes attacks. Lasted 1000 years more Germanic people started to control most of the territory. 476, ODOACER, a Germanic chieftain, deposed the last western emperor, ROMULUS AUGUSTULUS LAS CIVILIZACIONES MEDIEVALES BYZANTINE EMPIRE LATIN CHRISTENDOM ISLAM 2.THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE LA EVOLUCIÓN HISTÓRICA s. VI → boom → JUSTINIAN (527 - 565) ○ Time of greatest splendor ○ Restore the unity of the Roman Empire s. VII → beginning of the decline ○ Conquest of the richest provinces by the Muslims 11th century → decline ○ Deep crisis ○ The Turks conquered Constantinople (1453) → end of the empire EL GOBIERNO Y LA ADMINISTRACIÓN GOVERNMENT Emperor = basileus military, administrative and religious leader Specialized officials They carried out the orders CORPUS IURIS CIVILIS - same laws throughout the Empire. ADMINISTRATION Provinces led by a political and military leader THE BYZANTINE ECONOMY AGRICULTURE CRAFTSPEOPLE COMMERCE Basis of the economy Luxury goods Strategic location Latifundia belonging (between Europe and to the nobility and Asia and between the monasteries Mediterranean and Work: serfs Black Seas) Products: ○ Silk (China) ○ Ivory and pearls (India) ○ Amber, furs and wheat (Northern Europe) BYZANTINE SOCIETY Basileus Patriarch of Constantinople High clergy + palatine and military nobility Artisans, merchants, soldiers and free peasants Servants and slaves THE CHURCH AND ITS PROBLEMS ICONOCLAST STRUGGLES EASTERN SCHISM Ban on icons (religious Separation between the images) Catholic and Orthodox Churches Consequence: serious social conflicts (8th-9th century) Patriarch of Constantinople vs. Pope of Rome The cult of images was imposed BYZANTINE ART ARCHITECTURE MOSAICOS ICONOS Poor materials: brick Decoration of walls and Religious images Columns as support interior of domes Painting on wood Semicircular arches Use of gold CHURCHES: Rectangular, square, Religious scenes or images octagonal or Greek cross plan → centralized plans HAGIA SOFIA  - Dome of unprecedented dimensions for the time. - The plan is a rectangle with four enormous pillars in the centre. These pillars support part of the weight of the dome, which is supported by semicircular arches, aided by an ingenious system of pendentives. The weight is also absorbed by semicircular domes supported by pillars. - Forty windows form a ring of light in the HAGIA SOFIA drum of the dome. Hagia Sofía Saint Vitalis of Ravenna Justinian Theodora Saint Vitalis of Ravenna  4. THE GERMANIC KINGDOMS. The Franks and the Carolingian Empire HISTORICAL EVOLUTION. FROM KINGDOM TO EMPIRE Frankish kings: ○ 481 - Clovis founded the Merovingian dynasty in ancient Gaul ○ Power in the hands of the palace stewards: Charles Martel Battle of Poitiers Pepin the Short → He had himself crowned king (751) Carlomagne (758 - 814) ○ He tried to re-establish the old Western Roman Empire → numerous conquests ○ Christianity ○ 800 Emperor of the West ○ Organization of the empire → key to its success Louis the Pious (814 - 843) ○ Upon his death → division of the empire into 3 THE CAROLINGIAN WAY OF LIFE GOVERNMENT ○ EMPEROR: government of the empire and defender of Christianity. ○ ADMINISTRATION: counties and marches. ECONOMY ○ Agricultural activities on large estates of the aristocracy and the Church. URBAN ACTIVITIES ○ Decline ○ Trade limited to luxury products SOCIETY ○ Nobles and high-ranking ecclesiastical officials ○ Free people ○ Serfs LA CULTURA Y EL ARTE CULTURAL RENAISSANCE → Aachen (Palatine School) ARCHITECTURE Manifestation of imperial power Aachen Palace 5. ISLAM  THE ORIGIN OF ISLAM Arabian Peninsula – nomadic pastoral peoples POLYTHEISTIC MECCA → sacred city MUHAMMAD (570 - 632) ○ Wealthy merchant ○ New religion: islam ○ One God: Allah (monotheism) ○ The rich merchants of Mecca did not accept him → he escaped HEGIRA: Mecca → Medina (622) ○ He recruited an army → He conquered Mecca ○ 632 - Islam had spread to the west of the Arabian Peninsula THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM FAITH PRAYER KORAN PILGRIMAGE FASTING CHARITY OTHER RULES: acceptance of polygamy, prohibition of alcohol, pork and gambling. Tolerance, equality, brotherhood and unity.  THE CREATION OF AN EMPIRE Orthodox Abbasid Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate Caliphate (750-1258) (661-750) (632-661) Jihad Hereditary succession in the New dynasty: Muhammad's Umayyad family Abbasids relatives and Capital Damascus Capital Baghdad friends ruled → Emirates The Turks conquered Caliph Maximum expansion: from the caliphate but the Capital Medina Persia to the Iberian Peninsula caliph remained until Umayyad family Hindered in Europe by the 1258. Arabian Franks (732) 1258 conquest by Peninsula, Persia 750 - rebellion against the the Mongol army and Egypt. Umayyads  1. GOVERNMENT a. Caliph b. Viziers POLITICAL 2. ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION a. Qadi b. Wali c. Emir  New Continuation of nomadic livestock farming in desert areas, but Old and new agriculture is the new basis of the economy agricultural practices Irrigated valleys: durum wheat, rice, cotton, sugar cane, saffron, Crop diversity mulberry trees, citrus fruits… expanded towards the west. Irrigation systems → waterwheels, irrigation ditches, wells and Agricultural techniques ECONOMY cisterns. Terracing of mountain slopes. It remained in the hands of the original owners in exchange for the Property payment of taxes. Only the state lands were shared between the caliph, ⅕, and the Muslim aristocracy. Crafts and Small workshops that sold their own production trade Artesanía Cotton and linen fabrics, carpets, tapestries, leather products, ceramics, metals, perfumes, paper… Benefiting from the strategic position between Europe and the East: Comercio camel caravans and ships Trade routes Products: luxury goods (metals, silks, textiles, salt, spices and slaves) SOCIAL ORGANIZATION Small group Arabs Aristocracy Large landowners Political and economic power Main Peasants, merchants and artisans: Mawali population Dimmies Slaves Prisoners of war THE MUSLIM CITY  THE ARTISTIC LEGACY ARCHITECTURE Poor materials: brick, plaster and wood Types of arches: ○ Horseshoe arch ○ Polylobed arch Covered with vaults, domes or flat wooden roofs Buildings decorated with: ○ Geometric motifs (lacework) ○ Plant motifs (ataurique) ○ Inscriptions Lattices, stained glass, tiles with reflections Water → part of the decoration Palaces Citadels Residence of the Stronghold Caliphs Public/private areas Gardens and fountains Mausoleums Madrasas Burial places for Study centers for important people Quranic or secular studies Medina Azahara (Córdoba) ALCAZABA GENERALIFE La Alhambra (Granada) PALACE