ENIR 11 Energy And Environmental Engineering PDF

ENIR 11 ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Present Energy resources in India and its sustainability  ENERGY RESOURCES Energy is one of the most important building blocks in human development, and as such, acts as a key factor in determining the economic development of a...

ENIR 11 ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Present Energy resources in India and its sustainability  ENERGY RESOURCES Energy is one of the most important building blocks in human development, and as such, acts as a key factor in determining the economic development of all the countries. Energy is the ability to cause changes, exert forces or do work. In other words, energy is the ability to make things happen! An energy resource is something that can produce heat, power life, move objects, or produce electricity. Matter that stores energy is called a fuel. Energy can be generated from fuel minerals like coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium and from electricity. Sustainable energy is the practice of using energy in a way that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.  ENERGY UNITS British Imperial units - foot-pound force (1.3558 J), British thermal unit (BTU) horsepower-hour (2.6845 MJ), gasoline gallon equivalent (about 120 MJ). Electricity- one kWh (3.6×106 J) (3600 kJ or 3.6 MJ). Natural gas- In US-sold in Therms /100 cubic feet (105.5 megajoules). In Australia-sold in Cubic Meters (1m3 = 38megajoules) Atom physics and chemistry- units electronvolts (eV) Food industry- a calorie of 4.184 J ENERGY UNITS AND ITS CONVERSION  Classification of Energy Resources Based on the energy storage or cycling time-Renewable or non-renewable resources (Renewable resources have a cycling time less than 100 years, while for non-renewable resources, it is greater than a million years) Based on the nature of their transaction- commercial -available to the users at some price (coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity) and noncommercial sources- available free of cost to the users (fire wood, agricultural waste, cow dung) Based on consumption- exhaustible/ depletable- gets drained when used as an input of a production process and non - depletable / renewable resources Based on regularity-conventional -have been in use since a long time (coal, oil, hydro, nuclear, etc.) and non-conventional - recently developed and are still developing. (solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas, etc.) sources. Based on conversion-primary or secondary types - (primary sources - found in nature that has not been subjected to any human engineered conversion process and secondary sources- made from other energy sources).  Energy resources Fossil fuel (coal, oil, natural gas, peat) Chemical Biomass (wood, agricultural Potential residues, etc.) Based on energy Renewable Water at a certain height storage and cycling time Non-renewable Kinetic wind, tidal (waves) Radiation Commercial solar(sun) Based on transaction Non-Commercial Heat Geothermal reservoirs, ocean thermal reservoirs Nuclear Depletable Uranium & thorium Based on consumption Non- Depletable Conventional Electricity Based on regularity Non-conventional Mechanical energy Primary Based on conversion Chemical Secondary Refined oil products energy U.S. Energy Consumption by Source, 2018 World Energy Consumption by Source, 2018  Energy demand Energy demand -the consumption of energy by human activity. Renewable energy sources contributed The demand for energy across the world is approximately one quarter of global constantly rising (energy consumption grew by energy consumption growth; nuclear 2.3 % in 2019, twice as fast as the average rate energy was responsible for 7%. over the last ten years) Global energy-related CO2 emissions India demand rose 4% in 2019 Vs 2.3% growth increased by 1.7% in 2018. With 30%, coal seen worldwide. combustion represented the largest share of Reason: the increase. As per UN Reports Increase in population Demand for electricity grew faster than for By economic development- amount of all other energy sources with an increase of energy a country uses is widely used to 4%. Renewable energy sources contributed indicate or measure the level of almost half of the increase in electricity development. generation, followed by coal, natural gas, Development in energy-consuming nuclear energy and oil-fired electricity activities, such as manufacturing, provision generation. of services and transport increase in scale. CO2 Emissions from the electricity sector increased demand for heating and cooling increased by 2.5%. in some regions. Statistics of World wise Energy demand Energy demand growth dropped below 100 million tonnes of oil equivalent in 2015 and 2016 In 2017 and 2018 saw substantial growth in global energy demand far exceeding the growth of previous years. The countries most responsible for this increase in demand were China and the U.S. Both countries used more oil and gas to satisfy their energy demand growth, but China also grew its coal use while the U.S. decreased theirs.  Global report on energy demand Energy consumers Energy producers (Kg of coal equivalent to per person) (Kg of coal equivalent to per person) Europe & North America use 70 % of the world energy, although this is only 20% of the world's population- World’s major consumers of energy are also the major experienced large-scale economic development, there producers i.e. the countries with less energy demand original energy sources were fossil fuels – first coal and and consumption have less energy production but still the oil and gas the resources to have a higher energy production. demand for energy over much of South America, Africa & South-east Asia is very low-less economically developed  Energy gap Energy gap - the difference between a country’s rising demand for energy and its ability to produce that energy from its own resources. The gap is being widened by the deliberate phasing out of fossil fuels. The loss of energy is greater than the amount of energy being generated for other renewable sources. The mismatch between the distribution of energy consumption and Production. India Energy Statistics 2019 ESTIMATED FOSSIL FUELS AVAILABILITY PRODUCTION IMPORT CONSUMPTION RESERVES COAL (MILLION 319040 866.27 675.40 206.77 896.34 TONNES) LIGNITE (MILLION 45660 46.58 46.26 220.43 45.82 TONNES) CRUDE PETROLEUM 594.49 256.12 35.68 -31.37 251.93 (MILLION TONNES) NATURAL GAS (BILLION CUBIC 1339.57 52.52 32.65 19.87 52.83 METRES)* ELECTRICITY (GWh) 12,28,766 13,03,493 -1592 11,30,243.84  Non Renewable Energy Sources Fossil Fuels: Fossil fuels such as coal , oil and natural gas all of which are mixture of compounds containing carbon and hydrogen. These are formed by the decomposition of the remains of plants and animals buried under the earth. Millions of years ago. Crude Oil : petroleum products include gasoline, distillates such as diesel fuel and heating oil, jet fuel, petrochemical feedstocks, waxes, lubricating oils, and asphalt. Natural Gas: Natural gas consists mainly of methane; it can be used as a fuel or to make materials and chemicals. Coal: It’s a sedimentary rock with a high amount of carbon and hydrocarbons. Uranium (Nuclear Energy): Most widely used by nuclear plants for nuclear fission. Uranium is considered to be a nonrenewable energy source, even though it is a common metal found in rocks worldwide. Uranium, referred to as U-235.  FOSSIL FUEL Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons comprised primarily of the following elements: carbon and hydrogen and some sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and mineral matter. Mineral matter turns into ash when burnt. The composition and the amounts of these elements change for different fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, and natural gas), but the elements are the same. For example, there is more hydrogen in liquid fuels than in coal per unit mass.  Coal Coal is the main source of energy in India as it fulfils almost 67 % of the total commercial energy consumed in the country. India is the 3rd largest producer of coal. This fossil fuel is found in a form of sedimentary rocks and is often known as 'Black Gold'. Coal is formed due the compression of plant material over millions of years. It is originated from organic matter wood. When large tracts of forests are buried under sediments, wood is burnt and decomposed due to heat from below and pressure from above. The phenomenon makes coal but takes centuries to complete. Coal, therefore, is found in a variety of forms depending on the degrees of compression and the depth and time of burial. Decaying plants in swamps produce peat. Which has a low carbon and high moisture contents and low heating capacity.  Classification of Coal Classification on the basis of carbon content and time period. Types of coal on the basis of carbon content Anthracite (hard coal)-- best quality of coal which carries 80-95 % C content. It ignites slowly with a blue flame. It has the highest calorific value. (Jammu and Kashmir). Bituminous (Soft coal)-- 60-80 % C content and a low level of moisture content. It is widely used and has high calorific value. (Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh). Lignite (brown coal)-- 40-55 % C content. It is an intermediate stage which happens during the alteration of woody matter into coal. It has high moisture content so it gives smoke when burnt. (Rajasthan, Lakhimpur (Assam), and Tamil Nadu). Peat -- less than 40 % C content. It is in the first stage of transformation from wood to coal. It has low calorific value and burns like wood. Types of coal on the basis of a time period Gondwana coal: Around 98 % of India's total coal reserves are from Gondwana times. This coal was formed about 250 million years ago. Tertiary coal is of younger age. It was formed from 15 to 60 million years ago. Four Stages of Coal  Coal reserves in India: State-wise Total coal State Type of coal Coal field with Coal mining centers reserves Bituminous (Gondwana Jharia(Dhanbad), Bokaro (Hazaribagh), Auranga, Giridh, Jharkhand period) Karanpur, Ramgarh and Hutar. Odisha Talchar (Dhenkanal and Sambalpur), Ib Valley (Jharsuguda) 24% Chhattisgarh Korba(valley of river Hasdo), Chirmiri, Jhimli, and Johilla 17% Raniganj (Bardhman & Birbhum), Darjeeling, Bankura, West Bengal bituminous 11% Jalpaiguri, and Puruliya Madhya Singrauli, Muhpani, Satpura, Pench Kanhan and Sohagpur 8% Pradesh Andhra Singareni (Godavari valley) 7% Pradesh more moisture and has less Maharashtra Kamptee (Nagpur) and Wardha valley (Nagpur and Yavatmal) carbon content Rajasthan Lignite Palana and Khari mines (Bikaner) Gujarat poor quality 35% of carbon Bharauch and Kachchh Tamil Nadu lignite coal Neyveli Jammu and inferior quality Shaliganga, Handwara, Baramulla, Riasi, and Udhampur Kashmir As a result of exploration carried out up to the maximum depth of 1200m, a cumulative total of 319.02 Billion tonnes of Geological Resources of Coal have so far been estimated in our country Distribution of Coal Reserves in India Advantages The coal reserves are huge. The cost of production and transport is less. The low quality coal can be used for production of tar. Dis-Advantages It creates air and water pollution. It is heavy and bulky, so storing needs large areas. The ash produced on burning of coal creates health problems. CRUDE OIL CRUDE OIL: unrefined petroleum PETROCHEMICALS: chemicals derived from petroleum, essential component of over 3000 products, products include: tar, wax, and plastic.  Petroleum ‘Petroleum’ -Latin words Petra (meaning rock) and Oleum (meaning oil). Thus petroleum is oil obtained from rocks; particularly sedimentary rocks of the earth. Therefore, it is also called mineral oil. Petroleum is an inflammable liquid that is composed of hydrocarbons which constitute 90-95 % of petroleum and the remaining is chiefly organic compounds containing oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and traces of organo-metallic compounds. When ancient animals were buried in prehistoric oceans and lakes heat and pressure build up. chemical changes eventually convert the remains into petroleum and natural gas. Petroleum is the next major energy source in India after coal. Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry” for synthetic textile, fertilizer and numerous chemical industries. Crude petroleum consists of a mixture of hydrocarbons-solid, liquid and gaseous. These include compounds belonging to the paraffin series and also some unsaturated hydrocarbons and small proportion belonging to the benzene group.  Utilization of Petroleum Petroleum and petroleum products are mainly used as motive power. It is a compact and convenient liquid fuel which has revolutionized transportation on land, in the air and on water. It can be easily transported from the producing areas to the consuming areas with the help of tankers and more conveniently, efficiently and economically by pipelines. It emits very little smoke and leaves no ash, (as is the case in coal utilisation) and can be used upto the last drop. It provides the most important lubricating agents and is used as an important raw material for various petro- chemical products.  Origin and Occurrence of Petroleum Petroleum has an organic origin and is found in sedimentary basins, shallow depressions and in the seas (past and present). Most of the oil reserves in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps in the sedimentary rock formations of tertiary times, about 3 million years ago. Conditions for oil formation were favorable especially in the lower and middle Tertiary period. Dense forests and sea organisms flourished in the gulfs, estuaries, deltas and the land surrounding them during this period. The decomposition of organic matter in the sedimentary rocks has led to the formation of oil. An oil reservoir must have three necessary conditions: porosity so as to accommodate sufficiently large amounts of oil; permeability to discharge oil and/or gas when well has been drilled; the porous sand beds sandstone, combination of fissured limestone containing oil should be capped by impermeable beds so that oil does not dissipate by percolation in the surrounding rocks. About 63 % of India’s petroleum production is from Mumbai, 18 % from Gujarat and 16 % from Assam. Oil Reserves of India  Petroleum Advantages The transport of liquid fuel is easy. The liquid fuel is lighter than coal so it can be used in air transport. The liquid fuel has lots of bi-products. The liquid fuel does not require very huge area of storing. Disadvantages The fuel is evaporable and so it is to be stored in closed tankers The production cost is higher than that of coal. It creates air pollution through the pollutants like NO, SO2, CO, CO2. The reserves of fuel oil are lesser than that of coal  Natural Gas Natural gas is an important clean energy resource found in association with or without petroleum. It is used as a source of energy as well as an industrial raw material in the petrochemical industry. Natural gas is considered an environment friendly fuel because of low carbon dioxide emissions and is, therefore, the fuel for the present century. Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna- Godavari basin. Along the west coast the reserves of the Mumbai High and allied fields are supplemented by finds in the Gulf of Cambay. Andaman and Nicobar islands are also important areas having large reserves of natural gas Consists primarily of methane; Propane, butane, pentane, and hexane are also present. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)-- Mixture of butane and propane. Commonly occurs in association with crude oil. Natural gas is often found dissolved in oil or as a gas cap above the oil. Oil + Gas -- Associated Gas – Wet Gas (pressure of natural gas forces oil up to the surface), Only Gas -- Non-Associated Gas – Dry Gas, Hydrogen Sulphide in gas-- Sour Gas, Coalbed Methane == Sweet Gas (lack of hydrogen sulfide). On the market, natural gas is usually bought and sold not by volume but by calorific value. In practice, purchases of natural gas are usually denoted as MMBTUs (millions of British thermal unit (BTU or Btu)) = ~1,000 cubic feet of natural gas. Natural Gas Formation Natural gas was formed millions of years ago when plants and tiny sea animals were buried by sand and rock. Layers of mud, sand, rock, plant, and animal matter continued to build up until the pressure and heat turned them into oil and natural gas. Uses of Natural Gas Electric power generation. Industrial, domestic, and commercial usage. Many buses and commercial automotive fleets now operate on CNG. It is an ingredient in dyes and inks. Used in rubber compounding operations. Ammonia is manufactured using hydrogen derived from methane. Ammonia is used to produce chemicals such as hydrogen cyanide, nitric acid, urea, and a range of fertilizers. Importance of Natural Gas to India Power stations using gas accounted for nearly 10 per cent of India’s electricity. Existing plants are operating below capacity on expensive imported liquefied natural gas (LNG).  Distribution of Natural Gas in India. KG basin, Assam, Gulf of Khambhat, Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu, Barmer in Rajasthan etc Three different sectors in oil & gas production Upstream Sector Oil exploration, prospection and extraction/production from oil wells. Midstream sector Transportation of oil and gas from blocks to refineries and from refineries to distribution centers through pipeline (cost effective). HBJ Pipeline:1700 km long Hazira- Bijaipur -Jagdishpur cross country gas pipeline links Mumbai High and Bassien with the fertilizer, power and industrial complexes in western and northern India. Downstream sector Refining, processing and marketing of products and byproducts of crude oil.  Natural Gas Advantages It is a clean fuel and does not require a long reprocessing. It can be transported through pipe lines. It does not create huge smog. Dis-Advantages For C.N.G or L.P.G it needs very high pressure or very low temperature for packing it into smaller space. The container should be very thick to stand such a high pressure. The leakage of these gases, creates environmental problem. Methane gas like CO2 is known to be green house gas i.e. It holds the outgoing heat to create global warming.  Electricity Electricity is generated mainly in two ways: by running water which drives hydro turbines to generate hydro electricity; and by burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas to drive turbines to produce thermal power. Once generated the electricity is exactly the same. Hydro electricity is generated by fast flowing water, which is a renewable resource. India has a number of multi- purpose projects like the Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley corporation, the Kopili Hydel Project etc. Thermal electricity is generated by using coal, petroleum and natural gas. The thermal power stations use non-renewable fossil fuels for generating electricity. There are over 310 thermal power plants in India. Nuclear Energy Nuclear or Atomic Energy is obtained by altering the structure of atoms. When such an alteration is made, much energy is released in the form of heat and this is used to generate electric power. Uranium and thorium, which are available in Jharkhand and the Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan are used for generating atomic or nuclear power. The Monazite sands of Kerala is also rich in thorium. Nuclear Energy is the energy trapped inside the atom. Nuclear energy can be generated by two types of reactions Nuclear Fission: An Atom nucleus can be split apart this is known as fission when this is done a tremendous amount of energy in the form of both heat and light is released this energy can be harnessed to generate electricity. The SPLITTING of the NUCLEUS of a large atoms into two or more smaller nuclei. Only one kind of naturally occurring element can be used for NUCLEAR FISSION, this element is URANIUM-235  Nuclear Fission U-235 is mixed with U-238 andformed into pellets. The uranium is then shaped intorods called fuel rods. Bundles of these fuel rods are bombarded by neutrons. When hit by a neutron, the fuel rod splits and releases neutrons and energy. This starts a chain reaction and the split atoms bump into other atoms causing the fuel rods to get very hot. Water is pumped around the fuel rods to absorb & carry away the heat. The resulting hot water / steam then is used to turn turbines, to generate electric energy. Nuclear reactions are contained in a controlled environment called a nuclear reactor Disadvantages: Waste products, which give off dangerous radiation The radiation can destroy plants and animal cells and cause harmful changes in the genetic material of living cells Block Diagram of Nuclear Power Plant  Nuclear Fusion A fusion reaction occurs when 2 atom combine to form larger atom. This reaction takes place all the time in the sun, which provides us with solar energy. Nuclear energy has tremendous potential but any leakage from the reaction may cause devastating nuclear pollution. Nuclear Power Plants in India  Nuclear Energy Advantages It’s production cost per unit of power is much lesser than the thermal power production. The area required for the radioactive fuel like uranium or is smaller than the coal mines or the huge reservoirs to generate energy. Heat generation in the nuclear power plant is much higher than the heat generation in any thermal power plant of same size. Dis-advantages The high technology required to generate nuclear power is not available in all the countries The nuclear waste are radioactive in nature and so are harmful to the living beings. There is a danger of misuse of the civilian nuclear power plant. i.e. It can be used to produce the nuclear weapons for the mass destruction.  Atomic Minerals Uranium and Thorium are the main atomic minerals. Other atomic minerals are beryllium, lithium and zirconium. Beryllium oxide is used as a ‘moderator’ in nuclear reactors. India has sufficient reserves of beryllium to meet the requirement of atomic power generation. Lithium is a light metal which is found in lepidolite and spodumene. Lepidolite is widely distributed in the mica belts of Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. Zirconium -Kerala coast and in alluvial rocks of Ranchi and Hazaribagh districts of Jharkhand. Uranium (U)-atomic number 92. Uranium is a silvery-gray metallic radioactive chemical element. It is only naturally formed in supernova explosions. Isotopes are 238U (99.27%) and 235U (0.72%), only 235U is Fissile (will support a neutron- mediated chain reaction ). Uranium in India-Singhbhum and Hazaribagh districts of Jharkhand, Gaya district of Bihar, and in the sedimentary rocks in Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh. India produces about 2 % of world’s uranium. The total reserves of uranium are estimated at 30,480 tonnes. India imports thousands of tonnes of uranium from Russia, Kazakhstan and France. Thorium (Th) - atomic number 90 Thorium metal is silvery and tarnishes black when exposed to air. Thorium is weakly radioactive: all its known isotopes are unstable, with the seven naturally occurring ones (thorium-227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, and 234). Thorium-232 is the most stable isotope Thorium is also derived from monozite. The other mineral carrying thorium is thorianite. Thorium is estimated to be about three to four times more abundant than uranium Thorium Distribution Thorium is several times more abundant in Earth’s crust than all isotopes of uranium combined and thorium-232 is several hundred times more abundant than uranium-235. United States, Australia, and India have particularly large reserves of thorium. India and Australia are believed to possess more than half of world’s thorium reserves. The known reserves of thorium in India are estimated to be between 457,000 and 508,000 tonnes. Kerala, Jharkhand, Bihar, Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan are the main producers. Uranium And Thorium Reserves In India Thorium is mostly found in contiguous belt formed by its eastern coastal states Alternate sources of Energy Wind Power Solar Power Bio Mass Power Waste to Power Small Hydro Power  Non-Conventional Sources of Energy Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in future, which in turn has serious effects on the growth of the national economy. Moreover, increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental problems. Hence, there is a pressing need to use renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material. These are called non-conventional energy sources.  Solar Energy Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity. Solar energy is fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas. The largest solar plant of India is located at Madhapur, near Bhuj. It is expected that use of solar energy will be able to minimise the dependence of rural households on firewood and dung cakes, which in turn will contribute to environmental conservation and adequate supply of manure in agriculture. Solar energy is the energy obtained from sun in the form of radiations. Sun is an inexhaustible source of energy and pollution free source of energy. It results as a result of Nuclear Fusion reactions Sun gives 1000 times more energy than we need and if only a small amount of this form can be used it will be one of the most important supplies of energies There are two types of solar energy: Thermal Energy & Electric Energy Thermal Energy: Thermal Energy is everywhere. It’s lights up our days. It heats the earth, our bodies and our homes. It dries our clothes. All for free! Electric Energy: Electric Energy uses the power of the sun to produce electricity through solar cells, otherwise known as Photovoltaics (PV).  The Sun Diameter: 1.39E9 m (120 x greater than earth) Distance from earth = 1.495 E11 m (93 million miles) ± 1.7% Center: Density ≅100 x density of water and T>1E6 K Powered by hydrogen fusion Composed of layers. The outer layer is the photosphere Effective blackbody temperature of 5777 K Solar Radiation Components Ultra-Violet (200nm to 400nm)- 8.7% Visible (400nm to 700nm)-36.2% Infra-red (700nm to 2500nm) - 53.1% Near infra-red (700nm to 1100nm)-28.1% Infrared/far-infrared (above 1100nm)-25.4% Solar Radiation Level Average radiation outer space-136.7mw/sq.cm Radiation on Earth surface Solar Panels Sunlight hit the solar panel (photovoltaic/ PV) and absorbed by semi-conducting materials such as silicone atoms, which allow them to flow through the material to produce electricity. This process is called the photovoltaic (PV) effect. An array of solar panels converts solar energy into DC (direct current) electricity. The DC electricity enters an inverter. The inverter turns DC electricity into 120-volt AC (alternating current). The AC power enters the utility panel in the house. The electricity (load) is then distributed to appliances or lights in the house.  Solar Panels When more solar energy is generated it can be stored in a battery as DC electricity and will continue to supply your home with electricity in the event of a power blackout or at nighttime. When the battery is full the excess electricity can be exported back into the utility grid, if your system is connected to it. Utility supplied electricity can also be drawn form the grid when not enough solar energy is produced The flow of electricity in and out of the utility grid is measured by a utility meter, which spins backwards (when you are producing more energy that you need) and forward (when you require additional electricity from the utility company). The two are offset ensuring that you only pay for the additional energy you use from the utility company. This system is referred to as "net- metering".  Solar Photovolatics in India Begun as far back as in the mid 70’s solar photovoltics programme of the Government of India is one of the largest in the World Systems Capacity Uses Reliefs offered by government on SPV manufacturers and users of SPV based Community 1KW to 2.5 KW Small household lighting products : lighting systems system 100% depreciation in the first year of installation of the systems Portable solar 10Wp SPV module lighting 7 W CFL No excise duty for manufacturers lanterns lamp for 3 hours a Low import tariff for several raw day Street lights 75Wp SPV module Charging 100-130AH materials and components battery to run a 11W Soft loans to users, intermediaries and CFL lamp for dusk to manufacturers. dawn operation Fixed home 35-50Wp SPV powering two CFLs -- 9 lighting systems module or 11W , work 4-5 hours /day, run a small TV set or a fan Postage Stamp Water Pumping 1KW DC motor shallow pumping published by India Government  Classification of Solar Energy Utilization Solar energy utilization Direct Indirect Thermal Photovoltaic Hydropower Wind Biomass Ocean thermal Flat plate Concentrating Collectors Collectors  Direct Solar Energy The solar energy is the radiation energy. It can be used for direct heating or conversion into electricity. Direct heating Solar cooker Solar heaters Solar power generators Photovoltaic cells Photo voltaic cells are made of semi conductor materials like silicon, gallium. When solar radiations fall on them, a potential difference is created which causes flow of electron and electricity A group of solar cells joined to gather forms a solar panel which can harvest large amount of energy.  Indirect Solar Energy Energy Plantation By photo synthesis plant convert radiant energy into chemical energy which in turn can be store and used as a fuel in various forms Fossil fuels such as oil and coal are also forms of indirect solar power.  Solar Energy Advantages Easy Installation & maintenance. Absence of noise and other form of pollution. Solar photovoltaic cell system are favorable for fulfilling the requirement of electricity for decentralized application. Longer life , makes it favorable for remote, isolated, forest, hilly areas. It is a perennial, natural source and free It is available in plenty and non-polluting It does not emit any green house gases. One of the biggest advantages of solar energy is the ability to avoid the politics and price volatility that is increasingly characterizing fossil fuel markets. It doesn’t result in the destruction of forests and eco-systems that occurs with most fossil fuel operations.  Solar Energy Disadvantages Uncertainty of availability of solar energy due to cloud, wind rainfall etc. Large spaces are required for collection of solar energy at a useful rate. Amount of sunlight that arrives at the earth’s surface is not constant. It depends on location, time of day, time of year, & weather condition. Requires high initial investments for productive use (Solar photovoltaic systems) Solar systems doesn’t work at night directly but the battery bank, which stores energy during day-time can be used during night. Solar electricity storage technology has not reached its potential yet. Solar panels are bulky. This is particularly true of the higher-efficiency, traditional silicon crystalline wafer solar modules.  Biomass Energy Biomass is the organic material which has stored sunlight in the form of chemical energy Biomass include, wood, bio-fuel, and biogas Bio-energy is generated when biomass is burned. biomass is the term used for all material originated from photosynthesis, It includes plants, agricultural and forest residues, biodegradable organic wastes  Biogas Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas for domestic consumption in rural areas. Decomposition of organic matter yields gas, which has higher thermal efficiency in comparison to kerosene, dung cake and charcoal. Biogas plants are set up at municipal, cooperative and individual levels. The plants using cattle dung are know as "Gobar gas plants" in rural India. These provide twin benefits to the farmer in the form of energy and improved quality of manure. Biogas is by far the most efficient use of cattle dung. It improves the quality of manure and also prevents the loss of trees and manure due to burning of fuel wood and cow dung cakes. In biogas plants animal wastes and sewage sludge etc in the form of slurry is fermented aerobically to form biogas. Biogas has high calorific value and can be used for operating small engines for pumping water  Bio Fuel Certain latex containing plants are rich in hydrocarbon and can yield an oil like substance under high temperature and pressure. This oily material may be burnt and can be used as a fuel. Advantages Plants ensures a continuous supply of energy due to their continuous growth. Potential for rural areas. Biogas can be used for cooking purpose. Can be used for operating small engines for pumping water, for lighting. Waste can be used as an excellent fertilizers. Dis-advantages Except biogas production, the other biomass energy sources have to be established a significant role. Availability is limited.  Tidal Energy Oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity. Floodgate dams are built across inlets. During high tide water flows into the inlet and gets trapped when the gate is closed. After the tide falls outside the flood gate, the water retained by the floodgate flows back to the sea via a pipe that carries it through a power- generating turbine. In India, the Gulf of Kachchh, provides ideal conditions for utilizing tidal energy. A 900 MW tidal energy power plant is set up here by the National Hydropower Corporation.  Tidal Energy Another form of energy related to local geological conditions is tidal flow. As water flow In the form of tides from higher level to lower level it can be used to generate electricity. The tidal energy can be harnessed by constructing a tidal barrage. During high tides the sea water flows into the reservoir of the barrage and turns the turbine, which in turn produces electricity. During low tides when the sea level is low, the sea water stored in the barrage flow out into the sea and turns the turbine. Advantages Can be a Source of Energy for Coastal Cities. No raw material is required. Generation is cheaper. Dis-advantages Availability is for limited duration and varies with time and location Generation capacity is less. Operational difficulties during bad weather.  Geo Thermal Energy Geothermal energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the Earth. Geothermal energy exists because, the Earth grows progressively hotter with increasing depth. Where the geothermal gradient is high, high temperatures are found at shallow depths. Groundwater in such areas absorbs heat from the rocks and becomes hot. It is so hot that when it rises to the earth‟s surface, it turns into steam. This steam is used to drive turbines and generate electricity. There are several hundred hot springs in India, which could be used to generate electricity. Two experimental projects have been set up in India to harness geothermal energy. One is located in the Parvati valley near Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh and the other is located in the Puga Valley, Ladakh.  Geothermal Energy Geothermal Energy means heat from the earth. The Earth’s Core with temperature as high as 60,000 0C is a molten mass possessing vast amount of energy. This energy sometimes breaks through the earth and produce Volcanoes. Geysers and Hot springs are natural areas where the hot magma is close enough to the surface to heat the underground water. In areas where the stream is trapped underground. Geothermal energy is tapped by drilling well to obtain steam The steam is then used to power electric generators Advantages It is an inexhaustible energy resource. It is very cheap. It is more regular energy production source than other non-conventional resources like wind and solar energy. It is good for the hilly, remote area, where no other source of energy is available. Dis-advantages These hot springs are generally away from the areas having potentials of industrial development. The stream energy is to be used as it cannot be carried out for a longer distance due to loss of energy and due to the cost factor also. Geothermal Energy  Wind Energy Wind energy is the kinetic energy associated with the movement of air. India now ranks as a “wind super power” in the world. The largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai. Apart from these, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep have important wind farms. Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep have important wind farms Nagarcoil and Jaisalmer are well known for effective use of wind energy in the country. The minimum wind speed which is required for the satisfactory performance of wind generator is 15 km/hr. The wind power potential of India is estimated to be about 20,000 MW, while at present we are generating about 1020 MW. Wind energy is created when the atmosphere is heated unevenly by the Sun, some parts of air become warmer than others. These warm patches of air rise, other air rushes in to replace them – thus, wind blows. The wind is a by-product of solar energy. Approximately 2% of the sun's energy reaching the earth is converted into wind energy. The surface of the earth heats and cools unevenly, creating atmospheric pressure zones that make air flow from high- to low pressure areas. India now has the 4th largest wind power installed capacity in the world which has reached 36089.12 MWp (as on May, 2019). Private agencies own 95 % of the wind farms in India. Advantages Non polluting and environment friendly source of energy. Important renewable and sustainable source of energy, available free of cost. Generation of electricity is fast. Cheaper as compared to other sources Easily available in many off-shores, on-shores and remote areas. Dis-advantages Favorable in geographic locations which are always away from cities. Variable, unsteady, irregular, intermittent, erratic, and dangerous Wind turbine design, manufacture and installation have proved to be complex due to widely varying atmospheric conditions Can be located only in vast open areas. Economical only on a small scale  Hydropower Energy The energy in the form of flowing water can be used to produce electricity. Hydropower can be generated using water collected and stored at high elevation and led through a tunnel or pipe line to a turbine located at low level. The minimum height of water fall must be 10 m Hydroelectric power generation capacity of India is 27010 MW. Advantages Longer life Minimum operating staff. Non-Polluting and hence environmental friendly. Low cost of generation & maintenance. Dis-advantages Land acquisition is the major problem as construction of dam causes large submergence of land. Many political, regional, and social hurdles comes in the process of land acquisition Hydro- Power project takes long time for clearance. Rehabilitation and resettlement of displaced people is a major problem associated to any hydropower project. Large scale initial investment is required.  Hydrogen Energy Hydrogen is a combustible gas. In combustion Process it combines with the oxygen to form water and release large amount of energy. The amount of energy released / gm is 29860 calories as compared to 11500 calories. Hydrogen is a clean fuel. A major problem is of fire and explosion hazard. Also it is difficult to store and transport. Hydrogen can be stored in the form of fuel cells. The raw material for fuel cell is water, which is available in abundance. Thus hydrogen as a energy source is a environmentally compatible fuel. 0. Hydrogen Energy Advantages When it is burnt it produces only water Vapor, and it is pollution free. There are no green-house gases, there is no fear of global warming It has lots of applications like home appliances, transport vehicles and industrial units. Dis-Advantages Still the large-scale production for the commercial use has not been introduced. Its production cost is high It needs huge external energy to release hydrogen from water or coal. i.e. from hydrocarbon.