Energy Issues and Environment PDF Lecture Notes

Energy Issues and Environment For 1st grade EE students Course Code: MUR235 Prof. Dr. Magdi M. El-Saadawi E-mail : [email protected] www.facebook.com/magdi.saadawi 10/11/2024 1 ...

Energy Issues and Environment For 1st grade EE students Course Code: MUR235 Prof. Dr. Magdi M. El-Saadawi E-mail : [email protected] www.facebook.com/magdi.saadawi 10/11/2024 1  Contents Chapter 1 Overview of Energy Resources Chapter 2 Environmental Impacts of Electric Industry Chapter 3 Renewables Energy Resources Chapter 4 Domestic and International Energy Policies 2 10/11/2024  Chapter 1 Overview of Energy Resources 10/11/2024 3  Chapter 1: Contents 1.1. Introduction 1.1.1 What is Energy? 1.1.2. Importance of Energy 1.1.3. Why you study energy issues? 1.2. Energy Conversion 1.3. Types of Energy Resources 1.3.1 Advantages of Renewable Energy 1.3.2 Challenges of Renewable Energy 1.3.3 Advantages of Non-renewable Energy 1.3.4 Challenges of Non-renewable Energy 1.4. The nature of “the energy problem” 1.5. World energy supply and consumption 10/11/2024 4 1.3. Types of Energy Resources Energy sources can be classified into renewable and non- renewable energy sources. A non-renewable energy source is a source which is taken from sources that are available on the earth in limited quantity and will vanish fifty-sixty years from now. They are called non-renewable because they cannot be re- generated within a short span of time. The major types or sources of non-renewable energy are: Petroleum Natural gas Coal 10/11/2024 Uranium (Nuclear energy) 5 1.3. Types of Energy Resources A renewable energy source is any natural resource that can replace it quickly and dependably. Renewable energy is generated from natural sources i.e. sunlight, wind, rain, tides, geothermal heat and can be generated again and again as and when required. They are renewable because they are naturally replenished at a constant rate The major types or sources of renewable energy are: – Solar energy from the sun – Wind energy – Hydropower – Biomass – Geothermal energy from the heat inside the earth – 10/11/2024 Ocean energy in the form of wave, tidal, and ocean thermal energy. 6 1.3.1 Advantages of Renewable Energy a. The sun, wind, geothermal, ocean energy are available in abundant quantity ‫ بكمية وفيرة‬and free. Whereas the non- renewable sources of energy are limited and are bound to expire one day. b. Renewable sources have low carbon emissions, therefore they are considered as green and environment friendly. c. The country doesn't have to rely ‫ تعتمد‬on any other country for the supply of renewable sources as in the case of non- renewable sources. Meanwhile Renewable helps in stimulating the economy and creating job opportunities. d. Renewable energies are environmentally friendly. They don’t add to the heat content of the earth heat and can help to10/11/2024 save the environment. 7 1.3.2 Challenges of Renewable Energy ▪ High initial costs: they are not easy to set up a plant installation costs are still relatively high. ▪ Limited generation times: e.g. Solar energy for example can be used during the day time and not during night or rainy season. ▪ Limited generation places: e.g. for wind energy, we have to depend on strong winds therefore we need to choose suitable site to operate them. For solar energy is less available in areas near the poles of the Earth ▪ Some types may affect environment and wildlife such as Hydroelectric energy, Wind energy and Geothermal energy (It may bring toxic chemicals beneath the earth surface onto 10/11/2024 8 the top and create environmental changes). 1.3.2 Challenges of Renewable Energy (cont.) ▪ Most of places available to produce hydroelectric energy are utilized. In addition although they provide bulk energy but building dams across the river are quite expensive and affect natural flow and wildlife. 10/11/2024 9 1.3.3 Advantages of Non-renewable Energy Non-renewable sources are cheap and easy to use. We can easily fill up car tank and power motor vehicle. They can be converted from one type of energy to another easily and inexpensive cost. They are familiar technology for many engineers. They have low cost maintenance and equipment (except nuclear energy). Small amount of nuclear material can be used to produce large amount of electric power. 10/11/2024 10 1.3.4 Challenges of Non-renewable Energy Non-renewable sources will expire some day and we have to use our endangered resources to create more non- renewable sources of energy. Since these sources are going to expire soon, prices of these sources are increasing day by day. Non-renewable sources strongly affect the environment: release toxic gases in the air when burnt which are the major cause for global warming. The speed at which such resources are being utilized can have serious environmental changes (negative impacts). 10/11/2024 11  Country’s 1.4. The of “theFlow natureEnergy energy problem” TPES or TES means the total energy available for a country from all fuel types. Or total energy supplied in a country. TFC is the sum of all of the end use energy that is used for providing various energy services like electricity and fuels like gasoline 10/11/2024 12  Country’s 1.4. The of “theFlow natureEnergy energy problem” What happen: ❖ In case that TPES < TFC ❖ In case that TPES > TFC 10/11/2024 13 1.4. The nature of “the energy problem” In general the world energy problem is affected by: Increasing energy demand by increasing population Increasing energy demand by increasing lifestyle. Depletion of petroleum and other resource reserves. Increasing the related CO2 emissions and their bad impacts. Uneven distribution of resources all over the world: about 1.6 billion people without access to electricity or other forms of “clean” energy. On the other hand, most of oil and gas resources are concentrated in a restricted ‫ محدود‬countries. In addition to world energy-related security challenges as: – threats and natural disasters ‫التهديدات والكوارث الطبيعية‬ – 10/11/2024 geopolitical instability and tensions ‫عدم االستقرار والتوترات الجيوسياسية‬ 14 1.5. World energy supply and consumption Total Energy Supply (TES) accounts for the world’s total energy supplied in its primary form, prior to any conversions such as coal to electricity as shown below. 10/11/2024 15 1.5. World energy supply and consumption Total Final Consumption (TFC) is the sum of all of the end use energy that is used for providing various energy services in the world. 10/11/2024 16 1.5. World energy supply and consumption For more readings and more statistical data about the world energy supply and consumption World Total Energy Supply https://www.worldenergydata.org/world-total-energy-supply/ Key World Energy Statistics 2021 https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/52f66a88-0b63-4ad2- 94a5-29d36e864b82/KeyWorldEnergyStatistics2021.pdf Statistical Review of World Energy 2022 https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business- sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical- review/bp-stats-review-2022-full-report.pdf 10/11/2024 17 10/11/2024 18