Introduction to Environment Engineering PDF

Introduction to Environment Engineering DR. FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND PETROLEUM, KUWAIT UNIVERSITY 1 We have to make our environment more Sustainable [rate of consumption < rate of production] What is Environmental Sustainability: •Nonrenewa...

Introduction to Environment Engineering DR. FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND PETROLEUM, KUWAIT UNIVERSITY 1 We have to make our environment more Sustainable [rate of consumption < rate of production] What is Environmental Sustainability: •Nonrenewable resources such as minerals and fossil fuels must be used no faster than renewable substitutes. •Renewable resources such as fish, soil and groundwater must be used no faster than the rate at which they regenerate (rate of capture less than rate of growth)- we don’t want to take more than give •Pollution and wastes must be emitted no faster than natural systems can absorb them, recycle them, or render them harmless. FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 2 We covered so far Air pollution - More than 2 million people die prematurely each year due to both indoor and outdoor pollution. - The most severe indoor pollution source is heating and cooking (fire)/direct burning of solid fuel without adequate ventilation. - Outdoor pollution include many sources; energy generation, vehicle emissions, wildfires, volcanoes etc… - Outdoor air pollution has been reduced by many countries by laws regulating emissions. FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 3 We covered so far Water pollution - Freshwater, Faces problems with quality and quantity. - Water is a renewable source, unlike fossil fuels, it has a sustainable yield. Called ”flow resource” - Water stress due to population growth and energy utilization. - Climate change affecting water sources and precipitation • flooding or desertification in areas FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 4 We covered so far Ozone depletion ozone layer in stratosphere protects life on earth from harmful radiation ozone layer in troposphere traps pollutants creating a layer prior to the straposphere. Deforestation Climate change sea level rise, flooding and droughts FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 5 To live sustainably, have to live while using sources that would: •Last (Renewables) •Consume less or at average level based on population •Emit less emissions - (reduce toxins use too; fertilizers replaced by animal waste) •Adapt to changes (get used to room temperatures, reduce AC/heating need) •Recycle most products (batteries, plastic, paper, etc... ) •Reuse/reclaim water FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 6 To live sustainably, have to live while using sources that would: •Use products that are biodegradable to reduce MSW Create highly efficient technologies to utilize production (optimize) – insulation (avoids heat loss) - use LED light instead of incandescent bulb (reduce energy use by a factor of four) - use more efficient engines (Carnot cycle) - more efficient cars or electric depends! •Replace dry lands with green land (reduces CO2 emissions) …….. Many ideas! FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 7 Renewables FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 8 Renewable Energy •Any form of energy that is renewed continually or annually. -Energy forms that are not depletable. -Wind, solar water, tidal ….. •Sometimes called Green Energy if it has a small environmental impact ( low carbon and toxicity ) FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 9 Renewable Energy + Renewable Energy Sources Biomass Hydropower Wind FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH Geothermal Solar 10 Solar Energy FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 11 Solar Energy or Solar Power (energy/time) Solar energy: is energy used from sunlight radiation to provide energy in the form of heat, light, hot water, electricity, and even cooling for homes, businesses and industry. Source: The Sun (star) - about 1.5 x1011 m away from Earth - with diameter of 1.39x 109 m (109 times of earth) - mass of 2x1030 kg (330,000 times of earth) FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 12 To live sustainably, have to live while using sources that would: The core (center) of the sun is the only region of the sun that exert thermal energy through nuclear fusion reactions. Einstein’s equation (E=mc2) & Psun = Asun!"#$% Psun = 3.89x1026 W FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 13 To live sustainably, have to live while using sources that would: The solar-electromagnetic radiation received by a plane perpendicular to the rays is about 1,377 W/m2called solar constant This electromagnetic radiation covers large spectrum of wavelengths. The solar energy that reaches the Earth’s Surface is 8.9x1016 W FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 14 Solar Energy or Solar Radiation Classified as Thermal Use Electricity Generation - Solar thermal FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 15 Solar Thermal Water heating: sunlight can be used to heat water for domestic use with solar water heaters. Most common types of solar water heaters include: - Evacuated tube collectors - Glazed flat plate collectors - Unglazed flat plate collectors FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 16 Evacuated Tube Collectors - has a series of transparent glass tubes - each has a copper heat pipe called absorber pipe - vacuum zone between the outer and inner tubes. - inner absorber tube contains the working fluid (usually methanol) FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 17 Glazed Flat Plate Collectors - network of flow tubes - where water or another heating fluid flows - dark color absorber plate covered with glazed glass to avoid heat loss - can produce water up to 70℃ temperatures FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 18 Unglazed Flat Plate Collectors - same as glazed design but without a glazed glass cover - cheaper and less efficient than glazed flat collectors - generate lower temperatures than glazed - mostly used for heating swimming pools and homes FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 19 Solar Cookers - concentrated solar heat used for cooking. - reflective devices used to concentrate sunlight into a small cooking area (the darker the more absorbent ; black box) Can thermal solar energy be used for cooling? - Li-Br or ammonia solution as Ref FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 20 Solar for Electricity Generation - Solar Photovoltaic (PV) - Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 21 Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Solar Photovoltaics: the photovoltaic effect allows direct conversion of solar energy into electricity using a photovoltaic or solar cell (IEW,2010). Directly converts solar to to electricity FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 22 How a Solar Cell Works •Sunlight hits the cell •Cell has a series of semiconductors P-N junctions •Protons with sufficient energy knock electrons out •These electrons move in one direction only •generating an electric current •Cells join in together to form solar modules or solar panels à have a solar system FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 23 Three Types of Solar PV Cells Exist since 1954 1. Monocrystalline silicon (pure silicon with uniform single structure) 2. Polycrystalline silicon (or multicrystalline) 3. Thin film (amorphous-silicon more durable and flexible ) • Most in market are Polycrystalline cells • Monocrystalline are most efficient by 20% (better heat tolerance) • Monocrystalline mostly used for PV cells for households FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 24 Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Concentrated Solar Power (CSP): system uses lenses or mirrors to concentrate a large area of sunlight into a smaller focused area. - converts light to heat source at very high temperature à drives a heat engine to generate electricity (requires a power plant) FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 25 Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Solar Trough, Parabolic dish, Solar Power Tower FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 26 Which is more dangerous a PV or CSP? FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 27 Pros and Cons of Solar Energy •Renewable (unlimited supply) •No emissions •No fossil fuel consumption •Less water intensive FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH •Sun light only in morning time •Depends on weather trend (wind etc..) •Low energy conversion efficiency •Expensive capital cost 28 Wind Energy FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 29 Wind Energy •Wind energy: spontaneous air flow from high-pressure region to low-pressure region. •Temperature changes of the Earth affect wind the most so solar radiation is the ultimate source driving wind energy. •1% of total solar radiation received by Earth is converted to KE à Wind Energy FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 30 Wind Energy •Wind power is conversion from kinetic energy of wind into useful energy (mechanical or electric power). •Not all wind energy can be converted into useful energy. •Passing through a windmill à energy is lost à KE decreases FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 31 Geothermal Energy FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 32 Geothermal Energy •“Geo” means Earth •“Thermal“ means heat •Geothermal: thermal energy stored and generated in the Earth. •Can be used in baths (hot springs), space heating, even cooking and electricity generation. FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 33 Geothermal Energy for Electricity Generation FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 34 Bioenergy from Biomass Bioenergy: energy produced from renewable, biological sources such as biomass. Biomass: solid material that can be turned into fuel. FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 35 Important elements of the carbon cycle FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 36 0.3% of solar energy that hits the earth is converted to chemical energy via photosynthesis FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 37 That energy can be released by reversing the reaction through respiration or combustion FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 38 Bioenergy derived fuels = =~50% of US renewable energy FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 39 Most bioenergy growth in the past decade has been for ethanol feedstock in US • Input: feedstock, i.e. organic material used to produce biofuels FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 40 Bioenergy Resources Are Abundant Nationwide FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 41 Bioenergy has several forms à Mostly used for electricity generation or heat FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 42 Sustainable Constructions Worldwide Give trash a second life. FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 43 Stadium 974 Capacity 40,000 FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 44 Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c61uXiHhD7o Source: telegraphindia.com/gallery/stadium-974 FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 45 Homes Made Fully from recycled Material Aviator’s Villa – Dutchess County, NY Aviator’s Villa made from airplane Parts build for a retired pilot. Source: blog.publicgoods.com/4-cool-houses-made-from-recycle FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 46 Homes Made Fully from recycled Material Container Guest House, San Antonio, Texas Includes an electrical composting toilet-– pumps residue water from the sower to the roof garden Source: blog.publicgoods.com/4-cool-houses-made-from-recycle FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 47 Homes Made Fully from recycled Material Other homes made from eco-friendly waste recycled material FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH Source: surfacereporter.com 48 Sustainable Arts Worldwide FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 49 Homes Made Fully from recycled Material Mixture of all recycled materials FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH “Parting of the Sea”, made of 168,000 plastic straws and single-use recovered plastic packaging collected from Vietnam streets. Source: surfacereporter.com 50