UNIT 1 - INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY.pdf

Diploma in Physiotherapy Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  Lecture notes ANATOMY I INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the...

Diploma in Physiotherapy Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  Lecture notes ANATOMY I INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  Learning Outcome At the end of the lesson, students will be able to: Define anatomy Understand the organization of human body Describe the positional and directional terminologies Describe the body planes, axis & movement terminologies Analyze and perform the joint movements Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. DEFINITION UNDERSTANDING THE TERM:- ‘ANA’ – APART ‘TOMY’ – TO CUT Anatomy is the study of structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationship to one another. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  SUB DIVISIONS Gross anatomy Microscopic anatomy Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. ANATOMICAL REGIONS Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. ANATOMICAL REGIONS Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  Frontal Cephalic Orbital Nasal Cranium Otik Facial Buccal Oral Cervical Mental Axillary Sternal Brachial Abdominal Umbilical Antecubital Antebrachial Pubic Karpal Abdomen Pollex Manus Palmar Digital Crural Inguinal Tarsal Pubic Femoral Patellar Digital Hollex Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  Cephalic Cervical Acromial Vertebra Upper extremity Olecranial Sacral Gluteal Popliteal Sural Lower extremity Tarsal Plantar Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  BODY CAVITIES Cranial cavity Internal cavities provide protection to organs within. Spinal cavity Thoracic cavity 2 major sets of internal body cavities: Diaphragm Dorsal body cavity: Abdominal cavity Includes the Cranial cavity Pelvic cavity (brain) & Spinal cavity (spinal cord) Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  Ventral body cavity: Contains all structures within the chest, called Thoracic cavity (lungs, heart) & abdomen known as Abdominopelvic cavity (stomach, liver, intestines, reproductive organs, bladder, rectum). Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY 1.INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN) Functions: waterproofs, cushions & protects deeper tissues, excretes salts & urea in perspiration, regulates body temperature, senses temperature, pressure, pain. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. 2. SKELETAL SYSTEM – Bones, cartilages, ligaments and joints. Functions: Supports the body and provides a framework that skeletal muscle use to cause movement, protects, hematopoesis, store house of minerals. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. 3. Muscular system – muscle Function: Contract or shorten to allow movements. Example- skeletal muscles, muscles of the heart, muscles of the hollow organs. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. 4. Nervous system Brain, spinal cord, nerves & sensory receptors. Functions : responding to various sensory inputs. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  5.ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Group of glands producing chemicals called ‘hormones’ to control body activities. Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, testes are the examples. Functions – controls growth & development, mobilize body defenses against stressors, maintaining electrolyte, water & nutrient balance of the blood, regulating cellular metabolism & energy balance. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  6. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM- HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS Functions – using blood, helps transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones to and from the tissue cells. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. 7. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM – Lymph vessels, lymph nodes and lymphoid organs like spleen and tonsil. Function – return fluid leaked from blood to the blood vessels, there by blood is kept constantly circulating, also cleanse blood and houses cells involved in immunity. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. 8. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs & alveoli. Functions – supplies body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. 9. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines & rectum. Function – breakdown food, delivers products to blood for dispersal to cells and pushing out the undigested food, reclaim water. Functional digestive organs – liver and pancreas. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. 10. URINARY SYSTEM – Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Functions – removes wastes (nitrogen type) through urine, maintains body water and salt balance & maintaining the acid-base balance of blood. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  11.REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Males: scrotum, penis & accessory glands and the duct system. Females: ovary, uterine tubes, uterus and vagina. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  Anatomical Position The basic reference point from which we describe body parts & its position. Erect standing position. Feet slightly separated. Arms hanging relaxed at the sides. Palms of hands facing forward. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  ANATOMY – DIRECTIONAL & REGIONAL TERMS Superior - (cranial, cephalic) Toward the head; toward the top. E.g., The thorax is superior to the abdomen. Inferior - (caudal) Away from the head; toward the bottom. E.g., The neck is inferior to the head. Anterior - (ventral) Toward the front The navel is on the anterior side of the body. Posterior - (dorsal) Toward the back The kidneys are posterior to the intestine. Medial - Toward the midline of the body The heart is medial to the lungs. Lateral - Away from the midline of the body The ears are lateral to the nose. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Intermediate - Between a more medial & more lateral structure. Internal (deep) - Away from the surface of the body. The brain is internal to the cranium. External (superficial) - Toward the surface of the body. The skin is external to the muscles. Proximal - Toward the trunk of the body The knee is proximal to the foot. Distal - Away from the trunk of the body The hand is distal to the elbow. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  BODY PLANES & SECTIONS Anatomical sections of the body wall & organs are made along imaginary lines called a PLANE. As the body is three dimensional, three types of planes can be referred to, which lies at right angles to one another: SAGITTAL FRONTAL (coronal) TRANSVERSE (horizontal) Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  Axes and Planes: Axes is the line about which the movement takes place. Plane is the surface that lies right angle to it in which the movement takes place. These terms are essential to explain the direction of a movement. Sagittal plane: splits body vertically into left and right sections = anteroposterior plane (parallel to sagittal suture) Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Frontal plane: splits body vertically into front & back sections = coronal plane (parallel to transverse suture). Transverse plane: splits body into top & bottom sections Diagonal plane: not a "cardinal" plane (used to describe many sport movements). Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  ANATOMICAL AXIS Frontal axis - imaginary line around which sagittal plane rotations occur (perpendicular to sagittal plane) Sagittal axis - imaginary line around which frontal plane rotations occur (perpendicular to frontal plane) Longitudinal axis - imaginary line around which transverse plane rotations occur (parallel to the line of gravity) Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  Axis Plane Frontal Sagittal Sagittal Frontal Longitudinal Transverse Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Movement terminology Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Q&A Session Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  Neck flexion Neck hyperextension Wrist Flexion Shoulder circumdation Wrist Extension Arm Abduction Elbow flexion Elbow extension Leg flexion Arm Adduction Supination Knee flexion and Pronation extension Dorsiflexion Inversion Leg Abduction Plantarflexion Eversion Leg Adduction Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  Thank you Address Telephone Website Lot 33-40, Blok C, Plaza Juta, +6088 431 025/35 kk.cyberjaya.edu.my KM 7.2 Off Jalan Tuaran, 88400 Likas, Kota Kinabalu, Email Sabah, Malaysia [email protected]