Unit 1 HCI.pdf

Shree Swaminarayan College of Computer Science B.C.A. & B.Sc. I.T. Sardarnagar, Bhavnagar. Sem-I BCA-102 history of computer in India Unit – 1 Basic of computer and super computer...

Shree Swaminarayan College of Computer Science B.C.A. & B.Sc. I.T. Sardarnagar, Bhavnagar. Sem-I BCA-102 history of computer in India Unit – 1 Basic of computer and super computer in India  Introduction to Computers Today in this fast-moving world, human beings needs are growing, and so are these innovations. The discovery of the wheel revolutionised the complete transport system. Similarly, the innovation of machines like computers has almost changed our lives. Today, with this electronic device, we can complete any work within seconds, which took hours to complete. These days almost everything is done by computers. Computers are used in all sectors, schools, hospitals, offices, businesses, sale purchases, big projects, legal formalities, etc. almost every work involves computers. Today, millions of people are working in the field of computer technology. Let us know more about computers. In this article, we shall know more about computers, characteristics of a computer, types and main parts of computers. What is a Computer? A computer is an electronic device that performs complex calculations, accepts data and gives the desired results. The word ‘computer’ has been derived from the English word ‘compute’ that means ‘to calculate’. In the 17th century,  Characteristics of a Computer A computer carries out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. The computer has several characteristics, listed below are a few of them: 1. The computer works at a very fast speed. 2. The computer always gives correct results. 3. The computer performs every task efficiently and accurately. 4. The computer can store a large amount of information in a very small space. 5. The computer is an electronic device, which can work for a long time without getting tired.  Applications of Computers The use of computers has brought a significant change in our lives. The computer is widely used in: 1 Compiled By: Maitri Vasani  Shree Swaminarayan College of Computer Science B.C.A. & B.Sc. I.T. Sardarnagar, Bhavnagar. Sem-I BCA-102 history of computer in India Unit – 1 Basic of computer and super computer in India All Sectors, Schools, Hospitals, Offices, Sale Purchases, Business and Industry, Big Projects, Legal Formalities, Transport, Education, Agriculture, Art, Security, Employment, Entertainment, Sports, News, communication, Government offices, Shops, Studies, etc…… Evolution of Computer Systems People used sticks, stones, and bones as counting tools before computers were invented. More computing devices were produced as technology advanced and the human intellect improved over time. Let us look at a few of the early-age computing devices used by mankind. 1. Abacus Abacus was invented by the Chinese around 4000 years ago. It’s a wooden rack with metal rods with beads attached to them. The abacus operator moves the beads according to certain guidelines to complete arithmetic computations. 2. Napier’s Bone John Napier devised Napier’s Bones, a manually operated calculating apparatus. For calculating, this instrument used 9 separate ivory strips (bones) marked with numerals to multiply and divide. It was also the first machine to calculate using the decimal point system. 3. Pascaline Pascaline was invented in 1642 by Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher. It is thought to be the first mechanical and automated calculator. It was a wooden box with gears and wheels inside. 4. Stepped Reckoner or Leibniz wheel In 1673, a German mathematician-philosopher named Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz improved on Pascal’s invention to create this apparatus. It was a digital mechanical calculator known as the stepped reckoner because it used fluted drums instead of gears. 5. Difference Engine In the early 1820s, Charles Babbage created the Difference Engine. It was a mechanical computer that could do basic computations. It was a steam-powered calculating machine used to solve numerical tables such as logarithmic tables. 6. Analytical Engine Charles Babbage created another calculating machine, the Analytical Engine, in 1837. It was a mechanical computer that took input from punch cards. It was capable of solving any mathematical problem and storing data in an indefinite memory. 2 Compiled By: Maitri Vasani  Shree Swaminarayan College of Computer Science B.C.A. & B.Sc. I.T. Sardarnagar, Bhavnagar. Sem-I BCA-102 history of computer in India Unit – 1 Basic of computer and super computer in India 7. Tabulating machine An American Statistician – Herman Hollerith invented this machine in the year 1890. Tabulating Machine was a punch card-based mechanical tabulator. It could compute statistics and record or sort data or information. Hollerith began manufacturing these machines in his company, which ultimately became International Business Machines (IBM) in 1924. 8. Differential Analyzer Vannevar Bush introduced the first electrical computer, the Differential Analyzer, in 1930. This machine is made up of vacuum tubes that switch electrical impulses in order to do calculations. It was capable of performing 25 calculations in a matter of minutes. 9. Mark I Howard Aiken planned to build a machine in 1937 that could conduct massive calculations or calculations using enormous numbers. The Mark I computer was constructed in 1944 as a collaboration between IBM and Harvard. 3 Compiled By: Maitri Vasani  Shree Swaminarayan College of Computer Science B.C.A. & B.Sc. I.T. Sardarnagar, Bhavnagar. Sem-I BCA-102 history of computer in India Unit – 1 Basic of computer and super computer in India Classification of Different Devices invented before computers Name Invented By Whom Who is How it made Making for Additional in year Abacus 4000 Chinese Wooden rack Addition and Manual years with metal rods Subtraction instrument agoo with beads attached to them Napier’s 1617 John Napier Instrument used Multiplication Manual Bone 9 separate ivory and division instrument strips (bones) marked with numerals Pascaline 1642 Blaise Pascal French a wooden box Mechanical the first Calculator mathematician with gears and and mechanical and philosopher wheels inside automated and calculator automated calculator Stepped 1673 Gottfried German used fluted Digital as the stepped Reckoner Wilhelm mathematician- drums instead of mechanical Reckoner or Leibniz Leibniz philosopher gears calculator because it wheel used fluted drums instead of gears Difference 1820 Charles A steam- to solve Mechanical Engine Babbage powered numerical computer calculating tables such machine as logarithmic tables 4 Compiled By: Maitri Vasani  Shree Swaminarayan College of Computer Science B.C.A. & B.Sc. I.T. Sardarnagar, Bhavnagar. Sem-I BCA-102 history of computer in India Unit – 1 Basic of computer and super computer in India Analytical 1830 Charles A mechanical Capable of Mechanical Engine Babbage computer that solving any computer took input from mathematic punch cards al problem and storing data Tabulating 1890 Herman American Tabulating Compute Mechanical machine Hollerith Statistician – Machine was a statistics and Tabulator Herman punch card- record or Hollerith based sort data or mechanical information tabulator Differential 1930 Vannevar Vacuum tubes It was Electrical Analyzer Bush that switch capable of Computer electrical performing impulses 25 calculations in a matter of minutes. Mark 1 1937 Howard Made up of Massive Constructed Aiken Vacuums Tubes calculations in 1944 as a or collaboration calculations between IBM using and Harvard enormous numbers 5 Compiled By: Maitri Vasani  Shree Swaminarayan College of Computer Science B.C.A. & B.Sc. I.T. Sardarnagar, Bhavnagar. Sem-I BCA-102 history of computer in India Unit – 1 Basic of computer and super computer in India Classification of generations of computers The evolution of computer technology is often divided into five generations. Five Generations of Computers Generations of Generations timeline Evolving hardware computers First generation 1946s -1959s Vacuum tube based Second generation 1959s -1965s Transistor based Third generation 1965s -1970s Integrated circuit based Fourth generation 1970s -1985s Microprocessor based The present and the Artificial intelligence Fifth generation future based  First Generation Computers (1946-1959) The computers produced during the period 1946-1959 with them technology are regarded as the first generation computer. The first generation of computers is generally known as electro- mechanical computers. ENIAC has used Vacuum tubes, relied on Machine Language and Boolean logic. These computers were manufactured with the vacuum tubes. These tubes were used in the arithmetic and logical operations. Punched cards were used as input device in first generation of computers.  Advantages:  They were capable of making arithmetic and logical operations.  They used the electronic values in place of the key punch machines or the unit  Large storage capacity: They had a lot of storage capacity.  Disadvantages:  They were too big in size, very slow, low level of accuracy and reliability.  They consumed lot of electricity, generated a lot of heat and break down frequently, so they required Air Conditioner. (Reliability trustworthiness - વિશ્વસનીયતા, ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.) 6 Compiled By: Maitri Vasani  Shree Swaminarayan College of Computer Science B.C.A. & B.Sc. I.T. Sardarnagar, Bhavnagar. Sem-I BCA-102 history of computer in India Unit – 1 Basic of computer and super computer in India  Second Generation Computers (1959-1965) The computer produced during the period 1959-65 with technology is known as second generation computers. These computers used transistors replace with vacuum tubes as their basic elements to perform all computational and logical works. It was basically a big, mechanical machines designed to do complex calculations.  Advantages:  They required very small space, were very fast and reliable and dependable.  They used less power and dissipated less heat and had large storage capacity.  They used Better Hardware devices like card readers and printer etc.  The switching speed of transistor was faster than vacuum Tubes.  Disadvantages:  They did not have any operating system and used assembly languages.  They lacked in intelligence and decision making and needed constant upkeep and The the transistors ·relatively still very average  maintenance. expensiveand and technical person. othernotcomponents were still very user-friendly for  Still very technical and not very user-friendly for the average person.  The transistors and other components were still relatively expensive. ·The relatively still transistors averageveryexpensive technical perso andandother not very components user-friendly werefor still the  Third Generation Computers (1965-1970)  The computers developed during the period 1965-70 are branded as the third generation computers. The significant features of these computers was that they were built with monolithic integrated circuits, (IC) each of which consisted of thousands of transistors and other electronic components on a single crystal. In third generation computers, high-level programming languages were used such as BASIC, PASCAL, ALGOL-68, COBOL, FORTRAN – II, PASCAL PL/1. The punch cards were replaced with mouse and keyboards.  Advantages:  The size was very small in comparison less costly and built with thousands of transistor which were very cheap.  They used faster better device for storage, called auxiliary backing or secondary storage.  They used operating system for better resource management and used the concept of time sharing and multiple programming.  Disadvantages:  They created lot of problems to the manufacturers at their initial stages.  They lacked thinking power and decision making capability.  They could not provide any insight into their internal working.  Fourth Generation Computers: (1970-1985) The computer that came to the scene with improved technology during the period 1970-1985 is marked as the fourth generation computers. They used large scale integrated circuits and very large integrated circuits (VLSIC) in the form of microprocessor in their memory. These 7 Compiled By: Maitri Vasani  Shree Swaminarayan College of Computer Science B.C.A. & B.Sc. I.T. Sardarnagar, Bhavnagar. Sem-I BCA-102 history of computer in India Unit – 1 Basic of computer and super computer in India computers unlaced millions of transistors and other electronic components on a single silicon chip. A microprocessor is a single chip which itself can perform the controlling, arithmetic and logical functions of a computer that too at a fast speed. First Personal Computer (PC) was developed by IBM. For e.g., Apple, CRAY-1, etc.  Advantages:  They were very small in size, and cost of operation was very less.  They were very compact faster and reliable as they used very large scale integrated circuits.  They were capable of facilitating the interactive on line remote programming by which one sitting at the distant place can get his programs executed by centrally located computer.  Disadvantages:  They are less powerful and had less speed than the main frame computers.  They lacked thinking power and decision making ability.  They had less storage capacity and needed further improvement.  Fifth Generation Computers: (the present and the future.) The computers that are emerging after 1985 with further improved technology are considered as the fifth generation computers. These machines are designed to incorporate "Artificial Intelligence" and use stored reservoirs of knowledge to make expert judgments and decision like human beings. They are also designed to process non numerical information like pictures and graphs using the very large scale integrated circuits.  Advantages:  They are oriented towards integrated data base development to provide decision models.  They faster very cheap and have the highest possible storage capacity.  They have thinking power and decision making capability and thereby they will be able to aid the executives in the management.  Disadvantages:  They need very low level languages; they may replace the human force and cause grievous unemployment problems.  They may make the human brains dull and doomed. History of Computers: When we study the many aspects of computing and computers, it is important to know about the history of computers. Charles Babbage designed an Analytical Engine which was a general computer It helps us understand the growth and progress of technology through the times.  Types of Computer There are three types of computers: o Analogue Computer o Digital Computer 8 Compiled By: Maitri Vasani  Shree Swaminarayan College of Computer Science B.C.A. & B.Sc. I.T. Sardarnagar, Bhavnagar. Sem-I BCA-102 history of computer in India Unit – 1 Basic of computer and super computer in India Hybrid Computer o 1) Analogue Computer Analogue computers are designed to process analogue data. Analogue data is continuous data that changes continuously and cannot have separate values. We can say that analogue computers are used where we don't need exact values always such as speed, temperature, pressure and current. Analogue computers directly accept the data from the measuring device without first converting it into numbers and codes. They measure the continuous changes in physical quantity and generally render output as a reading on a dial or scale. Speedometer and mercury thermometer are examples of analogue computers. Advantages of using analogue computers: o It allows real-time operations and computation at the same time and continuous representation of all data within the rage of the analogue machine. o In some applications, it allows performing calculations without taking the help of transducers for converting the inputs or outputs to digital electronic form and vice versa. o The programmer can scale the problem for the dynamic range of the analogue computer. It provides insight into the problem and helps understand the errors and their effects. Types of analogue computers: o Slide Rules: It is one of the simplest types of mechanical analogue computers. It was developed to perform basic mathematical calculations. It is made of two rods. To perform the calculation, the hashed rod is slid to line up with the markings on another rod. o Differential Analysers: It was developed to perform differential calculations. It performs integration using wheel-and-disc mechanisms to solve differential calculations. o Castle Clock: It was invented by Ismail Al-Jazari. It was able to save programming instructions. Its height was around 11 feet and it was provided with the display of time, the zodiac, and the solar and lunar orbits. This device also could allow users to set the length of the day as per the current season. o Electronic Analogue Computer: In this type of analogue computer, electrical signals flow through capacitors and resistors to simulate physical phenomena. Here, the mechanical interaction of components does not take place. The voltage of the electrical signal generates the appropriate displays. 9 Compiled By: Maitri Vasani  Shree Swaminarayan College of Computer Science B.C.A. & B.Sc. I.T. Sardarnagar, Bhavnagar. Sem-I BCA-102 history of computer in India Unit – 1 Basic of computer and super computer in India 2) Digital Computer Digital computer is designed to perform calculations and logical operations at high speed. It accepts the raw data as input in the form of digits or binary numbers (0 and 1) and processes it with programs stored in its memory to produce the output. All modern computers like laptops, desktops including smartphones that we use at home or office are digital computers. Advantages of digital computers: o It allows you to store a large amount of information and to retrieve it easily whenever you need it. o You can easily add new features to digital systems more easily. o Different applications can be used in digital systems just by changing the program without making any changes in hardware o The cost of hardware is less due to the advancement in the IC technology. o It offers high speed as the data is processed digitally. o It is highly reliable as it uses error correction codes. o Reproducibility of results is higher as the output is not affected by noise, temperature, humidity, and other properties of its components.  Types of Digital Computer Digital computers are a device that needs to be programmed in order to receive the desired output. Based on the size and type of the device, these digital computers are classified into four categories.  Microcomputer  Minicomputer  Mainframe computer  Supercomputer  Microcomputer A Microcomputer is not really expensive and it comes with a microprocessor as its Central processing unit and input/output devices. These computers are generally called personal computers and a few examples are IBM pc, Apple, and Dell. 10 Compiled By: Maitri Vasani  Shree Swaminarayan College of Computer Science B.C.A. & B.Sc. I.T. Sardarnagar, Bhavnagar. Sem-I BCA-102 history of computer in India Unit – 1 Basic of computer and super computer in India  Minicomputers Minicomputers are known as mid-range computers that contain one or more processors. They support multiprocessing which means these multiple processors share the same computer memory and other required peripheral devices to perform the given task. Minicomputers are generally used for processing transactions, file handling, and managing databases.  Mainframe computers Mainframe computers are generally large-size computers mainly used for storing large amounts of data and processing. It is known for its high level of reliability. These machines are used by an organization that requires crucial applications such as census, and customer statistics for large calculations which require a high volume of data processing.  Super Computers Supercomputers are very expensive and the world’s fastest computers are available. These computers have thousands of processors that perform trillions of calculations per second and hence the fastest known ever. 3) Hybrid Computer Hybrid computer has features of both analogue and digital computer. It is fast like an analogue computer and has memory and accuracy like digital computers. It can process both continuous and discrete data. It accepts analogue signals and convert them into digital form before processing. So, it is widely used in specialized applications where both analogue and digital data is processed. For example, a processor is used in petrol pumps that convert the measurements of fuel flow into quantity and price. Similarly, they are used in airplanes, hospitals, and scientific applications. Advantages of using hybrid computers: o Its computing speed is very high due to the all-parallel configuration of the analogue subsystem. o It produces precise and quick results that are more accurate and useful. o It has the ability to solve and manage big equation in real-time. o It helps in the on-line data processing. Classification of Computers The computer systems can be classified on the following basis: 1. On the basis of size. 11 Compiled By: Maitri Vasani  Shree Swaminarayan College of Computer Science B.C.A. & B.Sc. I.T. Sardarnagar, Bhavnagar. Sem-I BCA-102 history of computer in India Unit – 1 Basic of computer and super computer in India 2. On the basis of functionality. 3. On the basis of data handling. 1. Classification on the basis of size 1. Super computers: The super computers are the most high performing system. A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance compared to a general-purpose computer. The actual Performance of a supercomputer is measured in FLOPS instead of MIPS. All of the world’s fastest 500 supercomputers run Linux-based operating systems. Additional research is being conducted in China, the US, the EU, Taiwan and Japan to build even faster, more high performing and more technologically superior supercomputers. Supercomputers actually play an important role in the field of computation, and are used for intensive computation tasks in various fields, including quantum mechanics, weather forecasting, climate research, oil and gas exploration, molecular modeling, and physical simulations. and also Throughout the history, supercomputers have been essential in the field of the cryptanalysis. eg: PARAM, jaguar, roadrunner. 2. Mainframe computers : These are commonly called as big iron, they are usually used by big organizations for bulk data processing such as statistics, census data processing, transaction processing and are widely used as the servers as these systems has a higher processing capability as compared to the other classes of computers, most of these mainframe architectures were established in 1960s, the research and development worked continuously over the years and the mainframes of today are far more better than the earlier ones, in size, capacity and efficiency. Eg: IBM z Series, System z9 and System z10 servers. 3. Mini computers : These computers came into the market in mid 1960s and were sold at a much cheaper price than the main frames, they were actually designed for control, instrumentation, human interaction, and communication switching as distinct from calculation and record keeping, later they became very popular for personal uses with evolution. In the 60s to describe the smaller computers that became possible with the use of transistors and core memory technologies, minimal instructions sets and less expensive peripherals such as the ubiquitous Teletype Model 33 ASR.They usually took up one or a few inch rack cabinets, compared with the large mainframes that could fill a room, there was a new term “MINICOMPUTERS” coined Eg: Personal Laptop, PC etc. 4. Micro computers: A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a microprocessor as its CPU. It includes a microprocessor, memory, and minimal I/O circuitry mounted on a single printed circuit board.The previous to these computers, mainframes and minicomputers, were comparatively much larger, hard to maintain and more expensive. They actually formed the foundation for present day microcomputers and smart gadgets that we use in day to day life. Eg: Tablets, Smartwatches. 2. Classification on the basis of functionality 12 Compiled By: Maitri Vasani  Shree Swaminarayan College of Computer Science B.C.A. & B.Sc. I.T. Sardarnagar, Bhavnagar. Sem-I BCA-102 history of computer in India Unit – 1 Basic of computer and super computer in India 1. Servers: Servers are nothing but dedicated computers which are set-up to offer some services to the clients. They are named depending on the type of service they offered. Eg: security server, database server. 2. Workstation: Those are the computers designed to primarily to be used by single user at a time. They run multi-user operating systems. They are the ones which we use for our day to day personal / commercial work. 3. Information Appliances: They are the portable devices which are designed to perform a limited set of tasks like basic calculations, playing multimedia, browsing internet etc. They are generally referred as the mobile devices. They have very limited memory and flexibility and generally run on “as-is” basis. 4. Embedded computers: They are the computing devices which are used in other machines to serve limited set of requirements. They follow instructions from the non-volatile memory and they are not required to execute reboot or reset. The processing units used in such device work to those basic requirements only and are different from the ones that are used in personal computers- better known as workstations. 3. Classification on the basis of data handling 1. Analog : An analog computer is a form of computer that uses the continuously-changeable aspects of physical fact such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to mode l the problem being solved. Anything that is variable with respect to time and continuous can be claimed as analog just like an analog clock measures time by means of the distance traveled for the spokes of the clock around the circular dial. 2. Digital : A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities represented as digits, usually in the binary number system of “0” and “1”, “Computer capable of solving problems by processing information expressed in discrete form. from manipulation of the combinations of the binary digits, it can perform mathematical calculations, organize and analyze data, control industrial and other processes, and simulate dynamic systems such as global weather patterns. 3. Hybrid: A computer that processes both analog and digital data, Hybrid computer is a digital computer that accepts analog signals, converts them to digital and processes them in digital form. COMPONENT OF COMPUTER Computer components are the essential building parts of developing a functional computer system. The components that make up a computer are called computer components. The processor (CPU), memory, and input/output devices are every computer's three main building blocks. Initially computers were primarily used for numerical computations because any information can be numerically encoded. The ability of computers to interpret information for several purposes was quickly recognized. There are 5 main computer components that are given below: 13 Compiled By: Maitri Vasani  Shree Swaminarayan College of Computer Science B.C.A. & B.Sc. I.T. Sardarnagar, Bhavnagar. Sem-I BCA-102 history of computer in India Unit – 1 Basic of computer and super computer in India o Input Devices o CPU o Output Devices o Primary Memory o Secondary Memory Input devices A computer system's input devices are important because they allow users to enter commands and data. Keyboards, mice, scanners, and microphones are numerous examples of input device most commonly utilized input device for inserting text and queries into a computer system. o Mice are another common input tool used to move the cursor on a computer screen. o Scanners are used for inputting physical documents or images into a computer system. o Microphones are used to input audio data into a system for computing. They can be used for various tasks, including recording audio for podcasts, participating in video conferences, and creating voice memos for later use. CPU A computer machine's "brain" is its Central Processing Unit (CPU). It executes the calculations and commands required for functioning of the computer device. The CPU comprises some components: the control unit, the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), and registers. 14 Compiled By: Maitri Vasani  Shree Swaminarayan College of Computer Science B.C.A. & B.Sc. I.T. Sardarnagar, Bhavnagar. Sem-I BCA-102 history of computer in India Unit – 1 Basic of computer and super computer in India  Input Unit A computer will only respond when a command is given to the device. These commands can be given using the input unit or the input devices. For example: Using a keyboard we can type things on a Notepad and the computer processes the entered data and then displays the output of the same of the screen. The data entered can be in the form of numbers, alphabet, images, etc. We enter the information using an input device, the processing units convert it into computer understandable languages and then the final output is received by a human-understandable language.  Output Unit When we command a computer to perform a task, it reverts for the action performed and gives us a result. This result is called output. There is various output devices connected to the computer. The most basic of which is a monitor. Whatever we write using a keyboard or click using a mouse, is all displayed on the monitor. 15 Compiled By: Maitri Vasani  Shree Swaminarayan College of Computer Science B.C.A. & B.Sc. I.T. Sardarnagar, Bhavnagar. Sem-I BCA-102 history of computer in India Unit – 1 Basic of computer and super computer in India Thus, the output unit gives us the final result once the entire processing is done within the mechanism of a device. For example: when we visit an ATM, we enter our details like language, pin, amount to be withdrawn, etc. and then the final money which the cash dispenser releases is our outcome. In this case, the cash dispenser acts as an output unit. To get a list of computer input and output devices and the function of the various I/O devices, visit the linked article. For better understanding and more interactive analysis of the components of the computer, candidates can check the video given below and get detailed information reading the five major components responsible for the functioning of a computer device.  Memory Unit When we enter the data into the computer using an input device, the entered information immediately gets saved in the memory unit of the Central Processing Unit (CPU). Because of the presence of some existing programming, the Memory Unit transmits the data further to the other parts of the CPU. Similarly, when the output of our command is processed by the computer, it is saved in the memory unit before giving the output to the user.  Control Unit This is the core unit which manages the entire functioning of the computer device. It is one of the most essential component of the computer system. The Control Unit collects the data entered using the input unit leads. It on for processing and once that is done, receives the output and presents it to the user. It can be said to the centre of all processing actions taking place inside a computer device. Basically, the instructions taken, interpretation of entered data, issuing signals to execute the data and then finally retrieving the data is all done in the Control Unit. 16 Compiled By: Maitri Vasani  Shree Swaminarayan College of Computer Science B.C.A. & B.Sc. I.T. Sardarnagar, Bhavnagar. Sem-I BCA-102 history of computer in India Unit – 1 Basic of computer and super computer in India  Arithmetic & Logical Unit As the name suggests, all the mathematical calculations or arithmetic operations are performed in the Arithmetic and Logical Unit of the CPU. It can also perform actions like a comparison of data and decision-making actions. The ALU comprises circuits using which addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and other numerical based calculations can be performed. Central Processing Unit (CPU) The Central Processing Unit is the core of any computer devices. It comprises three major components of the computer which have been discussed above:  Memory Unit  Control Unit  Arithmetic and Logical Unit All these three units are elements of CPU and together help in the efficient working and processing of data. It is also known as the “Brain of Computer” and no action can be conducted by a device without the execution and permission of the Central Processing Unit. The device is a close-knit circuit comparison microprocessor which helps in fetching the data and proving suitable results to the user. Thus, CPU is the main processing unit of the computer. Also, while discussing the various components of computers, it must be known that a device which is so complex and intricately made using circuits and wires comprises various other elements, which affects its overall programming and performance. The history of computer hardware The history of computer hardware is a fascinating journey that spans many decades and is marked by significant advancements and innovations. Here's a brief overview of the key milestones in the history of computer hardware: 1. Abacus (c. 3000 BC): While not a computer in the modern sense, the abacus is one of the earliest known calculating devices, consisting of beads on rods used for arithmetic calculations. 2. Mechanical Calculators (17th century - 19th centuries): Early mechanical calculators like Blaise Pascal's Pascaline and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's Stepped Reckoner were developed to perform arithmetic calculations. 17 Compiled By: Maitri Vasani  Shree Swaminarayan College of Computer Science B.C.A. & B.Sc. I.T. Sardarnagar, Bhavnagar. Sem-I BCA-102 history of computer in India Unit – 1 Basic of computer and super computer in India 3. Analytical Engine (1837 - 1842): Designed by Charles Babbage, the Analytical Engine was a mechanical general-purpose computer that featured an arithmetic logic unit, control flow via conditional branching and loops, and memory. It remained a conceptual design and was never built. 4. Tabulating Machines (late 19th century - early 20th century): Herman Hollerith developed punch card machines to process data for the 1890 U.S. Census, leading to the founding of IBM. 5. Vacuum Tube Computers (1930s - 1950s): The first electronic digital computers, such as the ENIAC and UNIVAC, used vacuum tubes for data processing. These machines were large, unreliable, and generated significant heat. 6. Transistor Computers (1950s - 1960s): Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, leading to smaller, faster, and more reliable computers. The IBM 7090 and the DEC PDP-1 are examples from this era. 7. Integrated Circuits (1960s - 1970s): Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce independently developed the integrated circuit, which allowed for the miniaturization of electronic components. This innovation led to the creation of smaller, more powerful computers. 8. Microprocessors (1971): Intel introduced the 4004 microprocessor, the first commercially available microprocessor. This invention marked the birth of the microcomputer era and led to the development of personal computers. 9. Personal Computers (1970s - 1980s): Companies like Apple, IBM, and Microsoft played pivotal roles in popularizing personal computers. The Apple II, IBM PC, and MS-DOS are key products from this era. 10. Graphical User Interfaces (1980s - 1990s): The development of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) like Apple's Macintosh and Microsoft Windows made computers more user-friendly and accessible. 11. Laptops and Mobile Devices (1980s - present): Advances in technology led to the development of portable computers, including laptops and later, smartphones and tablets. 12. Parallel and Supercomputers (1980s - present): Parallel processing and supercomputers like Cray machines have been used for scientific and computational tasks requiring immense processing power. 13. Cloud Computing (2000s - present): The advent of cloud computing has revolutionized the way computing resources are accessed and utilized, allowing for scalability and flexibility. 14. Quantum Computing (emerging): Quantum computers use quantum bits (qubits) to perform complex calculations exponentially faster than classical computers. This field is still in its infancy but holds great promise. 15. Neuromorphic Computing (emerging): Neuromorphic computing is inspired by the human brain's neural architecture and aims to create computers that can process information in a more brain-like manner. The history of computer hardware is marked by a continuous cycle of innovation, with each generation of technology building upon the previous one. These advancements have had a profound impact on nearly every aspect of society, from business and science to entertainment and communication. 18 Compiled By: Maitri Vasani  Shree Swaminarayan College of Computer Science B.C.A. & B.Sc. I.T. Sardarnagar, Bhavnagar. Sem-I BCA-102 history of computer in India Unit – 1 Basic of computer and super computer in India Computer Hardware types:- These hardware components are further divided into the following categories, which are: 1. Input Devices 2. Output Devices 3. Storage Devices 4. Internal Components 1. Input Devices: Input devices are those devices with the help of which the user interacts with the computer. Or, In other words, with the help of input devices, the user enters the data or information into the computer. This information or data is accepted by the input devices and converted into a computer-acceptable format, which is further sent to the computer system for processing. Now we discuss some input devices:  Keyboard: It is the most common and main input device for computers. The data is inputted by typing on the keyboard. It consists of 104 keys in total. It contains numeric keys, alphabet keys, and different function keys as well. Earlier, it was connected to the computer via cable, now as technology has advanced, you can connect a keyboard using Bluetooth.  Mouse: A mouse is a kind of pointing device which is rolled over to control the cursor on the screen and it has functional keys like left, middle, and right buttons. Using these functional keys, on by the click of which an object is selected or to open a file by just a click of a mouse. It also consists of a sensor inside which notifies its speed to the computer and according to which the cursor is moved on the screen.  Scanner: As the name suggests, it scans images, documents, etc., and converts them into digital form and that can be further edited and used. It works just like a Xerox machine.  Track Ball: It is a device much like an upside-down mouse. It does not use much space for movement like a mouse. As the trackball remains stationary and the user moves the ball in various directions, it affects the screen movements directly.  Light Pen: It is a light-sensitive device and it is touched to the CRT screen where it can detect, a raster on the screen as it passes by and, with the help of this user can draw anything like lines, figures, or any objects.  Microphone: It is a kind of voice input system that can be attached to a computer system to record sounds. It converts human speech or voice into electrical signals. This electrical signal is processed by the computer and the word is recognized.  Optical Character Reader: It is used to detect alphanumeric characters that are written or printed on paper using a low-frequency light source. This light is absorbed by the dark areas and reflected by the light areas, now this reflected light is received by the photocells. It is like a scanner.  Bar Code Reader: It is used to read bar codes and convert them into electric pulse which will further processed by the computer. Here, the barcode is data that is coded into white and black lines (or light and dark lines). 2. Output Devices: These are the devices that are used to display the output of any task given to the computer in human-readable form. 19 Compiled By: Maitri Vasani  Shree Swaminarayan College of Computer Science B.C.A. & B.Sc. I.T. Sardarnagar, Bhavnagar. Sem-I BCA-102 history of computer in India Unit – 1 Basic of computer and super computer in India Now we discuss some output devices:  Monitor: The monitor is the main output device. It is also called VDU(visual display unit) and it looks like a TV screen. The Monitor displays the information from the computer. It is used to display text, video, images, etc.  Printer: A printer is an output device that transfers data from the computer in a printed format by using text or images on paper. There are both colored and black & white printers. Further, there are also different types of printers, like Laser Printer, Dot-matrix printers, and Inkjet printers.  Plotter: It is similar to a printer but potters are large in size. A plotter is used to generate large drawings, architectural blueprints, etc. on paper and these are high-quality images and drawings and large in size.  Speakers: It is a very common output device and it gives sound as an output. Speaker is generally used to play music or anything having sound. 3. Storage Devices: There are some devices that are used for storage purposes and are known as secondary storage devices. Some of them were discussed below: 1. CD (Compact disc): A CD is circular in shape and made up of thin platted glass and plastic polycarbonate material. It has a storage capacity of 600 MB to 700 MB of data. It has a standard size of 12 cm with a hole in the center of about 1.5 cm and 1.2 mm in thickness. There are basically 3 types of CDs, which are:  CD-ROM (CD – Read Only Memory): Contents of this type of CD cannot be erased by the user. Only the publisher is allowed to access the data imprinted on this CD. CD-ROM is basically used for commercial purposes like for a music album or any application package by a software company.  CD-R (CD-Recordable): In this, content or data can be stored once. After that, they can be read many times but the data or content cannot be rewritten or erased. (Kind of one-time use)  CD-RW(CD-Rewritable): As the name suggests, this type of CD is used to rewrite the content or erase previous content and again write new content many times. 2. DVD (Digital Video/Versatile Disc): A DVD is the same as a CD but with some more features. A DVD comes in single and dual-layer formats. It has much greater storage capacity in comparison to CD. The storage capacity of a DVD with one-sided single layer is – 4.7 GB, one-sided double layer – 8.5 GB, double-sided single layer – 9.4 GB, and double-sided double layer – 17 GB. There are also some types in DVDs, which are :  DVD-ROM: In this type, the contents of the DVD cannot be written on or erased by the user. DVD ROM is used for applications and database for distributing them in large amounts.  DVD-R / DVD+R: DVD-R (DVD minus R) and DVD+R (DVD plus R) are two different kinds of discs and they are once recordable format. Also, they have no difference virtually.  DVD-RW / DVD+RW: This is a kind of rewritable disc and it allows up to 1,000 rewrites.  DVD-RAM: DVD RAM is accessed like a hard disk. It provides high data security and storage capacity. This is a kind of rewritable disc and it allows up to 1,00,000 rewrites. 4. Hard Disk: An hard disk is a non-volatile storage device that uses its read/write heads to store digital data on a magnetic surface of a rigid plate. It is generally 3.5 inches in size for desktops and 2.5 inches in size for laptops. 20 Compiled By: Maitri Vasani  Shree Swaminarayan College of Computer Science B.C.A. & B.Sc. I.T. Sardarnagar, Bhavnagar. Sem-I BCA-102 history of computer in India Unit – 1 Basic of computer and super computer in India  Introduction of super computer: - A supercomputer is a powerful and highly advanced computing machine designed to process an enormous amount of data and perform complex calculations at unparalleled speeds. These machines are at the pinnacle of computational technology and are typically employed for tasks that demand exceptional processing capabilities, such as scientific simulations, weather forecasting, nuclear research, and artificial intelligence development. Supercomputers are characterized by their extraordinary processing power, extensive memory capacity, and specialized architecture optimized for parallel processing. The history of supercomputing dates back to the 1960s when the first supercomputer, the Control Data Corporation (CDC) 6600, was developed by Seymour Cray. Since then, supercomputers have continued to evolve, with each generation surpassing the capabilities of its predecessor. Today, supercomputers come in various forms, including clusters of interconnected processors, specialized GPUs (Graphics Processing Units), and custom-designed hardware. One of the most notable features of supercomputers is their ability to tackle complex problems by breaking them down into smaller tasks that can be processed simultaneously, thanks to their parallel computing architecture. This parallelism allows supercomputers to solve problems in a fraction of the time it would take a conventional computer. Supercomputers are not only crucial for scientific research but also find applications in various industries, including aerospace, automotive engineering, finance, and healthcare. They enable researchers and engineers to simulate real-world scenarios, optimize designs, predict outcomes, and make critical decisions faster and more accurately. In summary, supercomputers are the technological marvels of the computing world, pushing the boundaries of what is possible in terms of processing speed and data handling. Their ability to tackle some of the most challenging computational problems makes them indispensable tools in advancing scientific research and technological innovation across multiple domains.  History of supercomputing  When did supercomputing start? Supercomputing evolved over many years since the Colossus machine was put into operation at Bletchley Park in the 1940s. The Colossus was the first functional, electronic, digital computer designed by Tommy Flowers, a General Post Office (GPO) research telephone engineer.  When the supercomputer was first invented? The term supercomputer came into use in the early 1960s, when IBM rolled out the IBM 7030 Stretch, and Sperry Rand unveiled the UNIVAC LARC, the first two intentional supercomputers designed to be more powerful than the fastest commercial machines available at the time. 21 Compiled By: Maitri Vasani  Shree Swaminarayan College of Computer Science B.C.A. & B.Sc. I.T. Sardarnagar, Bhavnagar. Sem-I BCA-102 history of computer in India Unit – 1 Basic of computer and super computer in India Events that influenced the progress of supercomputing began in the late 1950s when the US government began regularly funding the development of cutting-edge, high-performance computer technology for military applications. Although supercomputers were initially produced in limited quantities for the government, the technology developed would make its way into the industrial and commercial mainstreams. For example, two US companies, Control Data Corporation (CDC) and Cray Research, led the commercial supercomputer industry from the mid-1960s to the late 1970s. The CDC 6600, designed by Seymour Cray, is considered the first successful commercial supercomputer. IBM would later become a commercial industry leader from the 1990s through today. Supercomputers come in various types and architectures, each designed to excel in specific computational tasks. Here are some of the common types of supercomputers: 1. Vector Supercomputers: Vector supercomputers were among the earliest supercomputers and are optimized for processing large arrays of data through vector operations. They are well- suited for scientific simulations and complex mathematical computations. 2. Scalar Supercomputers: Scalar supercomputers process data one piece at a time, unlike vector supercomputers that work with arrays of data. They are less common today due to their limitations in handling parallel processing tasks effectively. 3. MPP (Massively Parallel Processing) Supercomputers: MPP supercomputers consist of numerous interconnected processors, which work together to solve complex problems in parallel. This architecture is highly scalable, making it suitable for a wide range of applications, including weather modelling, molecular simulations, and nuclear research. 4. Cluster Supercomputers: Cluster supercomputers are built by connecting multiple commodity off-the-shelf computers, often using high-speed interconnects like InfiniBand. Clusters are cost- effective and highly scalable, making them a popular choice for many supercomputing applications. 5. GPU Supercomputers: These supercomputers use Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) as their primary processing units. GPUs are highly parallel processors and excel in tasks like artificial intelligence, deep learning, and scientific simulations. 6. FPGA Supercomputers: Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are reconfigurable hardware devices used in some supercomputers. They are especially beneficial for applications that require custom hardware acceleration. 7. Quantum Supercomputers: Quantum supercomputers, still in the experimental stage, harness the principles of quantum mechanics to perform computations that would be practically impossible for classical computers. They hold the potential to revolutionize fields such as cryptography, materials science, and optimization problems. 8. Hybrid Supercomputers: Many modern supercomputers employ a combination of processing units, such as CPUs and GPUs, to take advantage of both general-purpose and highly parallel processing capabilities. These hybrid architectures are often used in AI research and complex simulations. 22 Compiled By: Maitri Vasani  Shree Swaminarayan College of Computer Science B.C.A. & B.Sc. I.T. Sardarnagar, Bhavnagar. Sem-I BCA-102 history of computer in India Unit – 1 Basic of computer and super computer in India 9. Custom-Built Supercomputers: Some organizations build custom supercomputers tailored to their specific needs. These systems may use unique hardware and software configurations optimized for particular applications, such as genomic research or astrophysics. 10. Exascale Supercomputers: Exascale supercomputers represent the cutting edge of supercomputing technology, capable of performing one quintillion (10^18) calculations per second. These supercomputers are still emerging but promise to address some of the most challenging scientific and engineering problems. The choice of supercomputer type depends on the specific computational requirements and budget constraints of the project or organization. Supercomputing continues to evolve, with new architectures and technologies constantly emerging to push the boundaries of what is possible in computational science and engineering.  usage of super computer Supercomputers are incredibly powerful computing machines with a wide range of applications across various fields. Their immense processing power and ability to handle vast amounts of data make them indispensable for tackling some of the most complex and computationally intensive tasks. Here are some common and important usages of supercomputers: 1. Scientific Research and Simulations: Supercomputers are widely used for scientific research and simulations in fields such as physics, chemistry, biology, and climate science. They help scientists model complex phenomena, simulate the behaviour of particles, understand molecular interactions, and predict weather patterns. 2. Astronomy and Astrophysics: Supercomputers assist astronomers and astrophysicists in modelling the universe, simulating the evolution of galaxies, understanding black holes, and analyzing astronomical data from telescopes and space probes. 3. Nuclear Research: Supercomputers play a vital role in nuclear research by simulating nuclear reactions, modelling nuclear weapon performance (for verification purposes), and studying nuclear fusion for clean energy production. 4. Climate Modelling: Supercomputers are essential for climate scientists who use them to model and predict climate change, simulate the Earth's atmosphere and oceans, and analyze climate data to inform environmental policies. 5. Materials Science: Researchers use supercomputers to design and simulate new materials with specific properties. This is crucial for developing advanced materials for industries like aerospace, electronics, and healthcare. 6. Drug Discovery and Genomics: Supercomputers accelerate drug discovery by simulating molecular interactions, predicting drug candidates, and analyzing vast genomics datasets for personalized medicine and disease research. 7. Engineering and Design: Engineers use supercomputers for simulations and computational fluid dynamics to optimize designs for everything from aircraft and cars to bridges and buildings. This reduces the need for physical prototypes and testing. 8. Energy Research: Supercomputers are employed to model and simulate energy systems, study fusion reactions for clean energy production, and optimize energy grids for efficiency and resilience. 23 Compiled By: Maitri Vasani  Shree Swaminarayan College of Computer Science B.C.A. & B.Sc. I.T. Sardarnagar, Bhavnagar. Sem-I BCA-102 history of computer in India Unit – 1 Basic of computer and super computer in India 9. Financial Modelling: In the financial industry, supercomputers are used for risk assessment, portfolio optimization, high-frequency trading, and simulating economic scenarios. 10. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Training deep learning models, particularly for large datasets and complex architectures, benefits from the parallel processing capabilities of supercomputers. This is crucial for advancing AI research and applications. 11. National Security and Cryptography: Supercomputers are used for cryptographic research, code-breaking, and cybersecurity to protect sensitive information and national security interests. 12. Space Exploration: Supercomputers assist space agencies in mission planning, trajectory calculations and data analysis for missions to other planets, moons, and celestial bodies. 13. Healthcare and Medical Research: Supercomputers are instrumental in medical research, from simulating drug interactions to analyzing medical images and genomics data to develop treatments and understand diseases like cancer. 14. Seismic Modelling: Earthquake simulations and seismic hazard assessments rely on supercomputers to predict the impact of seismic events and improve building design for earthquake-prone areas. 15. Art and Creativity: Some artists and creators use supercomputers for rendering complex animations, generating digital art, and exploring creative possibilities in fields like digital media and design. In summary, supercomputers are indispensable tools for advancing scientific knowledge, solving complex problems, and driving innovation across numerous domains, from fundamental research to practical applications that benefit society as a whole. Their capabilities continue to grow, opening up new frontiers in computation and problem-solving. 24 Compiled By: Maitri Vasani