History and Overview of Computer Architecture.pdf

History and Overview of Computer Architecture  Commercial Computers  The 1950s saw the birth of the computer Computer Architecture - refers to the attributes of a...

History and Overview of Computer Architecture  Commercial Computers  The 1950s saw the birth of the computer Computer Architecture - refers to the attributes of a industry with two companies, Sperry and IBM, system visible to a programmer or those that have a dominating the marketplace. direct impact on the logical execution of a program.  The UNIVAC II, which had greater memory These attributes include instruction set, the number of capacity and higher performance than the bits used to represent data types (e.g., numbers, UNIVAC I, was delivered in the late 1950s and characters), I/O mechanisms, and techniques for illustrates several trends that have remained addressing memory. characteristic of the computer industry.  IBM which was then the major manufacturer of punched-card processing equipment, delivered Computer Organization - refers to the operational units its first electronic stored-program computer, the and their interconnections that realize the architectural 701, in 1953. specifications. These attributes include hardware details transparent to the programmer, such as control signals; interfaces between the computer and peripherals; and The Second generation: Transistors the memory technology used.  The first major change in the electronic computer came with the replacement of the HISTORY OF COMPUTERS vacuum tube by the transistor.  The transistor is smaller, cheaper, and dissipates The First Generation: Vacuum-Tubes less heal than a vacuum tube but can be used in  The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And the same way as a vacuum tube to construct Computer), designed by and constructed under computers. the supervision of Jonh Mauchly and John  The transistor was invented at Bell Labs in 1947 Presper Eckert at the University of and by the 1950s had launched an electronic Pennsylvania, was the world’s first general- revolution. purpose electronic digital computer.  The ENIAC was decimal rather than a binary machine. The 3rd Generation  The ENIAC was completed in 1946, too late to be  A single, self-contained transistor is called a used in the war effort. discrete component.  The von Neumann Machine - this idea, known as  Discrete components were manufactured the Stored-program concept, is usually separately, packaged in their own containers, attributed to the ENIAC designers, most notably and soldered or wired together onto circuit the mathematician John von Neumann, who was boards, which were then installed in computers, a consultant on the ENIAC project. oscilloscopes, and other electronic equipment.  The first publication of the idea was in a 1945 proposal by von Neumann for a new computer, the EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable The 4th generation: Later Generation Computer).  In 1946, von Neumann and his colleagues began  Semiconductor Memory - the first application of the design of a new stored-program computer, integrated circuit technology to computers was referred to as the IAS computer, at the Princeton construction of the processor (the control unit Institute for Advanced Studies. The IAS and the arithmetic and logic unit) out of computer, although not completed until 1952, is integrated circuit chips. the prototype of all subsequent general-purpose  In 1970, Fairchild produced the first relatively computers. capacious semiconductor memory.  Since 1970, semiconductor memory has been through 13 generations: 1K, 4K, 16K, 64K, 256K, General Structure of the IAS Computer 1M,4M, 16M, 64M, 256M, 1G, 4G, and, as of this A main memory, which stores both data and writing, 16 G bits on a single chip (1K = 210, 1M instructions. = 220,1G = 230).  Microprocessors - just as the density of elements An arithmetic-logical unit (ALU) capable of operating on on memory chips has continued to rise, so has binary data. the density of elements on processor chips. A control unit, which interprets the instructions in  A breakthrough was achieved in 1971, when memory and causes them to be executed. Intel developed its 4004.  The 4004 was the first chip to contain all of the Input and output (I/O) equipment operated by the components of a CPU on a single chip: The control unit. microprocessor was born.  The 4004 can add two 4-bit numbers and can multiply only by repeated addition. Computer Architecture is the design of computers, including their instruction sets, hardware components and system organization. Architecture Instruction Set Hardware System Architecture (ISA) Architecture (HSA) Classification of Computer Architecture Von Neumann Model - Von Neumann Architecture - also known as the Princeton architecture. It is the design upon which many general-purpose computers are based. - Non-Von Neumann Architecture – used two different memory units and those pioneered parallelism. The Harvard Architecture and Modified Harvard Architecture. Flynn’s Taxonomy - SISD (Single Instruction stream, Single Data stream) - SIMD (Single Instruction stream, Multiple Data steam) - MISD (Multiple Instruction stream, Single Data stream) - MIMD (Multiple Instruction stream, Multiple Data stream)