ACCO 210 - Week 3 - Evolution of Computers PDF

Week 3 Evolution of Computers Prepared by: ACCO 210 Faculty POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  At the end of the lesson, the student will be able to: ▪ Summarize the evolution of computers; ▪ Co...

Week 3 Evolution of Computers Prepared by: ACCO 210 Faculty POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  At the end of the lesson, the student will be able to: ▪ Summarize the evolution of computers; ▪ Compare and contrast the different types of computers; and ▪ Explain the different applications of computers. POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS Introduction POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Introduction The development of computers encompasses centuries, transforming our way of life from simple living using manual calculations to mechanical calculations to automation to advance technology and innovation. Today, powerful devices are used by everyone, from homes to organizations to governments and more. POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS Basic Computing Periods POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Basic Computing Periods Earliest Computers originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job title was computers. ▪ These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a mathematical expression. ▪ The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive, requiring years of training in mathematics. POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Basic Computing Periods (continuation) ▪ The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century. POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Tally Sticks A tally stick was a primitive form of device that was used record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tally_stick POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Abacus The abacus is a manual calculating tool used for arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It was invented by Ancient Mesopotamians of Sumerian, where it consists of many rows of beads that represent numerical values. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Napier’s Bones A Napier’s Bones is a manual operated device used for multiplication and division only, It was invented by John Napier, a Scottish mathematician, astronomer, and physicist in the year of 1617. It set of rectangular rods, typically made of bone or wood. https://www.javatpoint.com/history-of-computer POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Slide Rule A slide rule, also known as a slipstick is a handheld device that is primarily used for multiplication, division, and logarithms. It was invented by William Oughtred in 1622. https://www.britannica.com/science/slide-rule POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS Evolution of Computers POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Alan Turing Alan Turing was considered the “Father of Computer Science." He is a British mathematician, logician, computer scientist, cryptanalyst, philosopher, and theoretical biologist who formulated the concept of the algorithm and computations with the Turing machine (1936) and provided the https://www.britannica.com/ blueprint for the digital computer. POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Mechanical Computers (continuation) ▪ 1642: Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher, invents the first mechanical digital calculator using gears, called the Pascaline. Although this machine could perform addition and subtraction on whole numbers, it was too expensive and only Pascal himself could repair it. https://www.britannica.com/technology/Pascaline POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Mechanical Computers (continuation) ▪ 1804: Joseph Marie Jacquard used punch cards to automate a weaving loom. ▪ 1820s: Charles P. Babbage, the “Father of Moden Computer", designed the difference engine that can perform simple calculations. https://www.javatpoint.com/history-of-computer POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Mechanical Computers (continuation) ▪ 1830s: Charles P. Babbage, invented a the first mechanical computer called analytical engine, with four components: the mill(processing), the store(memory), the reader(input), and the printer(output). https://www.javatpoint.com/history-of-computer POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Mechanical Computers (continuation) ▪ 1840s: Augusta Ada Byron is the "The first programmer" suggested that a binary system should be used for storage rather than a decimal system. https://www.computerhistory.org/ POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  First Generation: Vacuum Tubes ▪ 1906: The vacuum tube is invented by American physicist Lee De Forest. https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/v/vacuumtu.htm POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  First Generation: Vacuum Tubes (continuation) ▪ 1942: The Atanasoff Berry Computer (ABC) was built at Iowa State College by Professor John Atanasoff and his graduate student Clifford Berry. https://www.britannica.com POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  First Generation: Vacuum Tubes (continuation) ▪ 1944: Howard Aiken, in collaboration with engineers from IBM, constructed a large automatic digital sequence-controlled computer called the Harvard Mark I. www.britannica.com POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  First Generation: Vacuum Tubes (continuation) ▪ 1945: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was developed by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert Jr. at the University of Pennsylvania. It was the first general- purpose electronic digital computer. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  First Generation: Vacuum Tubes (continuation) ▪ 1947: Transistor was invented at Bell lab by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  First Generation: Vacuum Tubes (continuation) ▪ 1949: Maurice V. Wilkes and his team at University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory built the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer), the first stored-program computer. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDSAC POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  First Generation: Vacuum Tubes (continuation) ▪ 1949: EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), the second stored- program computer was built by John Mauchly, and Presper Eckert for US Army Ballistics Research Laboratory. https://www.britannica.com/technology/EDVAC POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Second Generation: Transistors ▪ 1951: UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) it was the first commercially produced computer and used magnetic tape for data storage. https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/early-computer-companies/5/100 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Second Generation: Transistors (continuation) ▪ 1953: COmmon, Business- Oriented Language (COBOL) was developed by Grace Hopper. She was called as the “First Lady of Software”. https://www.womenshistory.org/ POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Second Generation: Transistors (continuation) ▪ 1954: John Backus and his team of programmers at IBM introduced the FORmula TRANslation (FORTRAN). https://www.nytimes.com/ POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Second Generation: Transistors (continuation) ▪ 1958: Jack St. Clair Kilby and Robert Noyce of Texas Instruments manufactured the first integrated circuit or chip, which is a collection of tiny little transistors. https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/integrated-circuit-IC POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Third Generation: IC ▪ 1960s: Gene Amdahl designed the IBM System / 360 series of mainframe computers, the first general-purpose digital computers to use integrated circuits. https://www.ibm.com/history/system-360 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Third Generation: IC (continuation) ▪ 1965: BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) programming language developed by Dr. Thomas Kurtz and Dr. John Kemeny. ▪ 1969: The Internet started. Originally the ARPAnet (Advanced Research Projects Agency network), began as a military computer network. POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Third Generation: IC (continuation) ▪ 1969: UNIX was developed by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and a group of other developers at Bell Labs. POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Fourth Generation: Microprocessor ▪ 1970: Dr. Ted Hoff developed the famous Intel 4004 microprocessor (G) chip. https://www.computerhistory.or g POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Fourth Generation: Microprocessor (continuation) ▪ 1971: A floppy disks were invented by a team of IBM engineers led by Alan Shugart. https://www.digital-scrapbooking-storage.com/floppy-disk.html POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Fourth Generation: Microprocessor (continuation) ▪ 1972: The first home game console was called Magnavox Odyssey, developed by Ralph Baer. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Fourth Generation: Microprocessor (continuation) ▪ 1973: Ethernet was developed by Robert Metcalfe from Xerox PARC’s, where multiple computers and other hardware can connect where it vision of an “office of the future”. https://www.computerhistory.org/ POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Fourth Generation: Microprocessor (continuation) ▪ 1975: Ed Roberts, the "father of the microcomputer" designed the first microcomputer, the Altair 8800, which was produced by Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS). The same year, two young hackers, William Gates and Paul Allen approached MITS and promised to deliver a BASIC compiler. So they did and from the sale, Microsoft was formed or born. POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Fourth Generation: Microprocessor (continuation) ▪ 1976: Cray developed the Cray-I supercomputer (G). ▪ Apple Computer, Inc was founded by Steven Jobs and Stephen Wozniak. https://www.britannica.com/ POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Fourth Generation: Microprocessor (continuation) ▪ 1977: Jobs and Wozniak designed and built the first Apple II microcomputer. https://www.si.edu/ POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Fourth Generation: Microprocessor (continuation) ▪ 1978: The era of personal computers, or PCs, started. Around the world, numerous desktop computer iterations have been created by both new and established businesses. ▪ 1981: Osborne 1 was the first portable versions of desktop. https://www.oldsilicon.com/osborne-1 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Fourth Generation: Microprocessor (continuation) ▪ 1981: The IBM PC was introduced with a 16-bit microprocessor. ▪ 1984: Apple Computer launched the Macintosh, the first successful mouse-driven computer with GUI. ▪ 1984: IBM released the first commercial implementation of 80286 called PC/AT (PC Advanced Technology). It is three times faster than original PCs and based on the Intel 286 chip. POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Fourth Generation: Microprocessor (continuation) ▪ 1989: The Intel 486 became the world's first 1,000,000 transistor microprocessor. ▪ Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is a concept proposal from Tim Berners-Lee, a British researcher from the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Fourth Generation: Microprocessor (continuation) ▪ 1990: The first search engine developed by Alan E. Hall, a student at McGill University in Montreal, Canada, was called Archie. ▪ 1991: Internet was opened https://en.wikipedia.org for commercial use. POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Fourth Generation: Microprocessor (continuation) ▪ 1993: The Pentium microprocessor developed by Intel, where it was the first dual core processor that. advances the use of graphics and music on PCs. https://www.computerhistory.org/ POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Fourth Generation: Microprocessor (continuation) ▪ 1995: Microsoft released Internet Explorer 1.0 ▪ 1996: The Google search engine was developed by Sergey Brin and Larry Page at Stanford University. ▪ The first portable computing devices that were made available to consumers were PDAs, or personal digital assistants. POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Fourth Generation: Microprocessor (continuation) ▪ 1997: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) published the first 802.11 standard for wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), which supports data rates up to 2 Mbps. POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Fifth Generation: Modern Computing ▪ Mobile Devices ▪ Cloud Computing ▪ Artificial Intelligence (AI) ▪ Internet of Things (IoT) ▪ Voice Recognition ▪ Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) ▪ Robotics and Automation POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS Types of Digital Computers POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Microcomputer A microcomputer is a general-purpose computer that is designed for individual use. It is also known as a personal computer or desktop computers. https://www.javatpoint.com/ POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Work Station A workstation is a high-performance machine and a single-user computer intended for use in scientific or technical fields. It boasts high-speed graphic adapters, a large amount of RAM, and a faster CPU. https://www.javatpoint.com/ POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Minicomputer A minicomputer, also called a mid-range computer, served as a bridge between mainframe computers and microcomputers. https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Mini+Computer POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Mainframe Computer A mainframe computer is a huge, multipurpose, scalable computer system that can handle enormous amounts of data. Large enterprises mostly use mainframe computers to support numerous users at once. https://www.techtarget.com/ POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Supercomputer Supercomputers are the fastest and largest computers, with the ability to handle trillions of operations in a few seconds. The main applications for these computers are data- and computation- intensive scientific. https://www. newsroom.ibm.com/ POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS Computer Applications POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Computer Applications ▪ Business ▪ Mathematics ▪ Engineering ▪ Science and Medicine ▪ Education ▪ Arts and Entertainment ▪ Healthcare POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  Computer Applications (continuation) ▪ Government ▪ Marketing and Tourism ▪ Publishing ▪ Communication ▪ Military ▪ Transportation ▪ Banking and Finance POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS  References: ▪ https://www.javatpoint.com/history-of-computer ▪ https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_concepts/comp uter_concepts_history_of_computers.htm ▪ https://www.livescience.com/20718-computer-history.html ▪ https://www.computerhistory.org ▪ https://www.javatpoint.com/types-of-computer POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS Thank you! POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTA ROSA CAMPUS