UNIT-1-AND-UNIT-2.pdf

UN I T 1 & 2 HISTORY & FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY PRE PA RE D BY : E NGR. A NN SISON  CONTENT INDEX HISTORY OF E LE CTRICITY INVE NTORS AND CONTRIBUTIONS FUNDAME NTALS OF E LE CTRICAL E NGINE ERING UNITS, MEASUREMENTS, AND NUMBER NOTATIONS ELE...

UN I T 1 & 2 HISTORY & FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY PRE PA RE D BY : E NGR. A NN SISON  CONTENT INDEX HISTORY OF E LE CTRICITY INVE NTORS AND CONTRIBUTIONS FUNDAME NTALS OF E LE CTRICAL E NGINE ERING UNITS, MEASUREMENTS, AND NUMBER NOTATIONS ELE CTRICAL THE ORIE S TERMINOLOGIE S AND PROPE RTIE S RE SISTORS HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY T H A L ES O F MIL ET US WIL L IAM GIL BERT O T T O VO N GUERICK E Around 600 BCE Around 1600 German Experimenter Greek Mathematician English Mathematician Built the first electric STATIC EL EC T RIC IT Y coined the term generator that produced “EL EC T RIC IT Y ” static electricity Elec tri c us means “of First to view amb er” electrolum ine scen ce  EDWAL D G EO RG E VO N BEN J A M I N F RA N K L I N S T EPHEN G RAY K L EIS T & PIET ER VAN An American inventor and British Chemist (1729) MUS S CHENBRO EK statesman In 1729, conductors and Kleist, a German Inventor; He suggeste d the existence noncondu ctor s Musschenbro ek , a Dutch of an electrical fluid In 1752, Benjamin Franklin Credited with discoverin g Physicist from University conducte d his famous kite that electricity can flow of Leyden (1746) experiment L EYDEN JAR  L UI G I G AL VANI AL ES S ANDRO VO L T A HANS C H RI S T I A N O RS T ED Italian anatomy professor In 1800's, VOL T A’S Danish physicist In 1786, he believe d the EL EC T RIC BAT T ERY In 1820, he discove r e d electricity was released An Italian physicist t he m agne tic fie ld when the frog’s leg Built the VOL T AIC PIL E Com pass affe cte d by touched the metal. cur r e nt car r ying wir e  DO MINIQUE F RA N C O I S ANDRE - MARIE AMPERE ARG O & J O S EPH H EN RY French Mathematician Fr e nch, inve nt e d t he In 1820, Ampere Current in e le ct r o m agne t Circuit Am e r ican, de m o nst r ate d an Observe d that a coil of wire acts e le ct r o m agne t i c de vice capable like a magnet when electrical of lifting over a thousand current passes through it. p o unds.  J AM ES PRES CO IT J O UL E, S A M UEL M O RS E G EO RG S IMO N O HM GUS T AV RO BERT an Amer ican invent or German Physicist and K IRCHHO F F & J AMES I n 1 8 3 1 , t he id ea o f send ing Mathematician MAXWEL L c o d ed messa g es o ver wir es In 1826, Formulated British inventor, German u si ng t he elec tr oma gnetic OHM’S L AW scientist, and Scottish t e leg ra ph a nd a c o d e o f Together with Henry, physicist e le c tr ica l imp ulses wa s demonstrated that in a long They develope d c o nceived. electric line, it was better mathematical relationships " W ha t ha t h Go d wr o ught" to have relatively high and rules concerning M ORS E ' S E LE CT RIC electrical circuit T E LE GRAP H voltage and low current.  MICHAEL F ARADAY T H O M A S EDI S O N & a n Eng lish sc i en tist CHARL ES DE CO UL O MB J O S EPH S W A N DC E LE CT RI C M OT OR a n d GE NE RAT OR a French engineer an American inventor and I n 1 8 3 1 , d e v e lo p ed a c r u d e businessman, and an English The first person to measure elec tr ic mo t o r as a r esult o f a physicist newly d isc o v ered the amount of electricity In 1879, independent l y elec tr oma gn et, b u t a p r a c tica l and magnetism generated develope d a practical mo t o r wa s n o t d e v e lo p ed u n t i l in a circuit incandescent lamp 1870 Edison Electric Light I nvent ed t h e e le c tric g e n era t or C ompany , later known as t o p o wer t he mo t o r General Electric  N I K O L A T ES L A L UCIEN G AUL ARD & G EO RG E W ES T I N G H O US E a Serbian -American J O HN DIXO N G IBBS hea d o f t he W est i ngho use inventor and electrical Elect r i c C o mp a ny In 1883, announced the In 1 8 8 5 , p ur cha sed t he p a t ent engineer first transformer r i ght s t o N i ko la Tesla 's In 1883, discovere d the Allowed alternating a lt er na t i ng cur r ent (AC ) syst em rotating magnetic field In 1 8 8 6 , t he fi r st AC p o wer current (AC) power to be st a t i o n wa s p la ced i n o p er a t io n He develop e d plans for an generated at low voltage i n Amer i ca AC induction motor In 1 8 8 8 , AC mo t o r wa s i nt r o duced  INVENTORS AND CONTRIBUTIONS  INVENTORS & CONTRIBUTIONS W I L L I A M G IL BERT CHARL ES CO UL O MB J A M ES W A T T (1544-1603) (1 7 3 6 - 1 8 0 6 ) (1 7 3 6 - 1 8 1 9 ) ENGLISH PHYSICIAN FRENCH ENGINEER AND PHYSICIST ENGLISH INVENTOR MAGNETIC SCIENCE LAW OF ELECTRONI C S STEAM ENGINE UNIT O F MAGN E T OM O TI V E UNIT OF CHARGE (COULOMB) UNIT OF POWER (WATT OR W ) FORCE (GB)  INVESTORS & CONTRIBUTIONS ANDRE M A RI E AMPERE AL ES S ANDRO VO L T A G EO RG S I M O N O H M (1775-1836) (1 7 4 5 - 1 8 2 7 ) (1 7 8 9 - 1 8 5 4 ) FRENCH MATHEMATICIAN ITALIAN PHYSICIST GERMAN MATHEMATICIAN RELA TI ONSHIP B ET W EEN ELECTRIC PILES RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELE C TRI C CURRE NT AN D UNIT O F P O TE NTIAL OR VOLTAGE AND CURRENT MAGNETIC FIELD VOLTAGE (VOLT OR V ) UNIT OF RESISTANCE OR UNIT O F ELE C TRI C CURR ENT IMPEDANCE (AMPERE OR A)  INVESTORS & CONTRIBUTIONS MI C H A EL F ARADAY J O S EPH HENRY C A RL F RI EDRI C H G A US S (1791-1867) (1 7 9 7 - 1 8 7 8 ) (1 7 7 7 - 1 8 5 5 ) ENGLISH INVENTOR AMERICAN PHYSICIST GERMAN MATHEMATICIAN ELECTROMAGN E TI C SELF-INDUCT I ON, TELEGRAPH MEASUREMENT OF THE INDUCTION, TRANSFORMER, UNIT O F IN DU C T ANC E (H ENRY EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD ELECTROMAGN E TI C OR H) UNIT OF MAGNETIC FLUX GENERATION DENSITY (GAUSS OR G) UNIT OF CAPACITAN C E (FARAD OR F)  INVENTORS & CONTRIBUTIONS WIL H EL M EDUARD WEBER J AMES PRES CO IT J O UL E J A M ES C L ERK M A XW EL L (1804-1891) (1 8 1 8 - 1 8 8 9 ) (1 8 3 1 - 1 8 7 9 ) ENGLISH INVENTOR BRITISH INVENTOR SCOTTISH PHYSICIST ELECTROMAGN E TI C TELEGRAPH ME CHANI C AL E Q UIVALEN T ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY OF UNIT O F MAGN ET I C F LUX I N SI OF HEAD LIGHT; LAW OF ELECTRODYNAMICS UNIT (W EBER OR W B) UNIT O F ENER G Y ( J OULE O R UNIT OF MAGNETIC FLUX IN CGS J) (MAXWELL OR MX)  INVENTORS & CONTRIBUTIONS ERNS T W ERN ER S IEMENS CARL WIL HEL M S IEMENS GUST AV ROB E RT KI RC H H OFF (11816-1892) (1 8 2 3 - 1 8 8 3 ) ( 1824 - 1887) GERMAN INVENTOR GERMAN INVENTOR INVEN TI ON AND INVEN TI O N AND GERMAN SCIENTIST DE VEL OP MENT O F ELE C TRI C AL DE VEL O P MENT O F ELE C TRI C AL LAW OF CIRCUIT ANALYSIS MACHINES MACHINES K IR CH OFF’ S V OL T AG E AN D UNIT OF C O NDU CT A NC E UNIT OF C O NDU CT A NC E CURRENT LAW (SIEMENS OR S) (SIEMENS OR S)  INVENTORS & CONTRIBUTIONS T HO M A S A L VA EDIS O N HEINRICH RUDO L PH HERT Z N I K O L A T ES L A (1847-1931) (1 8 5 7 - 1 8 9 4 ) (1 8 5 6 - 1 9 4 3 ) U S ENGINEER GERMAN SCIENTIST CROATIAN INVENTOR LAMP M OT OR, P HON O GR APH, NATURE OF P OL Y - PH ASE A C S YS TEM S, DC POWER SYSTE M ELECTROMAGN E TI C W AVE S INDUCTION MOTOR UNIT O F EL E C TR I C CURRE NT UNIT O F FR E QUEN C Y (HER T Z UNIT O F MAGN E TI C FLU X (EDISON) OR HZ) DENSITY (TESLA OR T) FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING  CLASSIFICATION COMMUNICA TION SY STE M 1 The design, development and maintena nc e of technology for communi catio n s , ranging from telephones to internet systems. COMPUTE R SY STE M 2 The development, testing and evaluation of software and personal computers by combining the knowledge of engineering, computer science and math analysis. CONTROL SY STE M The understa ndi ng of how automation devices 3 and the implementatio n of the process into operation can manage the process.  CLASSIFICATION POWE R SY STE M A The generation, transmis sio n , distributio n, 4 uses, maintena nc e and control of electrical power, as well as the devices connected to such systems, includi ng generators, motors and transformer s. SIGNA L PROCE SSING SY STE M 5 The analysis, design, manipulatio n and modification of neces sary devices for carrying out the processi ng of analog and digital signals. UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS E NGL ISH UNITS SI UNI TS SYST ÈME I N T ER NA TI ONA L D ' U N ITÉS ME TE R -K G-SE C (MKS) P HY S I C A L QUA NTI TI E S  NOTATIONS NUM BER N O T A T I O N S S CIENT IF I C N O T A T I O N S EN G I N EERI N G NOTATIONS PREF IX PHY S IC A L Q UA N T I T I ES ELECTRICAL THEORY E L E CTRICITY MA TTE R STRUCTURE OF A N ATOM E L E CTRON BE HA V IOR CURRE NT F L OW PRODUCTI ON  ELECTRICITY IS A FORM OF EVERY ENERGY GENERA T ED BY ______ __ , INDUCTION OR ____ ____ CHANGE, HAVING MAGNETIC , CHEMICAL AND _______ EFFECT.  IS A F ORM O F EV ER Y ENER GY GENERATED B Y F R IC T ION , INDU CTIO N OR ___ __ __ _ CHA NGE, HA V ING MA GN ETIC, CHEM ICA L A ND _______ EF F ECT. F R I C ________T I O N  IS A F O R M O F EV ER Y ENER GY GENERATED BY F R IC T ION , INDU CTIO N O R C H EMIC AL CHA NGE, HA V ING M A GNETIC, CHEM ICA L A ND _______ EF F ECT. C H E M ________I C A L  IS A F O R M O F EV ER Y ENER GY GENERATED BY F R IC T ION , INDU CTIO N O R C H EMIC AL CHA NGE, HA V ING M A GNETIC, CHEM ICA L A ND R ADIAN T EFFECT. R A D I _______ A N T ELECTRICITY A FORM OF EVERY GENERATED BY FRICTION, INDUCTION OR CHEMICAL CHANGE, HAVING MAGNETIC, CHEMICAL AND RADIANT EFFECT. MATTER ANYTHING THAT OCCUPIES SPACE AND HAS MASS WHAT IS THE ROLE OF MATTER IN ELECTRICITY? MATTER IS IMPORTANT IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING BECAUSE ELECTRON FLOW AND INTERACTION USE MATTER AS MEDIUM, SOURCE, AND END DESTINATIONS MATTER 1. PURE SUBSTA NCE - A MATTER WITH A DEFINITE COMPOSITION AND DEFINITE BOILING POINT E L E ME NT - A SUBSTANCE COMPOSED OF ONLY ONE KIND OF ATOM. THEY ARE CONSIDERED AS THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE UNIVERSE COMPOUND - A SUBSTANCE COMPOSED OF TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS CHEMICALLY COMBINED IN DEFINITE AND CONSTANT PROPORTION. 2. MI XTURE - A MATTER THAT HAS NO BOILING POINT NOR DEFINITE COMPOSITION. HOMOGE NOUS - WHOSE PART OR COMPOSITION IS DISTINGUISHABLE EVEN TO SOME EXTENT THROUGH A MICROSCOPE. NON -HOMOGE NOUS - A SUBSTANCE COMPOSED OF TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS CHEMICALLY COMBINED IN DEFINITE AND CONSTANT PROPORTION. STRUCTURE OF ATOM ACCORDING TO THE MODERN ELECTRON THEORY, THE ATOMS OF ALL ELEMENTS ARE COMPOSED OF TWO PARTS: NUCL E US - LOCATION OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS SURROUNDINGS OR ORBITA L E L E CTRONS MOST OF THE MASS OF AN ATOM RESIDES IN ITS NUCLEUS NUCLEUS HAS A DIAMETER OF ABOUT 10-5 Å OR 10-6 NM WHEREAS THE DIAMETER OF AN ENTIRE ATOM IS IN THE RANGE OF 1 TO 5 Å OR 0. 1 TO 0. 5 NM. ( Å = AN GSTROM) 1. E L E CTRONS ( 𝐸 − ) - A PARTICLE WITH A RELATIVE CHARGE OF -1 AND A VERY SMALL MASS OF 0.00055 AMU. E L E CTRIC CHA RGE ( 𝐸 − ) : - 1.602 X 10 −19 C UNIT MA SS IN KG ( 𝐸 − ) : 9.11 X 10 −31 K G 2. PROTO N ( 𝐸 + ) - A PARTICLE WITH A RELATIVE MASS OF +1 AND A VERY SMALL MASS OF 1.0073 AMU. E L E C TRI C C HA RGE (𝐸 + ) : 1.602 X 10 −19 C UNI T MA S S I N K G (𝐸 + ) : 1. 673 X 10 −27 K G 3. NE UTRO N - A NE UTRAL PARTICL E AND UNCHARGED WI TH A MA SS OF 1. 0087 A MU E L E C TRI C C HA RGE (NE UTRO N): NO NE UNI T MA S S I N K G : 1. 675 X 10 −27 K G  FREE ELECTRON S ARE ELECTRON S WH I CH ARE L OOSEL Y BO U ND T O THEI R N UCLE I AND M A Y B E DI SL ODGED BY O NE ME AN S O R ANO THER AN D TRANSFERRED FROM ONE ATOM T O ANOTHER. When a n atom has an equa l n umbe r o f el ect r on s an d pr ot o n s, cha rg es ca n c el, a nd the atom is electrically neutral or uncharged. An ato m that co ntai n s an un equa l n um be r of e le ctro ns an d pr oto ns is sa id t o be ele ctr i cally c h arge d. An ato m cont ain ing fe we r ele ctr o ns tha n pr ot on s is po siti v e ly cha r ged wh ile a n atom c ontai ni n g mo re ele ctr on s tha n p r ot o ns is negatively charged. Cha rge d atoms are ca l led i on s. A p os i tiv ely c harg ed at om is cal le d a po sit i ve i on and a negatively charged atom is called a negative ion.  CH AR G ED PA RTI CLES W IT H LI KE CHA R GE S R EPEL ONE ANOTHER AN D CHARGED PARTICLES WITH UNLIKE CHARGES ATTRACT ONE ANOTHER. Alth o ug h the li ke char ges o f pr oto ns tend t o ca us e p r ot o n s t o rep el ea ch othe r , the gra v itatio n al attracti on f r om t hei r re lati ve ly la r ge masses o ve r come s this eff e ct. Elect ro ns wh i rl in a high - v el o ci ty orb it aro un d an atom’s nu cl e us mu ch li k e a satellite orbits the earth. An el e ctro n’s h igh rate of spe ed ca us es it t o attempt t o escape the attracti on o f the pr o ton. H ow e ve r, the stro ng attracti o n betwe en the pos iti ve ly c h arge d pr oto n and ne gati vely char ge d ele ctro n ca use s the elect ro n t o resi de in a balanced orbit around the nucleus.  WHE N I N A B A LAN CE D ORB I T, ELECTRON S MOVE IN SP H ERIC AL PAT H S CALLE D ORB I TAL SH ELL S THAT SUR RO UND TH E NUC LEUS O F A N A TOM. EACH ORBI TAL SHELL HA S A MA XI M U M CA P AC I TY O F ELECTRON S ; T HAT I S , A MAX I M U M N UMBE R O F ELECTRON S C AN RE S I DE I N A SHELL. The out erm ost or bita l she ll o f an atom is cal le d the va len ce she ll. Elect ro ns co nt aine d i n t he v alen c e she ll a r e ca ll ed va le nce ele ct r on s. T h e o uter most she ll ca n conta in no m or e tha n ha lf o f it s ca pac ity bef o re the ne x t shell beg ins t o fi ll. The num be r o f va len ce ele ctro ns determ i nes t he el e ctr i cal properties of a material.  BEHAVIOR OF ELECTRONS IN CL A SSI C AL THEORY, ELEC TRI CAL C URRE NT I S E LECTRON FLO W. ELECTRON S I N AN OR BIT AL SHELL NEAR T HE N U CLE U S HA VE A STRO N G AT TRACT I ON T O THE PROTO N S IN THE N U CLE U S AN D T H US A RE DI F F IC ULT TO FR EE. ELECTRON S IN OUTER ORBITAL SHE LL S EXPER IEN CE A WEA KE R ATTRACT ION AND ARE M ORE EA SIL Y FREED. ENERG Y CA N BE A DDED T O AN ELECTRON T O MOV E IT T O THE NEXT HI G HER ORBIT A L SHEL L. I F S U FF I C IE NT AD DIT ION AL ENERG Y I S ADDE D, A VALE N CE ELECTRON CA N B E FORC ED OU T O F THE ATOM. S U C H A N E L E C T RO N I S SAID T O BE FREE. THESE FREE ELECTRONS MAKE UP E L E C T RIC A L CURRENT FLOW.  In m oder n theory , ele ctr i cit y is tied t o ev en small er subat o m ic pa r tic les that pos ses s eithe r a po siti v e o r neg ativ e el ectr oma gneti c c harg e. Not al l subat o mic pa rtic le s ha ve a cha rge. It is on ly t he subat omi c c harg ed part ic le s, t hos e with an ele ctromag n etic cha rge , that are asso ciated w ith ele c tri city. The ele ctr omag neti c f o r ce bet wee n two cha rge d parti cl es is gr eater th an the gra v itatio nal fo r ce bet wee n the tw o, so fl o w o f ele ctr i ci ty is th e fl o w of char ged s ub atomi c part ic le s ca use d by th ese rep ell in g a n d attracting forces.  EL ECTRICITY I S T HE FLO W O F C U RRENT THROU G H A C OND UC TOR. C UR REN T MUST BE FORCED T O FLOW IN A CONDUCTOR BY THE PRESENCE OF A CHARGE. THERE ARE SIX PRIMARY WA YS THA T C URRE NT C A N BE FORC ED TO MOV E. 1. Static electricity – is electricity from friction. 2. Thermoelectric ity – is electricity from heat. 3. Piezoelectr ic ity – is electricity from p ressure. 4. Electrochemistry – is electricity from a chemical reaction. 5. Photo electricity – is electricity from light. 6. Magnetoelectri city – is electricity from magnetism. THANK YOU FOR NOT SLEEPING :)