ELECTRICAL INTRO.pdf

AR363 BUILDING UTILITIES 2 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS Brief history on Electricity. “People wanted a cheap and safe way to light their homes.” Benjamin Franklin- 1752, tied a key to a kite string during...

AR363 BUILDING UTILITIES 2 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS Brief history on Electricity. “People wanted a cheap and safe way to light their homes.” Benjamin Franklin- 1752, tied a key to a kite string during a thunderstorm proving that static electricity and lightning were indeed the same thing. Alessandro Volta- in 1800, an Italian scientist, made a great discovery. He soaked paper in salt water, placed zinc and copper on opposite sides of the paper, and watched the chemical reaction produce an electric current. Volta had created the first electric cell. By connecting many of these cells together, Volta was able to “string a current” and create a battery. VOLTAIC PILE (FIRST BATTERY) ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS Brief history on Electricity. “People wanted a cheap and safe way to light their homes.” Michael Faraday- was the first one to realize that an electric current could be produced by passing a magnet through a copper wire. Almost all the electricity we use today is made with magnets and coils of copper wire in giant power plants. Both the electric generator and electric motor are based on this principle. A generator converts motion energy into electricity. A motor converts electrical energy into motion energy ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS Brief history on Electricity. “People wanted a cheap and safe way to light their homes.” In 1879, Thomas Edison focused on inventing a practical light bulb, one that would last a long time before burning out. Edison wanted a way to make electricity both practical and inexpensive. He designed and built the first electric power plant that was able to produce electricity and carry it to people’s homes. Edison’s Pearl Street Power Station started up its generator on September 4, 1882, in New York City. About 85 customers in lower Manhattan received enough power to light 5,000 lamps. His customers paid a lot for their electricity, though. In today’s dollars, the electricity cost $5.00 per kilowatt-hour! Today, electricity costs about 13 cents per kilowatt-hour for residential customers, about 10.7 cents for commercial, and about 6.8 cents per kilowatt-hour for industry. ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS Brief history on Electricity. “People wanted a cheap and safe way to light their homes.” The turning point of the electric age came a few years later with the development of AC (alternating current) power systems. Croatianborn scientist, Nikola Tesla came to the United States to work with Thomas Edison. After a falling out, Tesla discovered the rotating magnetic field and created the alternating current electrical system that is used very TESLA-WESTINGHOUSE NIAGRA widely today. Tesla teamed up with engineer and business man George FALLS POWER PLANT Westinghouse to patent the AC system and provide the nation with power that could travel long distances – a direct competition with Thomas Edison’s DC system. Tesla later went on to form the Tesla Electric Company, invent the Tesla Coil, which is still used in science labs and in radio technology today, and design the system used to generate electricity at Niagara Falls. Now using AC, power plants could transport electricity much farther than before. While Edison’s DC (direct current) plant could only transport electricity within one square mile of his Pearl Street Power Station, the Niagara Falls plant was able to transport electricity over 200 miles! TESLA COIL ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS What is Electricity? Electricity is a secondary energy source. The electricity that we use is a secondary energy source because it is produced by converting primary sources of energy such as: coal, natural gas, nuclear energy, solar energy, and wind energy, into electrical power. Electricity is also referred to as an energy carrier, which means it can be converted to other forms of energy such as mechanical energy or heat. Primary energy sources are renewable or nonrenewable energy, but the electricity we use is neither renewable nor nonrenewable. Electricity is the flow of electrical power or charge. Electricity is both a basic part of nature and one of the most widely used forms of energy. ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS Distribution of electricity generation in the Philippines in 2021, by source ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS What is Electricity? The Philippines derives most of its electricity generation from coal. In 2021, the fossil fuel accounted for 47.6 percent of total electricity generation in the country. Natural gas made up another 10.7 percent. That year, approximately 76 percent of the country's electricity production was sourced from fossil fuels. Fossil energy sources, including oil, coal and natural gas, are non-renewable resources that formed when prehistoric plants and animals died and were gradually buried by layers of rock. ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS Coal-fired plants produce electricity by burning coal in a boiler to produce steam. The steam produced, under tremendous pressure, flows into a turbine, which spins a generator to create electricity. The steam is then cooled, condensed back into water and returned to the boiler to start the process over. COAL FIRED POWERPLANT DIAGRAM ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS Natural gas is burned in the combustion turbines to produce mechanical power that is converted to electric power by the generators. COMBUSTION TURBINE DIAGRAM (NATURAL GAS) ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS At the plant level, water flows through a pipe—also known as a penstock—and then spins the blades in a turbine, which, in turn, spins a generator that ultimately produces electricity. HYDROELECTRIC PLANT ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS Wind turbines use blades to collect the wind's kinetic energy. Wind flows over the blades creating lift (similar to the effect on airplane wings), which causes the blades to turn. The blades are connected to a drive shaft that turns an electric generator, which produces (generates) electricity. WIND TURBINE DIAGRAM  STATIC VS CURRENT/ DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY https://ei.lehigh.edu/learners/energy/electricity/electricity6.html  STATIC VS CURRENT/ DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY https://ei.lehigh.edu/learners/energy/electricity/electricity6.html  ALTERNATING AND DIRECT CURRENT Current reverses in equal intervals of time https://ei.lehigh.edu/learners/energy/electricity/electricity6.html ADVANTAGE OF ALTERNATING CURRENT Edison developed direct current -- current that runs continually in a single direction, like in a battery or a fuel cell. During the early years of electricity, direct current (shorthanded as DC) was the standard in the U.S. But there was one problem. Direct current is not easily converted to higher or lower voltages. Tesla believed that alternating current (or AC) was the solution to this problem. Alternating current reverses direction a certain number of times per second -- 60 in the U.S. -- and can be converted to different voltages relatively easily using a transformer. Alternating current (AC) is the type of electric current generated by the vast majority of power plants and used by most power distribution systems. Alternating current is cheaper to generate and has fewer energy losses than direct current when transmitting electricity over long distances. https://www.energy.gov/articles/war-currents-ac-vs-dc-power#:~:text=During%20the%20early%20years%20of,the%20solution%20to%20this%20problem. GENERATION: After the power plant TRANSMISSION: The transmission DISTRIBUTION: The local distribution generates the electricity, it is sent system consists of large, high-voltage system consists of substations and through a transformer. Transformers power lines. The lines are ever- smaller, lower-voltage distribution are critical to electrical transmission present around the country, often lines. The transformer at the because they can change the voltage near roadways. Sometimes, they substation “steps down” the voltage of the electrical current, making it travel underground or under the sea. to a lower voltage. more efficient, economical and practical to transmit. https://ei.lehigh.edu/learners/energy/electricity/electricity6.html  ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Power Distribution System The Philippine power grid is divided into transmission, sub-transmission, and distribution sectors. The grid frequency is at 60 Hz, the same as with North America, Taiwan and west Japan, but different from most of Southeast Asia which uses 50 Hz. A 60hz generator is around 20% faster than a 50hz generator, both in the induction motor speed and the rate of output. A 50Hz generator spins at 1,500- 3,000 RPM, whereas a 60Hz spins at around 1,800-3,600Hz. The sub-transmission networks operate with voltages of 69 kV and 115 kV. Lines are operated by NGCP, as well as distribution utilities. The distribution networks generally operate at 7.62/13.2 kV, 8/13.8 kV or 20/34.5 kV, which is then downstepped to 230 V or 254/440 V for consumption. These are operated by electric cooperatives, investor utilities and municipal power companies. https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Power_networks/Philippines#:~:text=There%20are%20three%20separate%20wide,power%20lines%20for%20 bulk%20transmission.  STANDARD VOLTAGE VOLTAGE NETWORK Comments Appearance CODE Very tall lattice towers and steel poles (with Extra-high-voltage line voltage in Luzon and the highest the latter are rarely used) ranging from a 500 kV 9 operating voltage of the Philippine power grid since 1994 height of 45–60 meters (148–197 ft). Lines use quadruple-bundle conductors. Delta towers on overhead lines, and Used on the HVDC-Leyte Luzon and Visayas-Mindanao underground and underwater cables on 350 kV 0 Transmission transmission lines and submarine cable. portions where they are located under the ground and water. Used on most transmission lines in Luzon, and as bulk 230 kV 8 Small to large double-circuit towers or poles, transmission in Visayas and Mindanao. or single delta towers. Lines that run roadside or along railroads use steel poles. 138 kV 7 Used on the Visayas and Mindanao grids. Structures usually Template:15-45) high. Medium to tall poles, and H-frame towers. Lines in Ilocos primarily use conventional 115 kV 6 towers. Meralco primarily uses double- bundle conductor for upgrades and new lines. Few lines branching Transmission/ Subtransmission Medium to tall poles, and H-frame towers. Lines may branch off to supply a large industrial customer or a distribution 69 kV 5 Used for sub-transmission in the majority of the country. substation. Typical height and size of structures from 15–21 meters (49–69 ft) tall. https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Power_networks/Philippines#:~:text=There%20are%20three%20separate%20wide,power%20lines%20for%20 bulk%20transmission.  STANDARD VOLTAGE VOLTAGE NETWORK Comments Appearance CODE Medium-size poles, usually placed roadside. Multiple wires and circuits may not be obvious Mostly used for distribution by Meralco in most of its from imagery. Networks form large webs of coverage area. Other distributors operating lines with this lines with many branches that may carry one 20/34.5 kV 4 Distribution voltage are CEPALCO (in Cagayan de Oro), and LIMA or two wires. Step-down transformers Enerzone (at LIMA Technology Center in Lipa and Malvar, normally mounted on poles. Structures Batangaso) typically from 12–18 meters (39–59 ft), with taller poles used in major river crossings and smaller poles in narrow streets 127/220, 400, and NONE 254/440 V NONE Distribution 230 V Single NONE Phase https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Power_networks/Philippines#:~:text=There%20are%20three%20separate%20wide,power%20lines%20for%20 bulk%20transmission.  500 kV, Code: 9 350 kV, Code: 0 138 to 230 kV, Code: 7 or 8 115 kV, Code: 6 69 kV, Code:5 115 kV, Code: 6  Please Read https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy