BS Public Health - Basic Statistics - Unit 1 PDF

The islamia university of bahahawalpur Department of public health BS Public health COURSE TITLE:  Course Name:basic statistics  Course Code:  Semester: 2nd  Teacher Name: Dr. Maliha Naeem  Unit 1 Definitions,data and variables  Definitio...

The islamia university of bahahawalpur Department of public health BS Public health COURSE TITLE:  Course Name:basic statistics  Course Code:  Semester: 2nd  Teacher Name: Dr. Maliha Naeem  Unit 1 Definitions,data and variables  Definition Statistics is a group of methods that are used to collect, organize, present, analyze, and interpret data to make decisions. Collection refers to the gathering of information or data. Organization or presentation involves summarizing data or information in textual, graphical, or tabular forms. Analysis involves describing the data by using statistical methods and procedures. Interpretation refers to the process of making conclusions based on the analyzed data  Types Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics Descriptive Statistics - is a statistical procedure concerned with describing the characteristics and properties of a group of persons, places, or things. - Involves gathering, organizing, presenting, and describing data. For example, we may describe a collection of persons by stating how many are poor and how many are rich, how many are literate and how many are illiterate, how many fall into various categories of age, height, and many more. 1. How many students are interested to take Statistics online? 2. What are the characteristics of the most likable teacher according to students? 3. what proportion of student like mathematics?  Inferential Statistics it is a statistical procedure that is used to draw inferences or information about the properties or characteristics by a large group of people, places, or things on the basis of the information obtained from a small portion of a large group. also called inductive reasoning or inductive statistics. Example: Suppose we want to know the most favorite brand of toothpaste of a certain city and we do not have enough time and money to interview all the residents of that area, we may just ask selected residents. With the data obtained from the interviews, we shall draw or make conclusion as to the area s favorite brand of toothpaste. 1. Is there a significant difference in the academic performance of male and female students in Statistics? 2. Is there a significant difference between the proportions of students who prefer Coke than Pepsi? 3. Is there a significant relationship between amount of time studied and grades received?  Population vs Sample A population consists of all elements – individuals, items, or objects – whose characteristics are being studied. The population being studied is called the target population. A portion of the population selected for study is referred to as a sample.  Population – total number of IUB students during Y 2010-2011: 877 students Sample –PH students of IUBduring Y 2010-2011: 228 students Give your own examples!  BASIC TERMS Elements or Members of a sample or population is a specific subject or object(for example, a person, firm, item, state or country) Example: YOU as a member of the IUB population. Variable is a characteristic or property of a population or sample which makes the members different from each other. Example: gender is a variable  Constant is a property or characteristic of a population or sample, which makes the members of the group similar to each other. Example: if a class is composed of all boys, gender is constant. Data (singular form is datum)are numbers or measurements that are collected as a result from observation, interview, questionnaire, experimentation, test and so forth  Sources of data Census Official records Surveys Immigration Emigration Birth and death record  Types of DATA Qualitative data are data in which can assume values in categories. These are sometimes called categorical data. Example: gender, nationality Quantitative data are data which are numerical in nature. These are data obtained from counting or measuring. Example: Height, test scores  Assignment Primary and secondary data assignment  Variable Discrete Variables Continuous Variables Dependent Variables Independent Variables Discrete Variables – is one that can assume a finite number of values. In other words, it can assume specific values only. The values of a discrete variable are obtained through the process of counting. Example: the number of chairs in a room Continuous Variables – A variable that can assume any numerical value over a certain interval or interval. The values of a continuous variable are obtained through measuring. Example: The height.bp,pulse rate Dependent Variable is a variable which is affected or influenced by another variable. Independent Variable is one which affects or influences the dependent variable. Example: In a research problem entitled, “The Effect of Technology- based Instruction on the Students’ Mathematics Achievement”. The independent variable here is the technology- based instruction, while the dependent variable is the academic achievement of students.