Basic Statistics Quiz - 2nd Semester

Course Information

• Course Name: Basic Statistics
• Course Code: (missing from provided text)
• Semester: 2nd
• Teacher Name: Dr. Maliha Naeem
• University: Islamia University of Bahawalpur
• Department: Department of Public Health
• Program: BS Public Health

Statistics Fundamentals

• Definition and Importance: Statistics is a group of methods used to collect, organize, present, analyze, and interpret data to make decisions.
• Collection: The gathering of information or data.
• Organization/Presentation: Summarizing data in various formats (textual, graphical, tabular).
• Analysis: Describing data using statistical methods.
• Interpretation: Deriving conclusions based on analyzed data.
• Types of Data:
  • Qualitative (categorical): Data that can assume values in categories (e.g., gender, nationality).
  • Quantitative (numerical): Data that is numerical in nature, obtained from counting or measuring (e.g., height, test scores).
    • Quantitative data types:
      • Discrete: Can only take specific values (e.g., number of chairs in a room).
      • Continuous: Can take any value within a range (e.g., height, blood pressure).
• Central Tendency: Measures the center of a data set.
  • Arithmetic mean
  • Geometric mean
  • Harmonic mean
  • Median
  • Quartiles
  • Mode (in grouped and ungrouped data)
• Dispersion: Measures the spread of data.
  • Range
  • Quartile deviation
  • Mean deviation
  • Standard deviation
  • Variance
  • Coefficient of variation
• Data Representation:
  • Frequency distributions
  • Stem-and-Leaf diagrams
  • Histograms
  • Frequency polygons
  • Frequency curves
• Other Concepts:
  • Skewness
  • Kurtosis

Variables

• Discrete Variable: A variable that can take only a finite number of values, usually obtained by counting (e.g., number of students in a class)
• Continuous Variable: A variable that can take any value within a given interval (e.g., height, weight).
• Independent Variable: A variable that is changed or manipulated to observe its effect on a dependent variable.
• Dependent Variable: A variable that is affected or influenced by the independent variable.

Unit 1: Definitions, Data, and Variables

• This unit likely focuses on the fundamental concepts of statistics

Inferential Statistics

• Procedures used to draw inferences or conclusions about a population from a sample.
• Based on inductive reasoning or inductive statistics

Types of Statistics

• Descriptive Statistics: Statistical procedures used to describe characteristics and properties of a group of persons, places, or things (e.g., calculating the average of test scores).
• Inferential Statistics: Used to draw inferences about a population based on a sample.

Population vs. Sample

• Population: All individuals, items, or objects of interest.
• Sample: A portion of the population selected for study.

Data Sources

• Census records
• Official records
• Surveys
• Immigration/Emigration records
• Birth/Death records

Example Research Questions

• Student interest in online statistics courses.
• Student preferences for teachers.
• Student interest in mathematics.
• Academic performance differences between genders.
• Proportions of Coke and Pepsi preferences.
• Relationship between study time and grades.

Textbook Recommendations

• Introduction to Statistical Theory Part-I by Sher Muhammad and Dr. Shahid Kamal (Latest Edition).