UCSP 12 2nd Prelim Study Guide PDF

Socialization & Enculturation Becoming a Member of Society Socialization It is a process in which society molds the individual to conform to established social norms and rules. People learn the rules and practices needed to participate successfully in thei...

Socialization & Enculturation Becoming a Member of Society Socialization It is a process in which society molds the individual to conform to established social norms and rules. People learn the rules and practices needed to participate successfully in their culture and society. Its process is very essential in man’s daily life because it teaches man how to behave and act within society. Key parts of Socialization CONTEXT CONTENT PROCESS RESULT CONTEXT It refers to the environment and circumstances in which socialization occurs. This includes cultural norms, language, social structures, and the roles and ranks people hold within a society.  CONTENT It encompasses the specific information, values, and skills that are imparted during socialization. It includes the lessons and knowledge shared by parents, teachers, peers, and other influential figures.  PROCESS It refers to the methods and interactions through which socialization occurs. This includes the duration of socialization, the people involved, and the techniques used to impart knowledge and skills.  RESULT It denotes the outcomes of socialization, including the behaviors, attitudes, and skills individuals develop as a consequence of being socialized.  Agents of Socialization FAMILY SCHOOLS MASS MEDIA PEER GROUP RELIGION  FAMILY It is the first and most significant agent of socialization. It is where individuals first learn essential life skills and values. Through family interactions, children learn responsibilities, social norms, and basic survival skills.  SCHOOLS Schools are crucial for acquiring knowledge and skills, fostering holistic development, and instilling moral values. They play a key role in shaping responsible individuals.  MASS MEDIA It means technology that is intended to reach a mass audience. Mass media is a powerful agent of socialization that significantly influences attitudes and behaviors. It impacts not only youth but society as a whole, shaping perceptions and communication.  PEER GROUP Peer groups become influential during teenage years, shaping values, beliefs, and social interactions. These groups can greatly impact mental and emotional development.  RELIGION Religious socialization influences beliefs and values, often following family socialization. Parental religious involvement is crucial to guide children’s spiritual development. Enculturation It refers specifically to the process by which individuals learn the culture they are born into. It occurs when cultural knowledge is passed on to the next bearer who will perpetuate and ensure the continuation of culture. Both socialization and enculturation result to IDENTITY FORMATION NORMS & VALUES STATUSES & ROLES IDENTITY FORMATION An individual’s identity is formed through his interactions with others. One’s socialization with individuals or groups allows him or her to imbibe certain characteristics and interests that contribute to his or her identity.  NORMS & VALUES They create predictability in daily affairs and interactions, making it easier to live with other members of society. They are fundamental to the establishment of social order in any societies. These include society’s standards of morality, good manners, legality, and integrity.  NORMS & VALUES FOLKWAYS Customary patterns that specify socially correct and proper behavior in everyday life. They are repetitive habits and expected behaviors within a group, defining what is morally right and wrong. MORES Standards of conduct with ethical and moral significance. LAW Regulations that control people’s behavior and conduct.  NORMS & VALUES According to Schaefer (2012), cultural values are shared ideas about what is good and desirable or bad and undesirable. These values guide people's choices and behaviors, ensuring their survival and well-being. In society, everyone is expected to follow these favorable norms and values. STATUSES & ROLES Status is any position that an individual can occupy in society. It is not a ranked position, but simply a label that implies certain roles that must be performed (Newman, 2012). For example, one can be a student, singer, or a computer genius. Though some statuses are generally recognized as prestigious, prestige like beauty is certainly relative or depends in the eye of the beholder (Santarita and Madrid, 2016).  STATUSES & ROLES Role, on the other hand, involves the pattern of expected behavior in a social relationship with one or more persons occupying other statuses. (Panopio, 1994). It is what the individual is expected to do, given his status. This involves inclusive citizenship, in which the citizens are given a strong feeling that they are a part of the overall society. By making the citizens feel that the government values their viewpoints, the people are then motivated to participate in the elections, civic participation, and military service. KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD Cultural, Social, and Political Institutions KINSHIP VS DESCENT  KINSHIP (kaugnayan ng magkamag-anak) It is a social institution that refers to relations formed between members of the society.  DESCENT (pinagmulan ng angkan) refers to the origin or background of a person in terms of family or nationality. It is a biological relationship. PRINCIPLES OF DESCENT  UNILINEAL DESCENT It is usually traced through a single line of ancestors either from the patrilineal or matrilineal descent but not both. PATRILINEAL DESCENT affiliates a person with a group of relatives through his or her father. MATRILINEAL DESCENT affiliates a person with a group of relatives through his or her mother.  BILATERAL DESCENT Affiliates a person with a group of relatives through either his or her parents. Kinship is traced through both ancestral lines of the mother and the father. TYPES OF KINSHIP  CONSANGUINEAL KINSHIP Kinship based on blood (kadugo) is considered as the most basic and general form of relations. The relationship is achieved by birth or blood affinity. It is commonly called as relatives by blood. Examples are the relationship or connection between parents and their children, between siblings, between nephews/nieces and aunts/uncles.  AFFINAL KINSHIP Kinship based on marriage refers to the type of relations developed when a marriage occurs. The husband forms new relations with his wife and her family likewise the wife forms new relations with his husband and his family.  KINSHIP BY RITUAL Compadrazgo, literally translated as "godparent" (ninong and ninang). This can be done through the performance of Catholic rituals like baptism, confirmation, and marriage. This "compadrazgo" becomes the spiritual parents of the child or as co-parents. The godson or goddaughter is called inaanak. MARRIAGES ACROSS CULTURE  ENDOGAMY compulsory marriage, it refers to marriage within their own clan or ethnic group. EXOGAMY out-marriage, it refers to marriage outside their own clan or ethnic group.  MONOGAMY It refers to a marriage where an individual has only one spouse at a time. POLYGAMY It refers to a marriage of having more than one spouse at a time. It can be polygyny, the marriage of one man having multiple female partners at the same time; or polyandry is the marriage of one woman having multiple male partners at the same time.  TYPES OF ARRANGED MARRIAGE  ARRANGED MARRIAGE CHILD MARRIAGE EXCHANGE MARRIAGE The parents of a small This form of marriage child arrange a future involves a reciprocal marriage with another exchange of spouses child's parents. The between two nations, children are betrothed to groups, or tribes. each other.  ARRANGED MARRIAGE DIPLOMATIC MODERN-ARRANGED MARRIAGE MARRIAGE These are arranged to Parents select potential mates for their child, sometimes with the child's strengthen alliances between input (e.g., choosing from photos). royal families. Historically, Parents then arrange a meeting with European monarchs were the prospective mate's family. The often related by blood due to children may have a short, unsupervised meeting, like an hour- these political unions, which long walk, to decide if they wish to aimed to forge strong political marry. Parental pressure can influence and diplomatic ties. the child's choice to varying degrees.  POST-MARITAL RESIDENCY RULES  POST-MARITAL RESIDENCY RULES PATRILOCAL MATRILOCAL RESIDENCE RESIDENCE It occurs when the It occurs when the married couple stays married couple stays with or near the with or near the wife's husband's kin or kin or relatives relatives.  POST-MARITAL RESIDENCY RULES BIOLOGICAL NEOLOCAL RESIDENCE RESIDENCE It happens when the It is when the couple couple stays with the stays or build a home husband's kin or the independently from wife's kin alternately. the husband or wife's kin. POST-MARITAL RESIDENCY RULES AVUNCULOCAL RESIDENCE It occurs when the couple resides with or near the maternal uncle of the groom. FAMILY AND THE HOUSEHOLD  FAMILY It is considered to be the basic unit of social organization. It is made up of a group of individuals who are linked together by marriage, blood relations, or adoption.  FAMILY AND THE HOUSEHOLD NUCLEAR FAMILY EXTENDED FAMILY It is a type of family It includes two or more nuclear families, often that is made up of a comprising three or more married couple generations. It can include (parents) and their great-grandparents, biological or adopted grandparents, parents, children, and other relatives. children.  FAMILY AND THE HOUSEHOLD CONDITIONALLY BLENDED FAMILY SEPARATED FAMILY It is consists of parents with It is a type of family where children from previous relationships who all live a member is separated together in one household. from the rest of the family This is also called a step due to employment, family, reconstituted family, military service, sickness, or a complex family. etc. Family and the household Transnational family It is a type of a family who lives in more than one country. They may spend part of each year from one country to the other. This is caused due to employment or military service of parents. KINSHIP OF POLITICS POLITICAL DYNASTIES It refers to family members who are involved in politics for several generations. Most politicians elected in public offices and government positions are relatives. POLITICAL ALLIANCES Political parties tend to align or agree to cooperate to each other for common political agenda; to ensure victory in the elections or guarantee the passage of legislation. It consists of two or more people who identify with and interact with one another  It is a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships. Family, childhood friends, best friends  It is a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity. Project group, research group, working committee  It is a social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluation and decisions. Clubs, dance groups, sports team, etc.  It is a social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty. church groups, interest clubs, neighbors, schoolmates, fraternity, sorority  It is a social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition. sports team opponent, fans of the rival team, cliques at school, rival gangs  It is a group containing people who come into occasional contact but who lack a sense of boundaries and belonging. It refers to the set of linkages, ties, and interconnections among or between the members of the different social groups. This can be created formally or informally.