UCSP Reviewer Week 1 PDF

UCSP REVIEWER : WEEK 1. ANTHROPOLOGY - Derived from two Greek words “anthropos” which means “man” and “logos” which means “study or inquiry”. - It is the systematic study of the biological, cultural, and social aspects of man - It is significant because it integrat...

UCSP REVIEWER : WEEK 1. ANTHROPOLOGY - Derived from two Greek words “anthropos” which means “man” and “logos” which means “study or inquiry”. - It is the systematic study of the biological, cultural, and social aspects of man - It is significant because it integrates elements from the biological sciences and humanities to fully comprehend the complex human species, including their past practices and social patterns, across diverse cultures. BRANCHES OF ANTHROPOLOGY: 1. CULTURAL - Studies cultural variation across different societies and examines the need to understand each culture in its own context. 2. SOCIAL - Studies how social patterns and practices and cultural variations develop different societies. 3. LINGUISTIC - Studies language and discourse and how they reflect and shape different aspects of human society and culture. 4. BIOLOGICAL OR PHYSICAL - Studies the origins of humans as well as the interplay between social factors and the processes of human evolution, adaptation, and variation overtime. 5. ARCHEOLOGY - Deals with prehistoric societies by studying their tools and environment. ANTHROPOLOGIES. 1. FRANZ BOAS - considered as the “Father of American Anthropology” - HISTORICAL PARTICULARISM – Each society is considered as having a unique form of culture that cannot be subsumed under an overall definition of general culture. 2. ALFRED KROEBER - one of the first founders of modern American anthropology, and as a major contributor to culture theory via such constructs as the “superorganic” - Kroeber was concerned with culture as a universal human characteristic and believed that a complete understanding of culture must contain explanations not only of specific cultures but also of cultural elements and patternings that transcend specific cultures. 3. BRONISŁAW MALINOWSKI - Most Influential Ethnographer. - PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION – A method of Social Science research that requires the anthropologists to have the ability to participate and blend with the way of life of a given group of people. 4. ALFRED RADCLIFFE - BROWN - STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALIST PARADIGM – According to this view, the basic unit of analysis for anthropology and Social Sciences are the social structures and the functions they perform to maintain the equilibrium of society. - STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM – Individuals as mere products of social structures. 5. CLIFFORD GEERTZ - Symbols guide action. - CULTURE is “a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms by means of which men communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes toward life.” The function of culture is to impose meaning on the world and make it understandable.  6. MARGARET MEAD - One of the earliest American anthropologists to apply techniques and theories from modern psychology to understanding culture. - She believed that cultures emphasize certain aspects of human potential at the expense of others. SOCIOLOGY. Anthony Giddens refers to Sociology as “The study of human social life, groups, and society.” An academic discipline that attempts to provide a deeper assessment of individual and group behavior, as well as social phenomena, by examining the interplay between economic, political, and social factors. Deal with the scientific study of human interactions, social groups, and institutions. SOCIOLOGISTS. 1. AUGUST COMTE - A French Philosopher and Mathematician. - Known as the “Founding Father of Sociology”. - Suggested that there were three stages in the development of societies: (1) THEOLOGICAL STAGE (2) METAPHYSICAL STAGE (3) POSITIVE STAGE - Comte’s sociology has always been associated with POSITIVISM – the ideology that says science and its method is the only valid way of knowing things. 2. HARRIET MARTINEAU - Considered as the “MOTHER OF SOCIOLOGY”. - She traveled a lot, and wrote her travelogues. In her accounts expressed in HOW TO OBSERVE MORALS AND MANNERS – the deep sociological insights that we now call as ethnographic narratives are fully expressed. - Inequalities - Opposing Domination - less powerful individual, idea of liberty-authority, self-directing moral agents. 3. KARL MARX - Considered as the “FATHER OF SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM”. - Known for his “SOCIAL STRATIFICATION”: COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION ARE: (1) SOCIAL CLASS (2) STATUS (3) ROLE - Historical Materialism - Introduced the materialist analysis of history which discounts religious and metaphysical (spiritual) explanation for historical development. - He belonged to the realist tradition of social sciences, the power of scientific reason to know the nature of society and human beings. 4. EMILE DURKHEIM - Known and pioneer for his “FUNCTIONALISM” in Sociology. (Social facts & Institutions) - Argued that society possesses a reality “SUI GENERIS” means “It’s own kind or a class by itself”. - Argued that society pre-existed the individuals and will continue to exist long after the individual is dead known as “METHODOLOGICAL INDIVIDUALISM”. - In his theory called SOCIOLOGICAL REALISM states that society is reality and cannot be reduced to individual aggregates or parts. - Known also in his study “SUICIDE” and “ANOMIE” – Society lacks social regulation of through social norms. 5. MAX WEBER - Known for his “INTERPRETATIVE SOCIOLOGY” - Stressed the role of rationalization in the development of society. For Weber, Science began to replace religion, people also adopted a scientific or rational attitude to the world. POLITICAL SCIENCE. It is the systematic study of politics. According to Andrew Heywood “The activity through which people make, preserve, and amend the general rules under which they live.” Focuses on the fundamental values of equality, freedom, and justice and its processes are linked to the dynamics of conflict, resolution and cooperation. BRANCHES OF POLITICAL SCIENCE: 1. POLITICAL THEORY – Concerned with the study of the ideas and contributions of classical thinkers. 2. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION – Which examines how the government functions and how decisions and policies are made. 3. POLITICAL ECONOMY – Which evaluates the interplay between economics, politics, and law and its implications to the various institutions within society. 4. COMPARATIVE POLITICS – Which compares domestic politics and governance systems across different sovereign states. POLITICAL SCIENTISTS. 1. PLATO - He was a Philosopher in classical Greece. - Widely considered the most pivotal figure in the development of philosophy. - Known for his DIALECTIC – This is a method used to present the solution and argument to other philosophers for them to criticize and assist them in their judgment. 2. ARISTOTLE - He was a former student of Plato. - Known for his line “Humans are political animals”. - EMPIRICISM – All people’s concepts and all of their knowledge was ultimately based on perception. - The writings of Plato and Aristotle discussed various political concepts such as the GOVERNMENT, LEADERSHIP and CITIZENSHIP. 3. BARON DE MONTESQUIEU - He is famous for his articulation of the Theory of Separation of Powers. - He is also known for DESPOTISM – Ruled by a despot – A despot is a ruler who has the total power and who often uses that power in cruel and unfair ways. 4. JEAN - JACQUES ROUSSEAU - His political philosophy influenced the Enlightenment in France. - He believed that humans are born with good spirits. - “Men are born free, yet everywhere are in chains” - His discourse on Inequality and the Social Contract are cornerstones in modern political and social thought. 5. THOMAS HOBBES - Known for his political philosophy – LEVIATHAN – Something that is very large and powerful. - He believed that humans are naturally born with evil spirits. - Hobbes viewed government primarily as a device for ensuring collective Security. - He defended MATERIALISM – views that only material things are real. - Political authority is justified by a hypothetical social contract among the many that in a sovereign person or entity the responsibility for the safety and well-being of all. 6. JOHN LOCKE - He was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers. - Commonly known as the “FATHER OF LIBERALISM”.  - LIBERALISM – Belief in the value of social and political change in order to achieve progress. 7. KARL MARX - He was a German philosopher, economist, historian, political theorist, and sociologist. - He is known for his opposition to CAPITALISM – rulers are capitalist create and operate power to govern and rule society and the economy - MARXISM – achieve a classless society throughout the world.