Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics 11/12 PDF

Understanding Culture, Society and Politics Quarter 1 – Module 1: Starting Points for the Understanding of Culture, Society, and Politics Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics – Grade 11/12 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1...

Understanding Culture, Society and Politics Quarter 1 – Module 1: Starting Points for the Understanding of Culture, Society, and Politics Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics – Grade 11/12 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 – Module 1: Starting Points for the Understanding of Culture, Society, and Politics First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio Development Team of the Module Writer: Mark Lester C. Cuayzon, Master Teacher II Editor: Amalia C. Solis, Education Program Supervisor Reviewers: Raul F. Espinosa, Master Teacher II (Content) Jose Q. Anonuevo, Head Teacher III – English (Language) Illustrator: Layout Artist: Name Management Team: Malcolm S. Garma, Regional Director Genia V. Santos, CLMD Chief Dennis M. Mendoza, Regional EPS In Charge of LRMS and ADM Coordinator Maria Magdalena S. Lim, CESO V, SDS Aida H. Rondilla, CID Chief Lucky S. Carpio, EPS In Charge of LRMS Printed in the Philippines by ________________________ Department of Education – National Capital Region Office Address: ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ Telefax: ____________________________________________ E-mail Address: ____________________________________________  11/12 Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics Quarter 1 – Module 1: Starting Points for the Understanding of Culture, Society, and Politics Introductory Message For the facilitator: Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics 11/12 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Starting Points for the Understanding of Culture, Society, and Politics! This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling. This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances. In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the module: Notes to the Teacher This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in guiding the learners. As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module. For the learner: Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics 11/12 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Starting Points for the Understanding of Culture, Society, and Politics! The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands! This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner. This module has the following parts and corresponding icons: What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you are expected to learn in the module. What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to check what you already know about the lesson to take. If you get all the answers correct (100%), you may decide to skip this module. What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson with the previous one. What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various ways such as a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation. What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills. What’s More This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding and skills of the topic. You may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module. What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank sentence/paragraph to be filled into process what you learned from the lesson. What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life situations or concerns. Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning competency.  Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned. This also tends retention of learned concepts. Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the module. At the end of this module you will also find: References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module. The following are some reminders in using this module: 1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises. 2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included in the module. 3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task. 4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers. 5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next. 6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it. If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!  What I Need to Know This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you understand culture, society, and politics. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using. The module is divided into two lessons, namely:  Lesson 1 – Essentials in Studying Culture, Society, and Politics  Lesson 2 – Anthropological and Sociological Perspectives on Culture and Society The Most Essential Learning Competencies are: 1. discuss the nature, goals and perspectives in/of anthropology, sociology, and political science, and 2. analyze the concept, aspects and changes in/of culture and society After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. analyze the nature of Natural Science and differentiate it from Social Science, 2. explain the meaning of Sociology, Anthropology, and Political Science 3. identify the leading proponents, branches or areas of Sociology, Anthropology, and Political Science, 4. analyze and examine the aspects, types, and elements of culture and society, 5. demonstrate a holistic understanding of culture and society, and 6. show appreciation to the cultural elements present in a community.  What I Know Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Understanding, Culture, Society, and Politics (UCSP) is a multidisciplinary course that integrates and combines the contents, methods, and theories of the following EXCEPT: A. Anthropology B. Mathematics C. Political Science D. Sociology 2. It refers to the culturally defined standards by which people assess desirability, goodness, and beauty and that serve as broad guidelines for social living. A. Folkways B. Mores C. Norms D. Values 3. It is a method used in studying anthropology wherein researchers immerse themselves in the culture of their subject in a long period of time. A. Ethnocentric View C. Linguistic Research B. Historical Particularism D. Participant Observation 4. The following are significance of studying society EXCEPT: A. It emphasizes the cognitive thinking of our mind. B. It acknowledges that social institutions shape and affect how we live our life. C. It broadens our perspectives on how we value our own and others’ culture. D. It gives us a full understanding of how social groups affect our thinking and behavior. 5. As a ____________ we carry our ancestors’ tradition and beliefs, speak the language of our parents, practice faith and the distinct way of life of our community, create and showcase the arts and heritage of our people and transmit some, if not all, of these to the next generation. A. cultural being C. social being B. political being D. spiritual being 6. The term culture was first used by the English anthropologist ________ in his book, Primitive Culture. A. Edward B. Tylor C. Robert MacIver B. Charles Page D. Talcott Parsons 7. Karen used to tease her newly transferred Mangyan classmate because of his kinky hair and tanned skin. What kind of cultural view Karen has? A. Culture B. Cultural Relativism C. Ethnocentrism D. Society 8. Mommy and Daddy taught their one-year old daughter Cloud how to play ABC song with the use of their Lenovo cell phone. Now, Cloud can able to open the phone and sing the ABC song. What characteristic of culture is shown in the situation? A. culture is integrated C. culture is shared B. culture is learned D. culture is symbolic 1  9. “Sabong” is a vice which Lolo Imbo has been indulged with until this year. This kind of gambling was being brought in the Philippines during the Spanish colonization. This only proves that culture is __________. A. integrated B. learned C. shared D. symbolic 10. Sandra, a 16-year-old Filipina girl had been nominated to be an exchange- student in Australia during winter season. In her preparation of things, she excluded her shorts and sleeveless and start pulling out her jackets and boots on her cabinet, while her Australian exchange student began to take in her shirts and shorts on her personal baggage bag. What does this show? A. culture is abstract C. culture is dynamic B. culture is adaptive D. culture is symbolic Lesson Essentials in Studying Culture, 1 Society, And Politics Holistically, culture includes everything made by man. Our identity and unique differences reflect the kind of culture in our society. In this lesson, you will have a glance on the understanding of culture, society, and politics. You will begin to realize that you are connected to the social realities and phenomena based from your actions, behavior, attitude within a society. This is to prove Aristotle’s notion that we are indeed a social animal. Different political, social, and cultural issues do not stand alone inside the classroom hence, they surface beyond that they need thorough analysis and interpretation. What’s In Examine the photo collage below. What is a Filipino? What makes us a Filipino? What are the images that reflect your Filipino identity? These are the questions you need to reflect as you dig deeper in understanding your own cultural identity. Theories and concepts in Anthropology, Social Science and Politics will aid you to better understand the processes of cultural elements in our society. 2  Notes to the Teacher You may ask your student to watch a video in YouTube entitled Basagan ng Trip with Leloy Claudio: The importance of sociology to see the relevance of studying Sociology in the Filipino context. Link:https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=sociology+leloy+c ladio What’s New You are required to study, give an emphasis, and analyze the words or phrases listed in the box as you study the lesson. It will allow you to gain deeper understanding with the lessons ahead of you. Anthropology Language Norms Social Science Culture Laws Politics Society Folkways Natural Science Positivism Sociology Read and reflect on the quotation inside the box. You may answer in a separate sheet of paper. “A person may escape society for a while, but he can never escape culture.” - Joseph H. Fichter.” Guide Questions: 1. What can you say about the quotation? 2. Do you agree with the author’s statement? Why or why not? 3  What is It Natural Science and Social Science The study of culture, society, and politics are parts and parcel of a larger body of knowledge with the integration of systematic processes and scientific method called, Social Science. Nisbet (1974) stated that “it is a branch of discipline or branch of science that deals with human behavior in its social and cultural aspects” (para.1). It includes anthropology, sociology, political science, economics, psychology, and geography as its branches. It also the field of human knowledge that deals with all aspects of the group of life of human beings therefore, it is subject to change with the changes of the human behavior. Social scientists use empirical research methods to investigate all sorts of interpersonal and intrapersonal behaviors. Social Science goes side by side with Natural Science as both branches of Science. It is a branch of science that deals with the natural world: its processes, elements, and composition. However, social science is a branch of science primarily focusses in human society and social relationships. Consequently, the main difference between natural science and social science is that natural science studies natural events whereas social science studies the human society. These differences made the study of Social Sciences interesting as it goes beyond the physical aspect and materialistic phenomenon. It paved the way to the development of different disciplines which aim to interpret and analyze the complexities of social realities and phenomenon. Such disciplines focus on human relationships and interaction. Sociology Individual behavior may differ when he will be included into a group thus, making this event a remarkable beginning of one of the pioneer disciplines under Social Sciences. Sociology is one of the disciplines that tends to answer the social and political issues in the Modern Period. Etymologically, Sociology came from the Latin word socius – means companion and Greek word logos – means to study. It is a systematic study of human relationship along with human society and interaction. Sociology delve into social problems that affect behavior of an individual and a group. It addresses solutions to mitigate the phenomenon which cannot be explained by mere physical experiments and investigations. This may be the starting point of grasping the discipline, sociology is full of complexities that it uses different methods and strategies to study a wide range of discipline with its application to the real world. (OpenStax College, 2013, p.10) From the ancient times, the complexities of human relationship and their societies fascinated few people to put this into understanding. These thinkers gave rise to a deeper understanding of sociological concepts and theories deeply motivated by their desire to describe an ideal society. 4  Through the series of powerful and complex economic and social forces, it gave rise to the birth of the discipline. The Industrial Revolution introduced great changes in the field of technology most especially in the work and living pattern of the people. Factory system pulled people away from their homes, change the routine schedule and weakened the connection of families. These events sparked Auguste Comte (1798- 1857) to study these phenomena and eventually coined the term sociology in 1838. He focused on the idea of improving the development of the society and how it operates. He also introduced the term Positivism through his book entitled Course on Positive Philosophy (1830– 1842) and System of Positive Polity (1851-1854). He Figure 1. Auguste Comte2. said that the use of scientific methods to present the (Courtesy of Wikimedia. laws in which societies and individuals interact would https://commons.wikimedia.org/w /index.php?search=auguste+comte propel in a new “positivist” age of history. It allowed &title=Special%3ASearch&go=Go& sociologists to study society scientifically through ns0=1&ns6=1&ns12=1&ns14=1&n evidences, experiments, and statistics to clearly see s100=1&ns106=1#/media/File:Aug uste_Comte2.jpg), 2020. the operations of the society. (OpenStax College, 2013, p.14) Karl Marx (1818–1883), a German philosopher and economist. He made Communist Manifesto (1848) with Friedrich Engels (1820–1895). This book presents Marx's theory of society, which different from the point of view Comte. He disagreed with Comte's positivism and believed that societies developed and progressed because of the struggles of different social classes over the means of production. Through the efforts of Emile Durkheim (1858-1917), the professionalization of sociology made it through in the University of Bordeaux in 1985. He defended sociology as a separate and independent field from psychology. His notable works are The Division of Labor in Society (1893) which tackles the transformation of a society from a primitive state into a capitalist, industrial society. He also published a work titled Suicide (1897). He searched different police districts to study suicide statistics that would reveal differences from the communities of Catholics and Protestants. The differences observed were linked to socioreligious forces rather than psychological causes of each person. Max Weber (1864-1920) is another pioneer in the field of sociology. He emphasized the role of rationalization in the development of society. It refers essentially to the disenchantment of the world. As the world progressed, people began to justify and adopt scientific and rational attitude towards understanding the workings of the world. With this view, modern people became so rigid on science. With prevalence of the scientific processes, he introduced bureaucracy as an application of scientific way of life. As bureaucracy efficiency possesses supreme value, other values such as personal relationship and intimacies are gradually rejected. Generally, sociology is the study of society. Society is where social interactions occur. Their members interact with one another and cooperate to achieve objectives collectively that they could not achieve as individuals. (Gordon, 1991, p.3) Areas of Sociology It can be said that social science disciplines are interrelated to one another because of the nature and the core of its focus. Thus, the following are the scope that is encompassed by sociology. 5  1. Social Organization 2. Social Psychology 3. Human Ecology 4. Applied Sociology 5. Population Studies 6. Social Change 7. Sociological Theory and Research Anthropology Another pioneering Social Science discipline, anthropology helps us to understand our holistic identity. It came from a Latin word anthropos – means man and Greek word logos – means to study. Anthropology is a branch of Social Science that deals with all aspects of human beings including their biological evolution and social and cultural features that definitively distinguish humans from other animal species. With the scope of the discipline, it encompasses a group of more specific and specialized fields. Physical anthropology focuses on the biological and evolutionary framework of humanity. It focuses on greater information and details about human evolution. Other branches that deal with social and cultural interactions of human groups are categorically belong to social anthropology, cultural anthropology, psychological anthropology, and linguistic anthropology. Archaeology which investigates of prehistoric cultures as its primary focus, has been an essential part of anthropology since it became a separate and distinct discipline in the end of the 19th century. The material remains or artifacts helped social scientists to validate, describe, and analyze the kind of culture and society humans made through the course of history. (Kuper et al., 2007) The discipline of anthropology is the fruity of scientific developments in the Western World through the groundbreaking work of the Charles Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species” (1859), it boosted the passion of the all scientists in different fields. His idea not only opened the new avenues of disciplines under Natural Science but also accelerated the pace of Socio-Cultural studies. He inspired a group of enthusiast and intellectuals namely Spencer, Morgan, Tylor who concluded that evolution did not limit itself in the biological aspect of human but can also be seen extending to cultural life. (History of Anthropology, n.d.). Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942) introduced participant observation as a method of studying culture. Howell (2018, p. 4) defined it as “open-ended inductive long-term living with and among the people to be studied, the sole purpose of which is to achieve an understanding of local knowledge, values, and practices from the native’s point of view”. This method also allows the researcher to obtain a close familiarity within a group of people and their practices by means of a rigorous involvement to them and to their environment over a long period Figure 2. FranzBoas. (Courtesy of of time. Wikimedia. Franz Boas (1858-1942) is considered the https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/in dex.php?sort=relevance&search=franz Father of American Anthropology. His works +boas&title=Special:Search&profile=ad focused on rejecting the biological basis of racism vanced&fulltext=1&advancedSearch- or racial discrimination. He also rejected the current=%7B%7D&ns0=1&ns6=1&ns1 2=1&ns14=1&ns100=1&ns106=1#/me Western idea of social evolution thus, he favored dia/File:FranzBoas.jpg, 2020. historical particularism. It assumes that each 6 society has a unique and different form of culture that cannot be incorporated under a predominant culture. He also advocated cultural relativism or the complexity of all culture whether primitive or not. Culture comes from Latin word cultura, means cultivation. British anthropologist Edward B. Tylor (1832-1917) from his book Primitive Culture (1871) first gave the definition of culture which is widely quoted “culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom, and all aspects of man as a member of society”. This is the most known definition of culture and later used as a pattern in interpreting and analyzing aspects and elements of culture. Branches of Anthropology The discipline of anthropology has diverse branches that studies different level of expertise within the bounds of human social, cultural, and physical background. 1. Cultural Anthropology – The study of people with their variations and progress in terms of culture. It also deals with the description and analysis of the forms and styles of social life of past and present ages. 2. Linguistic Anthropology – The study of language mainly but not exclusively among humans. It also deals with the study of communication’s origins, history, and contemporary variation. 3. Archaeology – The study of past human cultures through their material remains. It also the study of past human culture through the recovery and analysis of artifacts. 4. Biological Anthropology – The study of humans as biological organisms, including their evolution and contemporary variation. 5. Applied Anthropology – They analyze social, political, and economic problems and develop solutions to respond to present problems. Political Science The etymology of Political Science came from two ancient words. The word political came from Greek word “polis” means city-state and science comes from Latin word “scire” which means to know. Political Science is a discipline in social science concerned primarily in the state, government, and politics. It focuses widely in political theory and its practice and the analysis of political systems and behavior. (Calilung F., 2014, p.7) Comparing to other social sciences, political science has a complex history. Its earlier form can be traced from the workings of the ancient Greek political philosophy of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle and later developed into religious-oriented tradition beginning with Augustine and secularized by Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau. These modern political philosophers explained the transition of Western societies from savagery toward a democratic commonwealth. Their works paved the way to understand and appreciate modern philosophical and democratic theories. Areas of Political Science In understanding the nature of political science, (Calilung F., 2014, p.12) noted that it encompasses important aspect of our society primarily: 1. Political Theory – It deals with the accumulation of principles identifying with the basis, structure, conduct, and operations of the state 2. Public Law – It pertains to laws or ordinances which control the framework of public governance. 3. Public Administration – It serves as an academic discipline that studies civil service and governance. 7  4. Political Dynamics – It is an aspect of Political Science which are concerned with the relationship of different societal forces that dictate political opportunities and actions. 5. Government and Business – It gives importance to the regulatory and governmental function to corporate, or business entities concerning the national economy. 6. Legislatures and Legislation – The term legislation is a complex mechanism that can be extended as a discipline. It tries to explain the process, composition, and organization of legislature. 7. International Relations – It includes inquiries into the nation-states' foreign policy in their mutual ties on the various forces-geographic, technological, psychological, and political that contribute to shaping such policy. 8. International Law – It is a system of agreements and treaties that entails responsibilities of one state into another. 9. Comparative Government – It is a discipline that studies and analyzes the general structure of governments of all countries. It includes (executive, legislative, and judicial bodies, their constitutions, laws, administrative organizations, foreign policies, political parties and processes, economic, social, and political functions, and their cultures and traditions) Importance of Studying Culture, Society and Politics On Culture We need to see man’s relationship to his environment and to appreciate the contributions of culture in our lives. Banaag (2012) posited that culture can function in different ways and which we can see its importance as well.  Culture creates man to be creative and resourceful by adapting and integrating himself in the environment to survive  Culture determines outline of acceptable social behavior such as protocols, good manners, roles, and duties established by folkways, mores, and laws.  Culture carry-out meanings through different forms of verbal and non-verbal communication.  Culture produces tangible objects relevant to man such as instruments, tools, equipment, structures, and all technological advancements.  Culture contributes to the totality of living of humankind as well as on how they can make their lives enjoyable, easier, and comfortable. On Society Societies are formed through social interaction of its member. These members need to understand their roles and functions to propagate patterned behavior in a structured society. Thus, society is important for:  human connection and interconnectedness  symbolizing identity of the members  characterizing the boundaries of a territory  representing political independence and economic interdependence On Politics Each society possesses distinctive characteristic of political structure. Political science deals primarily in the study of government and state processes. Understanding deeply a political life suggests that politics can be reduced to the question of who gets what, where, when, and how. 8  Politics is undoubtedly in part and a necessary response to the challenges of everyday life and the recognition that collective action is often better than individual action. (The Politics Book, 2015, p.12) According to Lazo (2009), the aim of Political Science is citizenship education. It mandates its students to participate, appreciate, and understand the duties and responsibilities of being a member of a society. It allows the students to:  understand the theories, concepts and knowledge and principles of governance as well as public administration and political dynamics.  manifest the underlying principles of state policies and laws to be abided and respected by all  prepares the student for possible career path in the legal profession, government service and other profession with high respect to legal matters and procedures. The Goals of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science In studying anthropology, sociology, and political science, it gives us the understanding on how other societies organize their lives and give meaning to their existence. We can clearly see how the society operates from a patterned culture within the bounds of internal and external forces of power and authority. With this aim, we are given the challenge to realize the goals of these three fields. Anthropology Sociology Political Science  Internalize the concept of  Obtain theories and  Understand civic skills individual differences principles about society and humane ideals for and diversity  Examine social roles public participation  Discover universality within the society  Examine the operations among humans  See the interdependency of the government  See cultural patterns of all beings  Equip each of us objectively  Broaden familiarity on intellectual resources  Produce new knowledge sociological facts. that will harness you to and new theories about greater heights humankind and human behavior Anthropological and Sociological Lesson Perspectives on Culture and 2 Society Learning the foundations of studying culture, society, and politics will now equip you to understand and go deeper with the concepts of culture and society. In this lesson, you begin to familiarize yourself with perspectives about culture, society, and politics. Culture and society are not the same thing. While cultures are connections of behavior patterns and perceptions, societies are formed through interacting organisms within a group. Societies are not just limited to humans but can be recognized to all organisms possessing skills in interacting like schools of fish, flocks of birds, and hives of bees. In human societies, social interaction plays a very important role. It is a skill needed for the survival of culture that must be transferred to another. 9 Perspectives on Culture Culture is generic term yet very difficult to define. Aside from the famous definition of Tylor on culture, scholars and social scientists vary different perspective on how to properly define it. Also, because of its wider scope and it encompasses everything of man, experts from several field find it complicated to boxed culture into one universal terminology. Spencer-Oatey (2012, p.2) compiled perspectives from scholars about culture. Matthew Arnold in his Culture and Anarchy (1867) mentioned that culture or high culture as opposed to popular culture (or folkways in an earlier usage) is a product of a special intellectual or artistic endeavor humans had invented. Kroeber & Kluckhohn (1952) defined that culture is composed of behavior (explicit and implicit) acquired and transmitted through symbols. It is a human group that includes their distinctive achievements and embodiment in artifacts, traditional and historical ideas, and formation of values. They added that culture systems can be considered as a product of action from conditional elements of a society. Lastly, Schwartz (1992) stated that culture consists of experiences that are organized, learned or created by the individuals of a population, including those images and images adding up their unique interpretations transmitted from the past generations up to the future. Aspects of Culture With the complexities of culture, these are some important aspects of culture that enhance the progress of human interaction and socialization. Dynamic, Culture changes constantly throughout the time. It varies Flexible, & on the societal structure and the capacities of its Adaptive members to respond. Culture through its elements is enjoyed by group of people Shared & who lived together. It also allows its members to predict Contested the behavior of other members but it is no assurance that they will think and act similarly. Learned Culture is learned with practice through continued through process. It is a lifelong process in which social interaction socialization or plays a vital role. enculturation Culture creates patterned behavior and social interactions Patterned social that can be transmitted through socialization and interactions enculturation. Culture to be always functioning must maintain its Integrated and components integrated. Languange must have all its idea at times and ideals intact for the successful transmission from one unstable person to another. Transmitted Socialization is a process of learning and internalizing rules through and patterns of society (Sociological Perspective) while socialization/ enculturation is a process of learning and adopting ways enculturation and manners of culture. (Anthropological Perspective) Requires language and Culture will be successfully transmitted if it uses language other forms of and other forms of communication within their context. communication 10 Types of Culture Culture is primarily composed of material and non-material elements. Material culture includes all visible parts and tangible objects while non-material culture has intangible objects or the invisible parts. These manifestations are always present in any given society. Material Culture Non-Material Culture Food Ideas and Knowledge Clothing and Fashion Beliefs and Traditions Buildings and Properties Symbols and Language Arts and Technology Behavior Religion Elements of Culture To fully comprehend the concept of culture, it is essential to understand the different elements that comprise it. The University of Minnesota (2010) enumerated these elements: Elements Definition Examples in Philippine Context Norms These are the standard an expected behavior within a society. It is divided into two: formal norms and informal norms Formal Norms Pre-marital sex,  Mores – they are norms that has a Homosexual relationships firm control to moral and ethical behavior.  Laws – they are ordinance of reason 1987 Constitution, laws enacted to protect the people from promulgated by the the bad effects of outdated mores Philippine Government Informal Mores  Folkways or Customs – they are Doing “Mano Po” behaviors of less importance yet still Practicing “Bayanihan” influence our behavior. Symbols These are anything that carry a meaning A symbol of cross refers to recognized by people who share a culture. Christianity while crescent shape is for Islam Values These are culturally defined standards by Filipino hospitality, which people assess desirability, goodness, resiliency, close-family ties, and beauty and that serve as broad positive outlook in life and guidelines for social living. optimism Beliefs These are specific statements that people Superstitious beliefs hold to be true. Language It refers to a form of communication using The crossing of fingers may words either spoken or gestured with the refer that someone is hands and structured with grammar, often hoping for good luck but in with a writing system. Vietnam it represents the genitals of a female. Taboos These are norms that are crucial to a Incest, cannibalism society’s moral center, involving behaviors that are always negatively sanctioned 11 Theoretical Perspectives on Society The term society also makes an impact to several experts in the field of social science. It made them the understanding that society is a system of usages and procedures, of authority and mutual aid, of many groupings and divisions, of controls of human behavior and of liberties. Their perspectives paved way modern scholars to have a better understanding on society. As the Father of Sociology Auguste Comte coined the term sociology and said that society is a social organism possessing a harmony of structure and function, his followers were motivated to give their own perspective on this. Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) described the emerging societies as societies of survival and primarily based on the concept of natural law. Members of each society must learn to adapt to their surroundings to outlast the prevailing conditions present in their environment. Karl Marx (1818-1883) had a different take on society. He postulated that societies develop through class conflicts. There is always s struggle between the workers and the capitalist due to the exploitation of the latter to the former which is essential in provoking social change. The only way to end this conflict is through social revolution. Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) said that society is composed of harmonious elements such as individuals, organizations, and social institutions. These elements must perform their role in the society for function effectively. Dysfunction may occur if these elements are not in the state of equilibrium. George Herbert Mead (1863–1931) and other scholars who conceptualized the concept of symbolic interactionism take a different point of view on society. According to this, society can be seen in a micro-level that focuses on the relationships of individuals within a society primarily centers in their communication both language and symbols. Herbert Blumer (1969) who coined the term symbolic interactionism studied how humans interact to the meanings ascribed into a specific object under circumstances. Erving Goffman (1958) on the other hand used dramaturgical analysis. In this approach, he used theater as an analogy for social interaction and recognized that people like actors and actresses, play their role and function according to it. Charles Horton-Cooley (1902) said that society and individuals are not separated but are simply collective and distributive aspects of the same thing. He theorized the concept of the looking glass self. According to this, self-relation, or how one views oneself is not an isolated event but rather includes others. It emphasized how we changed our identity or personality based on how others see us. Contemporary scholar such as Morris Ginsberg (1921) stated that society is a group of individuals bonded by specific relation or manner of behavior which tend to differ them from individuals who have a different set of patterned behavior. Also, Franklin Giddings (1922) mentioned that society is a unified itself, the organization, and the totality of formal relations in which interacting humans are guaranteed together. 12  What’s More Triple Venn Diagram Now that you learned essential concepts and theories about culture, society, and politics, you are ready to organize these learnings into a Venn Diagram. You may do the following and answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Complete the Venn diagram below to see the similarities and differences of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science. 2. Write the similarities in the intersecting spaces while provide the differences of each terms in the outer circles. Anthropology Sociology Political Science Think About This! 1. What are the key concepts and theories in culture, society, and politics you find very useful in analyzing societal problems? 2. How does studying culture, society and politics affect our daily lives? 3. How can you use your knowledge and understanding in culture, society, and politics in responding to different social issues? 13  Call to Mind To check and strengthen your learned knowledge and concepts about the topic, you can begin by answering this activity. Directions: Identify the elements of culture of the listed below. Write letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. generosity 6. Filipino 2. pedophilia 7. same sex marriage 3. flag 8. black cat brings misfortune 4. Karma 9. hospitality 5. Curfew 10. Bayanihan to Heal as One Act News Analysis You are equipped with necessary skills and knowledge to see the interplay between culture, society, and politics. These skills can be used to see how Anthropology, Sociology, and Politics operate in our society. Directions: 1. Read the news article below. 2. After reading the article answer the guide questions. 3. You may answer on a separate sheet of paper. DUTERTE ADMIN PRODDED TO SPEED UP COVID-19 MASS TESTING AMID EXTENDED LOCKDOWN By: Gabriel Pabico Lalu - Reporter / @GabrielLaluINQINQUIRER.net / 09:51 PM May 12, 2020 MANILA, Philippines — The government should take advantage of the latest extension of the COVID-19 lockdown over the National Capital Region (NCR) and other areas by speeding up its mass testing procedures. This was the call of the Bagong Alyansang Makabayan (Bayan), stressing that the Duterte administration should “rectify serious shortcomings” in its fight against the pandemic. “Government should step up mass testing, not just in terms of the total number of tests but more so in terms of the concentration or focus of the tests, the areas that have a high incidence of COVID 19,” Bayan secretary-general Renato Reyes said in a statement. 14  “The necessary health and economic measures have long been lacking in the areas under ECQ, which is the reason why another extension is now being imposed. The government must also rectify these serious shortcomings towards the eventual lifting of the ECQ,” he added. The national government on Tuesday extended the enhanced community quarantine (ECQ) – albeit “modified” – in NCR, Cebu City, and Laguna province until May 31 as these areas are still considered “high-risk” for COVID-19 transmission, and placed dozens of provinces deemed to have “moderate risk” for virus spread under the general community quarantine (GCQ) from May 16. Meanwhile, the national government is set to remove quarantine measures in areas considered “low-risk” for COVID-19 transmission by May 16. Reyes said the government must still ensure that health measures are in place and personal protective equipment like face masks must remain available across the country amid loosened quarantine classifications. “The lifting of the ECQ and the transition to GCQ in many provinces still necessitates timely health interventions as the population prepares to return to work,” he explained. “The health of the workforce must be ensured. Face masks should be made free. Employers should shoulder the cost of mass testing of their workforce. Transportation, which was already lacking even before the ECQ, should be made available for the workforce,” he added. Presidential spokesperson Harry Roque previously admitted that the government missed out on its April 30 goal of having 8,000 tests per day but also said that the “by hook or by crook”, the country will do the COVID-19 test of 30,000 a day by end of May. Calls for the government to urgently move to adopt a policy on mass testing started in March. Department of Health (DOH) data on May 10 showed that 173,352 individuals have been tested for possible coronavirus infection by various testing sites, with 15,002 initially testing positive. And despite the easing of quarantine regulations, DOH has admitted that they have yet to control the spread of the novel coronavirus or SARS-CoV-2, which causes respiratory illness COVID-19, reminding people to still observe health protocols to avert mass infections. As of Tuesday, DOH said the Philippines has 11,350 SARS-CoV-2 infections as well as 751 deaths and 2,106 recoveries from COVID-19. Think About This! 1. What is the news all about? 2. How do you think your knowledge and understanding in culture, society, and politics helps you think critically with our current situation? 3. How do you think the concepts of culture, society, and politics operate in the Philippine society? 4. As a member of society, how do you cope with the pandemic? 3  What I Have Learned Directions: Read and analyze each question. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Social Science is a discipline that attempts to explain human behavior and society. How can you see this discipline to address present-day problems in your own community? State your answer. 2. E.B. Tylor described culture as “complex whole” and this definition became the foundation of understanding society. How can you apply his definition in understanding the Philippine society? 3. One of the goals of Political Science is for you to understand civic skills and humane ideals. In your own way, how will you use your knowledge in politics to achieve this goal? 4. With the current trends and popular culture today, how do you see a Filipino? Cite specific examples. 5. Why do you think it was said that politics is about power sharing and power struggle? What are the manifestations of this statement in our society? What I Can Do Cultural Festival! The aim of learning concepts from Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science is to demonstrate holistic understanding about culture, society, and politics. Your creativity will help you in promoting the rationale or goal of this task. You may do the following: 1. Research about a specific culture from your community or province that you are proud of. It can be tradition, food, clothing, place, etc. You could also ask from members of your household about this. 2. You can cut out pictures from old magazines or newspapers for your brochure or pamphlet or you can draw it. 3. The size of your brochure should be 8.5”x11” (letter size) and folded into three columns. 4. You can also use your skills and knowledge in Microsoft Word or Publisher to create a brochure or pamphlet that will promote your heritage, culture, and tradition in your respective community or province. 5. You can use colored paper, folder, bond papers or any design or decoration that can elicit your creativity in making your brochure. Think About This! You may answer these questions on a separate sheet of paper. 1. What did you discover as you do your task? 4  2. Aside from brochure, what way can you promote your cultural heritage? 3. What cultural values and traditions you emphasized in your output? Why? Assessment Directions: Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper. 1. The birth of Sociology gave rise to the scientific and rational understanding of the society. How did Erving Goffman contribute to the field? A. He introduced participant observation as a tool for research. B. He favored historical particularism as an approach in understanding society. C. He theorized dramaturgical approach in analyzing social interactions and relationships. D. He proposed the looking glass self-theory as a way of seeing behavior and social phenomenon. 2. Political Science is an important discipline that deals with laws, governmental processes, and state formulation. Which among the following is NOT the primary concern of this field? A. Government and Business B. Political Dynamics C. Public Administration D. Social Institutions and Structures 3. Sociologists like Comte, Durkheim, and Weber gave their own views about society. What is society according to a sociological perspective? A. It is the people interacting with one another to create a culture. B. It is the group of people working on attaining one's personal desires. C. It is the shared beliefs and values of residents in a certain territory. D. It is the community of individuals building architecture and creating work of arts. 4. Edward B. Tylor described culture as “complex whole”. What does this mean? A. Culture connects people. B. Culture is the end-result of society. C. Culture is about the activities of groups within society. D. Culture is comprised of all the facets and work of humankind. 5. As a student studying this discipline, what is the most beneficial reason of having knowledge on the study of culture, society, and politics? A. To make people ethnocentric. B. To change the way people view the world. C. To provide people avenues for self-expression. D. To prepare people for active and responsible civic engagement. 6. Ahmed is a Muslim while his friend, Rody, is a Catholic. Sometimes, while doing their homework in Rody's house, Ahmed makes fun of the fact that Catholics have images of saints in their houses. What should Rody do about this problem? A. Rody should stop being friends with Ahmed. B. Rody should retaliate by making fun of Ahmed's religion. 5  C. Rody should talk to Ahmed to explain their religious differences. D. Rody should do nothing. Ahmed will eventually stop laughing about it. 7. Devi is a Hindu, and she studies in a public school. Her parents forbade her to make friends with Christians because they are afraid that she will be bullied. She, however, has Christian friends, and they understand her religion because of what they learned from their lesson in World Religions. What should Devi do about this problem? A. Devi should just avoid talking about her friends to her parents. B. Devi should just follow her parents since they know what is best for her. C. Devi should explain to her parents that religion should not be a barrier for friendship. D. Devi should tell the truth and explain to her parents that her Christian friends are nice. 8. Which of the following statement does not adhere to anthropological definition of culture? A. It deals with power sharing and power struggle. B. It gives form and identity to a group or community of people. C. It includes our norms, the standards, or rules of acceptable behavior. D. It is manifested through both tangible and intangible evidence of human existence. 9. The several elements of culture tend to guide people in becoming an effective member of a society. What is the meaning of norms? A. They have a firm control to moral and ethical behavior. B. These are the standard an expected behavior within a society. C. They are behaviors of less importance yet still influence our behavior. D. They are ordinance of reason enacted to protect the people from the bad effects of outdated mores. 10. One of the goals of studying Anthropology is appreciate your own cultural identity. As a student, what can you do to help preserve your culture and tradition? A. I cannot do anything because I am still too young. B. I will use the internet to research since we live in the modern times now. C. I will imitate the culture of other countries especially those portrayed my favorite shows. D. I will continue to learn more about our culture, practice it, and influence others to do the same. 6  Additional Activities Data Retrieval Chart This activity will allow you to organize your ideas and concepts in a more presentable manner. You begin with this task! Most of the proponents and contributors of Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science are men. Research about women who contributed in the same field. Please be guided by the guide questions in doing your research. 1. You follow this format in creating your chart. 2. Submit your output and your answer to think about this in a separate sheet of paper. Contributions/ Significant Works Proponents Anthropology Sociology Political Science Think About This! 1. What are their significant contributions in the field of anthropology, sociology, and political science? 2. How did they use their beliefs and principles in bringing change in the society? 7 References Books Banaag, Lee Mark T. (2012). Socio-Anthro: An Integrated and Interdisciplinary Approach to the Study of Society and Culture. Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp.Publishing Corp. Callilung, F. & Bunquin, E. (2014). POLGOV Essential of Politics and Government with the 1987 Philippine Constitution. Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp. Lazo, Ricardo S. (2009). Introduction to Political Science. Manila: Rex Publishing Inc. Online Sources Blatchford, Andrew (2006, April 19). Filipino table etiquette punished at local school. The Chronicle. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20060428002323/http://www.westisla ndchronicle.com/pages/article.php?noArticle=6063 DK, (2015). The Politics Book. Retrieved from https://wyattfyde.files.wordpress.com/2019/07/the-politics-book- big-ideas-simply-explained.pdf Gordon, Scott. (1991). The history and philosophy of social science. Retrieved from:https://www.bdu.edu.et/fss/sites/bdu.edu.et.fss/files/The%20 History%20and%20Philosophy%20of%20Social%20Scienceee.pdf History of Anthropology (n.d.). Retrieved from http://content.inflibnet.ac.in/data-server/eacharya- documents/5717528c8ae36ce69422587d_INFIEP_304/2/ET/304-2- ET-V1-S1__file1.pdf Howell, Signe. (2018). Ethnography. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Anthropology. Retrieved from https://www.anthroencyclopedia.com/entry/ethnography Kuper, Adam. (2007). Anthropology. In P. Bauer (5th Ed.), Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/anthropology Nisbet, Robert. (1974). Social science. In A. Augustyn (1st Ed.), Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/social- science O’Neil,D.(2006). Culture and Society. Retrieved from https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/culture/culture_1.htm 8 OpenStax College. (2013). Introduction to Sociology. [PDF file]. Houston, Texas: Rice University. Retrieved from http://cnx.org/content/col11407/latest/ Rachels, J. (2003). The Elements of Moral Philosophy. Retrieved from https://vulms.vu.edu.pk/Courses/ETH202/Downloads/The%20Elem ents%20of%20Moral%20Philosophy.pdf Spencer-Oatey, H. (2012) What is culture? A compilation of quotations. Retrieved from http://www.warwick.ac.uk/globalpadintercultural Tan, Michael (2019, June 29). ‘Tambay’ nation. Inquirer.Net. Retrieved from https://opinion.inquirer.net/114249/tambay-nation) University of Minnesota Libaries Publishing. (2010). The Elements of Culture. Sociology: Understanding and Changing the Social World. Retrieved from https://open.lib.umn.edu/sociology/chapter/3-2-the-elements- of-culture/ 9 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR) Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600 Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985 Email Address: [email protected] * [email protected]  Call to Mind 1. Values 2. Norms 3. Symbol 4. Beliefs 5. Law 6. Language 7. Norms 8. Beliefs 9. Values 10. Law What I Know Assessment 1. B 1. C 2. D 2. D 3. D 3. C 4. A 4. D 5. A 5. D 6. A 6. C 7. C 7. C 8. B 8. A 9. A 9. B 10.B 10.D Answer Key