Understanding Culture, Society & Politics Grade 11 Module 2 PDF

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY & POLITICS Quarter 2 Module 2 VALENZUELA Q2_UCSAP_GRADE 11_MODULE 2 1 Understanding Culture, Society & Politics Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 – Module 2 First...

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY & POLITICS Quarter 2 Module 2 VALENZUELA Q2_UCSAP_GRADE 11_MODULE 2 1 Understanding Culture, Society & Politics Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 – Module 2 First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Development Team of the Module Writers: Zoe Sarah R. Bejuco, Edna L. De Jesus, & Analyn D. Fabian Reviewer: Maricion T. Rumbaua-Sabug, Ed.D Editors: Dr. Leilanie M. Mendoza Layout Artist: Marian N. Roque, Raphael A. Lopez Management Team: MELITON P. ZURBANO, Assistant Schools Division Superintendent (OIC-SDS) FILMORE A. CABALLERO, CID Chief JEAN A. TROPEL, Division EPS In-Charge of LRMS Dr. LEILANIE ZORAYDA M. MENDOZA, Division EPS, Araling Panlipunan Printed in the Philippines by ________________________ Department of Education – National Capital Region – SDO VALENZUELA Office Address: Pio Valenzuela St., Marulas, Valenzuela City Telefax: (02) 292 – 3247 E-mail Address: [email protected] 2 Introductory Message For the facilitator: Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society & Politics Grade 11 Module 2. This module was collaboratively designed, developed, and reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling. This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances. In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the module: Notes to the Teacher This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in guiding the learners. As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module. 1 Man by nature is a “political animal”. Aristotle’s notable phrase in politics describes man becomes man among others, living in a society governed by laws and customs. The man develops his potential and realize its natural end in a social context. In this module you will learn how people why human beings were considered as social and political animal. It will help you explain the forms and functions of state and non- state institutions. Specifically, this will also help you to: 1. Analyze social and political structures; and 2. Differentiate functions of non-state institutions in society. Complete the graph below by supplying the information needed. This is just to test your prior knowledge with the two concepts. State and Political Non-state Organizations organizations Definition: Definition: Examples: Examples: 2  Lesson Political and Leadership Structures 1 “No man is an island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main. This excerpts a prose of John Donne explains that no one is self- sufficient, that everyone relies on the company and comfort of others to live. With these individuals tend to create connections, build networks, and form groups with the people around them. Social group can be defined as collection of people who regularly interact with one another based on shared expectations concerning behavior and who share a sense of common identity. In our previous module, you have learned the forms and functions of social organizations. Let us have a quick review on the concepts that you gained from the previous module by defining each of the following below and by citing examples. 1. Primary group - ___________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. Secondary group - ________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. Reference group - _________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Human beings are social animals. This leads them to form and join different social organizations. But conflicts may arise as the number of members increases. This call for a need of an establish political system to managed conflicts and interests. In this module, we will understand the how individuals organized themselves into social and political group. We will also deal with the different non-state organizations that has significant role in the society. 3 POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS Band is usually small, formed by several families living together; oftentimes moving from one place to the other to search for food. Bands are egalitarian, meaning, all families are equal. There is no class differentiation based on wealth; however, status differences based on gender and age is well-defined. There is no formal leadership, instead, those who possess special skills and knowledge can be raised to become informal leader. Tribe is more complex and larger than a band. As the population increases, there is a shifting from a basic form of livelihood to a multiple way of living. Tribe is organized through pan tribal associations in the form of councils, tribal leaders, elders, etc. due to the presence of multiple communities in a tribe. Tribes are commonly headed by a village headman who perform leadership roles but has limited political power. Most tribes remain egalitarian. Chiefdom has a more defined political organization. Chiefdoms have permanent, fulltime leader with real authority to make major decisions. These leaders are referred to as the “chief”. Formal leadership exists and authority rests solely on the members of a select family. It is composed of several communities that is ruled by a permanent paramount chief coming from this elite family. Power is inherited. Chiefdom can either be simple chiefdom or complex chiefdom. Nation is considered an imagined and abstract. It is imagined in the sense that nation can exist as a state of mind, where the material expressions seen in actual residence in a physical territory becomes secondary to the common connections emanating from a common history and identity. It is abstract because nation is objectively impersonal even if everyone is able to identify with other. State is a political unit consisting of a government that has sovereignty presiding over a group of people and a well0defined territory. It is thus the highest form of political organization. Nation-state is when the citizens of a state belong to only one nation. Authority in relation to Legitimacy Authority is the right to command. Authority is observed when an individual has a command to make a person do things. Such act is a response to that person’s perceived power. Authority is more than power. Authority is guaranteed by legitimacy in a formal manner. What makes authority binding and worthy of obedience is its legitimacy. Legitimacy gives form to authority. Legitimacy is a “value whereby something or someone is recognized and accepted as right and proper. For authority to be binding and stable, it must be legitimate. 4  Max Weber identifies three types of authority based on the source of their legitimacy. These are traditional, charismatic, and bureaucratic authority. Traditional authority derived its legitimacy from well-established customs, habits, and social structures. Charismatic authority emanates from the charisma of the individual, which for some can be seen as a “gift of grace”. Bureaucratic authority draws its legitimacy from formal rules promulgated by the state through fundamental and implementing laws. Nonstate Institutions and Organizations Bank is a place where people deposit or save their money with corresponding interest on a given period. Corporation is a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity and recognized as such in law. Usually, corporations operate as stock corporations where ownership is through stockholders who own shares in the company. Cooperative or coop refers to an autonomous association whose membership is voluntary toward the attainment of common economic, social, and cultural needs or aspirations. Trade union or labor union is an organization of workers whose main objective is to protect the welfare of its members. Its purpose is to collectively negotiate employers for better compensation benefits, safety standards in the workplace, just to name a few. Transnational Advocacy Groups are involved in social advocacy to promote principled causes, ideas and values. Their goal is to give the powerless a voice in the domestic and international lawmaking body. Common social advocacies include human rights, consumer rights, women’s rights, environmental issues, and international peace. Global Organizations operate in the development of entire countries. They are the funders and donors. They operate by giving loans or grants to other countries to be used for development. World Bank (WB) International Monetary Bank (IMB) Asian Development Bank (ADB) International Organizations are organizations with international membership, scope or presence. The two (2) main types are the following: International Non-governmental Organizations (INGO) – non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that operate internationally, example, International Committee of the Red Cross. International Governmental Organizations (IGOs) – these are organizations that are made up primarily of member states, example, the United Nations (UN). 5 Activity 1. Identify leaders from the different political organizations. Describe their leadership and how each of them exercises authority. Explain on the third column why you think they possess this type of authority. Name of Leader and Description of Authority Explanation Organization 1. 2. 3. Activity 2. Identify all the non-state organizations found in your community. Then analyze how these organizations contribute to the community. Name of Non-state organizations Contribution to the Community 6  List down at least 5 keys take away in this module. Make research on how the leaders of our country from local to national exercise their authority during the pandemic. Make sure to read reliable sources. Then make a paragraph reflection essay. Use spare sheet of paper for your answer. Below is the rubric for assessment. Rubric for the Task Criteria Rating The answer relates entirely to the assigned topic. 5 4 3 2 1 The answer conveys a genuine view regarding the topic. 5 4 3 2 1 The work is original and does not contain plagiarized 5 4 3 2 1 content. Total points (15) 7 Identify the following. Write your answer on the space provided. _____________1. It is the power to make binding decisions and issue commands. _____________2. Defined as a political unit consisting of a government that has sovereignty presiding over a group of people and well-defined territory and has the highest form of political organization. _____________3. It is formed by several families living together based on marriage ties, common descendants, friendship affiliations and members usually have common interest, or enemy. _____________4. It is imagined in the sense that nation can exist as a state of mind, where the material expressions seen in actual residence in a physical territory becomes secondary to the common connections emanating from a common history and identity. _____________5. It draws its legitimacy from formal rules promulgated by the state through its fundamental and implementing laws. _____________6. It refers to a broad category of nonstate organizations representing a company or group of people that engages in a lawful activity in relation to a public function, such as the provision of a good or service to the larger society. _____________7. It refers to an autonomous association whose membership is voluntary toward the attainment of common economic, social and cultural needs or aspirations. _____________8. World Bank, International Monetary Bank and Asian Development Bank are examples of _____. _____________9. United Nations is an example of ___________ organization. _____________10. It is guaranteed by legitimacy in a formal manner. 8  Benjamin Franklin once said that “An investment in knowledge always pays the best interest”. The continuous search for knowledge is important to keep on learning and improving in all aspects of our lives. Primarily, the search for knowledge is the foundation of education. In this module you will learn how the functions of education affect the lives of people in the society. After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. Evaluate how functions of education affect the lives of people in society; and 2. Promote primary education as a human right. Complete the concept map by writing your idea on what you think is the importance of education in the society. 9  Lesson Education 2 In our previous module, you have learned the forms, functions, and processes of the different political and non-state organizations. As a review, answer the two questions below briefly. 1. Why are nonstate organizations important to society? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Why do you think bands, tribes, and chiefdoms do not exist in this modern times? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Education is one of the most affected sector in the heights of CoVid 19 crisis. The challenge on how to deliver quality education was the focus of every country. Here is the statement of UNESCO on investing in education and youth amidst the pandemic. Education is a key topic affecting young peoples’ lives. Young people have first-hand experiences of the very education challenges that are being discussed at global meetings and they would like a say in the decisions that shape their future. Broadening spaces for youth voices to shape the decisions made about their education is vital. In the statement, youth identify two key challenges arising from the COVID19 learning crisis: (i) Exacerbation of inequalities; (ii) Socio-economic fallout. They have also identified two key opportunities where they would like to work together with governments and decision-makers on: (i) Redefining the relevance of education; (ii) Investment in and prioritization of youth. Together, they call upon governments, donors and decision-makers to: 1. Leave no one behind. Those most vulnerable before COVID-19 are more affected now than ever. 2. Guarantee adequate financing for education systems, including investment to achieve connectivity for all, and continuous teacher development. 3. Ensure that every teacher is adequately valued and trained to deliver quality distance learning and to be proficient in interactive teaching as well as 21st century skills 10  4.Reset current education systems and make them fit for purpose with a focus on disseminating 21st century skills and competences 5. Promote free and public education of high quality that is accessible at all levels and end student debt. Education is a fundamental human right, not a commodity. 6. Narrow the education divide within and between countries and regions through distributive policies and increasing the weight of education in foreign aid schemes 7. Invest in and prioritize youth and students through representation o This means bringing young people and students into decision-making processes and to co-create solutions together for a better future Invest in and prioritize youth through funding and support o We recommend that no less than 50% of all the funding to education should be co-decided with young people and students. We further recommend that young people working on the ground to achieve quality inclusive education should be prioritized with at least 25% of the total funding accorded POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS 8. Aim for a #BetterNormal instead of “back to normal” with sustainability being the leading principle. Education is the social institution that formally socializes members of the society. It also refers to the process through which skills, knowledge, and values are transmitted from the teachers to the learners. Formal education usually takes placed in a classroom setting and provided by trained teaching and nonteaching staff. It has an approved curriculum, which includes the course outline, the prescribed number of sessions to finish the lessons, and authentic assessments and outputs. Nonformal education is an organized educational activity that takes placed outside a formal set up. It has no age-limit, even adults can take part in a nonformal education program. One example for this is the Alternative Learning System (ALS) of the Department of Education. Special education (SPED) refers to the education of persons who are physically, mentally, emotionally, socially or culturally different from so-called “normal” individuals, such that they require modification of school practices to develop their potential. Informal education is a lifelong process of learning by which every person acquires and accumulates knowledge, skills, attitude from daily experiences at home, at work, at play, and from life itself. Functions of Education in the Society Give training in specific skills; or the basic general education literacy Prepare individuals for job Preserving culture from generation to generation Encouraging democratic participation through verbal skills Develop the person’s ability to think logically Enriching life by enabling the students to expand his/her intellectual and aesthetic horizons Improving personal adjustment through personal counselling 11  Improving the health of the nation’s youth Producing nationalistic citizens Build personal character The two most important goals of education for the individual and society are productive citizenry and self-actualization. Productive citizenry refers to an idea that a citizen can create opportunities to become productive. Self-actualization refers to a desire for self-fulfillment. If an individual’s self-fulfillment is through achieving his dreams and aspirations in life, once these are achieved, he reaches the level of self-actualization. Maslow listed several characteristics of a self-actualized people. These include the following: acceptance and realism, problem-centering, spontaneity, autonomy and solitude and continued freshness of appreciation. Primary Education as a Human Right The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that everyone has the right to education. Education has to be free and compulsory at least in the primary level, higher education and technical-vocational education should be made generally available. In the statement of United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), education is a fundamental human right and essential for the exercise of all other human rights. It promotes individual freedom and empowerment and yields important development benefits. Education is a powerful tool by which economically and socially marginalized adults and children can lift themselves out of poverty and participate fully as citizens. Hence in the Philippines, primary education is considered a right of a child. It is enshrined in the 1987 Philippine Constitution. Activity 1. Make a poster on the role of education during CoVid-19 crisis. Use separate page for your output. Below is the rubric for assessment. 4 3 2 1 The poster includes All but 1 of the All required elements Several required all required elements required elements Required elements are included on the elements were as well as additional are included on the poster missing information poster All items of Almost all items of Many items of importance on the importance on the importance on the Labels are too small Labels poster are clearly poster are clearly poster are clearly to view labeled labeled labeled 12  The poster is All graphics relate to The poster is exceptionally the topic. One or two attractive in terms of Graphics do not Attractiveness attractive in terms of borrowed graphics design, layout, and relate to the topic design layout and have a source neatness neatness citation Activity 2. Write 10 sentences to briefly explain your poster. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Make a collage that will show how the function of education affects the society. Rubric for this activity will be given by your teacher.. 13 Complete the statement below. This form will serve as your promise to do your duty as member of society and a student as well. I am ____________________________________________________________, of Grade ___________________ is a member of a community and part of the education institution. I promise to _________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________. For 10 points, create an infographics on the importance of formal and non- formal education in the society. You can pass your output through online or by drawing it in a clean sheet of paper. 14 Social stratification is a system of differentiation which includes social positions whose occupations are treated as superior, equal or inferior relative to one another in socially important respect. – Kurt B. Mayer At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to: 1. Examine the economic organization and impact to lives of people in the society. 2. Analyze the characteristics of stratification from functionalist and conflict perspectives. 3. Identify the characteristics of system of stratification. Define each word/s in 1 sentence. a. Class b. Class System c. Meritocracy d. Income e. Social Stratification Lesson Stratification System in Sociological 3 Perspective Education serves as the most significant aspect of the society and a powerful tool to become a catalyst of change. One must keep in mind the functions of education in the society. Social control and change Reconstruction of individuals experiences Development of moral and social value Providing equality and opportunity Training ground for leadership Inculcation of social and civic responsibility National Integration 15 Analyze the picture and answer the questions below. https://opinion.inquirer.net/130168/editorial-cartoon-may-26-2020 Guide Questions: (1 pt. each) 1. What event or idea does the picture refer to? _______________________________________________________________ 2. Who are the group of people that are represented in the picture? _______________________________________________________________ 3. What is the message of the picture and how does it persuade the readers? _______________________________________________________________ Read the discussions and answer the questions that follow. Social stratification refers to society’s categorization of the people in the rankings of socioeconomic tiers based on factors like wealth, income, race, education, and power. It can also be described like a distinct vertical layer of rock where society’s layers are made of people where society’s resources are distributed unevenly through layers. On the top of the layers are the people who have more resources while the others who have fewer resources represents the lower layers of our society. Stratification is not just about the individual inequalities but on the systematic inequalities based in group membership and classes. Social stratification is therefore a classification whereby people are rank and evaluate based on wealth authority, influence, and status. This brings formation of several levels in the society and identified as social classes or group of people who share related position or status. They are also referring to families that shares same status according to criteria of evaluation in the system of stratification. There are three social classes that exists in the Philippine setting. 16  a. The upper class that has high personal income, inherited wealth, and eco nomic influence. b. The middle class includes the small businessman, teachers, merchants, traders with modest income. c. The lower class earn with low incomes with little or no savings and unemployed. Social mobility is also noticeable in the social stratification. It tells the movement of one individual or group from social class into another. Family position and affiliation to wealthy members of the society are viewed as useful to achieve success. The backer system is used to advantage for employment and other purposes. In the words of Karl Marx, the Father of Scientific Socialism in his A Preface to a Critique of Political Economy “In the social production of their life, men enter definite relations that are indispensable and independent of their will; these relations of production correspond to a definite stage of development of their material forces of production. The sum total of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society—the real foundation, on which rises a legal and political superstructure, and to which correspond definite forms of social consciousness. The mode of production of material life determines the social, political, and intellectual life process in general. It is not the consciousness of men that determines their being, but, on the contrary, their social being that determines their consciousness” Class System refers to position of individuals according to their access to means of production and contribution to productive labor. Parents who can afford to send their children to exclusive schools promotes better advantage for their children. In the class system, access to education is considered as a ticket to success it has become the means to accepted means to advanced one’s social mobility. This is supported by Bell’s Theory on Education-based meritocracy where education is viewed as greatest social equalizer. Therefore, our society is open to movement of individuals from lower class to relatively higher class. This is one of the several systems of stratifications. The other systems are namely, Slavery, Estate systems and Caste Systems. This system varies on the degree of the vertical mobility, the chances of rising and falling in the stratification ladder. Open Societies is the most common in the society where people can have more chances of moving up or down the ladder of social stratification vertically. On the other hand, in Closed Societies, individuals have no chances of moving either up or down in the ladder of social stratification. THEORIES ON SOCIAL STRATIFICATION Theoretical Major assumptions perspective Functionalism Stratification is necessary to induce people with special intelligence, knowledge, and skills to enter the most important 17  Theoretical Major assumptions perspective occupations. For this reason, stratification is necessary and inevitable. Stratification results from lack of opportunity and from Conflict discrimination and prejudice against the poor, women, and people of color. It is neither necessary nor inevitable. Symbolic Stratification affects people’s beliefs, lifestyles, daily interactionism interaction, and conceptions of themselves. https://open.lib.umn.edu/sociology/chapter/8-2-explaining-stratification/ What is the function of social stratification? In the Functionalist Perspective, society is seen as a complex system where parts work together promoting solidarity and stability. The society is looked through a macro- level orientation focusing on social structures that shape society. The Davis-Moore Thesis (Davis & Moore, 1945) emphasizes on the greater the functional importance of social role, the greater must be the reward. Social stratification characterizes inherent unequal value of work. Some tasks in the society are more valuable than others and qualified people filling these positions must be rewarded. Functionalist theorist believed that stratification plays a vital role in the society because it serves important functions in the society. The Conflict Theorists supposed that stratification is only harmful and caused dysfunction to the society as it only benefits the powerful and the rich at the expense of the poor. The winners who are rich and powerful stays on top while the poor stays at the bottom of the pyramid. In Conflict Theory, the society is viewed as a conflict between the needs and interests of the powerful and the rich or “haves” in the society over the poor or the weak the “have-nots” in the society. This will bring us back to the core theory of Karl Marx referring to classes in society. The ruling class shapes and controls the ideas in the society. They shape the ideas justifying the social order to decrease the chance of the poor to challenge it. This is to refrain the poor to achieve class consciousness being aware of their oppressed state. Symbolic interaction theory on social stratification explains everyday interactions of individuals to explain the society. It tries to look at the society on a micro-level perspective. In this theory, the “haves” in society is looked gives a sense of a conspicuous consumption, the show-off of the rich and the famous of their extravagant lifestyles through their fancy stuffs, food, gadgets, and other materials of wealth. In this perspective, peoples’ appearances also reflect the perceived social standing. The type of house, way of dressing, fashion accessories, hairstyle and even transportation indicates social status. 18 Discussion Questions: (5pts.each) 1. Does social stratification play an important role in the society? Explain. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 2. How does social stratification influence the everyday interactions of individuals? Illustrate an example. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Answer each question and give illustrations to prove your answer. 1. Explain the stratification of society in the Philippines. What type of social stratification perspective does it apply? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 2. Do you think there is a possibility that social stratification of all kinds will be eradicated? Explain. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Write the letter of the correct answer. 1. The theory that affects the beliefs, lifestyles, and everyday interactions of every individual. a. Conflict Perspective b. Functionalist Perspective c. Linear Perspective d. Symbolic Interaction 2. Danica came from a well-off family. She always posts her new bought clothes and accessories and her travel pictures in the social media. This behavior in social stratification can be an illustration of ____________ a. Conspicuous consumption b. Narcissistic Disorder c. Obsessive Compulsive d. Soc-med Influencer 19 3. This promotes that stratification is necessary and inevitable to promote solidarity and stability in society. a. Anti-Social Theory b. Conflict Theory c. Functionalist Theory d. Symbolic-Interaction Theory 4. All are classifications of stratifications in the society, EXCEPT: a. Caste System b. Class System c. Estate System d. Pyramid System 5. In the Philippines, one can go up or down freely in the ladder of social stratification. This type of society is characterized as__________ a. Closed Society b. Estate c. Gemeinschaft d. Open Society 6. He believed that no economic class should have power over the other. His famous books are Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital. a. Adam Smith b. Baron de Montesquieu c. John Locke d. Karl Marx 7. Theory emphasizing on the greater the functional importance of social role, the greater must be the reward ________ a. David-Moore Theory b. Engel-Marx Theory c. Maslow Theory d. Pavlov Theory 8. The following are the types of theoretical perspectives in social stratification, EXCEPT: a. Functionalist Perspective Theory b. Conflict Theory c. Socialism Theory d. Symbolic Interaction Theory 9. Adrian, at a very young age was bound to take up medicine by his parents for the belief that it is one of the highest paying jobs in the country. This type of mindset is an example of _______ a. Functionalist Perspective Theory b. Conflict Theory c. Socialism Theory d. Symbolic Interaction Theory 10. Ideology is central to Conflict Theory. a. False b. True a. Symbolic-Interaction Theory __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 20  In our contemporary times, there are only three system of stratification that remains in our society: The Caste System, Slavery, and Class System. At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to: 1. identify the system of stratification in society, 2. analyze the characteristics of system of stratification, and 3. understand the social mobility system. Arranged the jumbled letters to form a word and provide their meanings. 1. CLITNFOC YORHET _________________-_________________________ 2. SHAVE _________________-_________________________ 3. LARK XRAM __________________-_________________________ 4. ETYICOS __________________-_________________________ 5. SALIMNOTIFUCN __________________-_________________________ The primitive society shared a common social standing evolves and began to elevate some members and now, our society has founded its complex system of social ranking called as Stratification in which there is an unequal distribution of wealth in the society. Historically, going back to hunting and gathering society had less stratification. The welfare of the society is depended on the sharing of its members. The society took equally the rearing and socialization of children, shared food, and other goods equally. No group emerged as better than the others. But in due time, the society emerged into a horticultural and pastoral society that led to social inequality. The people learned to plant and breed animals as source of foods. As the society began to grow larger, division of labor becomes a necessity that led to stratification and job specialization. People also began to trade goods and services and began accumulating possessions. In the 18th century, Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and this event also led to an increased in the social stratification. The gap between the “haves” and the “have-nots” widened. According to sociologists, there are four types of systems of stratifications and sometimes found in conjunction with the other these are: 1.Slavery- is the extreme form of inequality in the society and its basis is economic. It has existed in agrarian societies where slaves are asset in production. 2. Estates- found mostly in the European society in the Medieval Period as category in a feudal system. In this system, men are assigned their strata according to birth, military strength, and landholdings. It is created politically according to man-made laws. The normal divisions were threefold: the clergy the first (high estate), the nobility (the second estate) and commoners (third estate) 3.Caste System - in the Indian culture is the most common based on ascription. This is a system of inherited inequality as the guiding principle. It assumes that each person is pre-ordained a place and occupation and society at birth. 4. Social Class - This is the most common in the modern industrial society. 21  Lesson 4 Stratification System Draw a symbol that describes the social stratification of society in each period in the Philippine History. (5pts.each) Pre-Colonial Spanish American Japanese Contemporary Period Period Period Period The status of people is often determined by the social strata, and this can include wealth and income, social class, ethnicity, gender, political status, and religion. It also based upon on a Closed or Open System. According to Melvin Tumin there are characteristics of social stratification. 1. It is social Stratification does not represent inequality which are biologically based. Biological traits do not determine social superiority and inferiority until it is recognized socially. A teacher for example, gains a dominant position in the field is not investigate their physical strength or age but their educational trainings, skills, experiences, and personality found to be more important than biological qualities to attain their social defined traits. 2. It is ancient The gap between the rich and the poor, powerful and humble, freeman and slaves started since the dawn of the civilization. 3. It is universal The concept of social stratification is universal. It is always present in the society. 4. It is in the diverse forms There are different forms of social stratification in all societies. 5. It is consequential the system of stratification leads to two kinds of consequences: 22 Life Chances and Lifestyle. a. Life Chances refers to infant mortality, longevity, physical and mental illness, marital conflict, separation, and divorce. b. Lifestyles on the other hand refers to mode of housing, residential area, education, and recreation. Functions of Social Stratification A. For the Individual a.1.Competition - Individuals attributes aim for greater recognition. a.2.Recognition of Talent - People are given recognition and better position based on skills, trainings, experiences, and education. a.3.Motivation - The people are motivated to improve their social status. a.4.Job Satisfaction - When job is given to a person according to their skills and experiences, they feel a job satisfaction. a.5.Mobility -Achieved status can provide an upward and downward mobility for individuals. B. For the Society b.1. Ascriptive Form b.2. Achieved Form Social Mobility The concept of social mobility was introduced by Pitirim Sorokin in his book Social and Cultural Mobility. He emphasizes that there is no society that is completely open (i.e., class system) and no society that is completely closed (caste system in India). Mobility provides people benefit because they are motivated by different factors in the society and working toa better standard of living. Types of Social Mobility 1. Horizontal Mobility This is a change in religious, territorial, political, or occupational shift with no change in vertical position. For example, a person who changes occupation, but overall social standing remains unchanged. 2. Vertical Mobility A change in the occupational, political, religious status that causes change in societal position. Individual moves from social stratum to another ascending or descending. 3. Upward mobility This is when an individual moves from a lower position to a higher position. 23  4. Downward mobility This is the opposite of the upward mobility when an individual moves from a higher position to a lower position. 5. Inter-generational mobility It happens when social position changes from one position to another. The change can be upward or downward. 6. Intra-generational mobility It is the change in the societal position that occurs during a lifespan of a single generation. Compare and contrast the Caste System in Japan and India. (15 pts.) Attributes Caste System in Japan Caste System in India 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Poster Project Create a poster that will explain the Philippine Social Class System. (10 pts.) In your poster you need to have: a. Types of Social Mobility b. Functions of Social Stratification 24 Read and comprehend each question carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer. 1. What is the form of consequence in the stratification that refers to the mortality, longevity, physical and mental illness, marital conflict, separation, and divorce? a. Life Chances c. Lifestyle Check b. Lifestyles d. Life Encounters 2. When an individual moves from a lower position to a higher position it is called? a. Downward mobility c. Inter-generational mobility b. Horizontal mobility d. Upward mobility 3. Who wrote the book Social and Cultural mobility that describes mobility in society? a. Francis Bacon c. Karl Marx b. John Locke d. Pitirim Sorokin 4. What is the type of social stratification that is non-existent in most societies in the contemporary period tracing its roots in the Middle Ages? a. Caste System c. Slavery b. Estates d. Social Class 5. What type of social mobility that occurs when Don Pablo a well-known nouveau-rich went bankrupt because of his addiction to casino and lavish lifestyle? a. Downward mobility c. Vertical mobility b. Horizontal mobility d. Upward mobility 6. All are functions of social stratification for individual, EXCEPT: a. Ascriptive c. Job Satisfaction b. Competition d. Motivation 7. Caste System remains in India today. a. TRUE b. FALSE 8. The following are characteristics of social stratification, EXCEPT: a. Ancient c. Consequential b. Competitive d. Universal 9. Social Stratification is ALWAYS diverse a. TRUE b. FALSE 10. Back in the Middle Ages, the bourgeoisie belongs to what estate? a. First Estate c. Third Estate b. Second Estate d. Fourth Estate 25  Social inequality resulted from the society where there is hierarchy of class, race and gender that unequally distributes access to resources and rights. It is visible in the society in different forms like income and wealth inequality, unequal access to quality education and resources and even judicial system. At the end of the lesson the learners are expected to: 1. analyze the characteristics of social inequality, 2. understand the 2 main views of social inequality in sociology. Lesson Social Inequality 5 Find the words in the puzzle. Mobility Income Closed System Open System Estate 26 Make a poster to answer this question. How would you like to see yourself 10 years from now, if there would be no inequality in the society? (10pts.) The class (economic order), status (honor) and party (power) are essential dimensions of social inequality. It is a state of unequal distribution of valued goods and opportunities and even burdens in the society. A good can refer to income or employment while burdens are criminality, substance abuse, unemployment, and marginalization. Types of Inequality 1. Natural- it refers to sex, age, height, and weight. 2. Man-made- it can be horizontal or vertical for instance, the occupational group. Social capital as a set of shared values where individuals work together to achieve a common purpose. It can be information, innovative ideas, and future opportunities. In business, it can contribute to a company’s success by building a sense of shared values and mutual respect. There are two types of social capital. Bonding refers to the social capital created within a group with shared interest and goals. Bridging is the creation of social capital across groups. Nowadays, the internet has revolutionized the social capital examples are social media, social networking and even app like Airbnb, Grab, Lazada and Shopee. Sometimes social capital also brings disadvantages it can be both manipulative and destructive. There are three main theorists that discusses the social capital Bourdieu (1986), Putnam (1993) and Coleman (1988). Bourdieu saw social capital as property of individual derived from social position and status. It resides in the individual that is linked to social connections that can be used for advancement. 27 Economic inequality refers to the distribution of income and opportunity between different groups in the society. In the study conducted by Anneli Kaasa with a title, Factors of Income Inequality, and their influence mechanisms: A theoretical overview, there are categories that affect the economic inequality these are economic development, demographic factors, political factors, cultural and environmental factors, and macroeconomic factors. TYPES of ECONOMIC INEQUALITY 1. Income Inequality – extent to which income is unevenly distributed in group of people. Income refers not only to money as payment but also as money received from employment, investments, interest on savings, share of stocks, pensions and rent. 2. Pay Inequality- refers to payment form employee can be hourly, monthly, or annual basis. 3. Wealth Inequality- the total amount of assets of individual or household. Inequality of wealth refers to unequal distribution of assets in the group of people. In the study conducted last 2011 by the Stratbase Research Institute, the Philippines has the highest income inequality rate among the Association of the Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) showing that Philippines marks 44 percent higher than Thailand with 42.5 percent, Indonesia with 39.4 percent, Malaysia’s 37.9 percent, and Vietnam with 37.8 percent. Aside from the rising inequality within and among the countries the ADB highlighted other key challenges like poor governance and corruption. To make growth sustainable, Asian countries must address poverty, equality of access and opportunity, focus on education, entrepreneurship, innovation, and technological advancement. Social Inequality refers to relational processes in society that have limiting or harming effect on a group social status, social class, and social circle. It also includes access to the right to suffrage, freedom of speech and assembly, extent of property rights and access to quality education, health care, housing, travelling, transportation, and other goods and services. Social inequality is also linked to economic inequality where disparities in the economic assets and income between the overall quality and luxury of person’s existence within the society. It exists because there is lack of wealth in certain areas that refrain people from getting same healthcare, housing, and others. Social inequality in a larger sense is also linked to racial inequality, gender inequality, and wealth inequality. The social behavior of people through sexist or racist and other forms of discrimination practices trickles down and affect the opportunities and wealth the individuals can get for themselves. In the article by the Joseph Rowtree Foundation, December 2008 issue aside from the social and economic inequality there are also other inequalities that is happening in our society. There are five types of inequality. a. Political equality includes civic equality and equality before the law. b. Equality of outcome or result, the equality of income and wealth. c. Equality of opportunity often called as equality of access or life chances. d. Less examined idea, equality, or treatment and Equality of membership in the society 28 Write at least 5 arguments supporting the two opposing views about inequality. (10pts.) Inequality is natural and is good Inequality is not natural and is harmful Cut and paste a picture from old magazine or newspaper that illustrates inequality in the Philippines. (10pts.) Write the TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is incorrect. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is wrong. ____1. Social inequality is also linked to racial inequality. ____2. Pay inequality is the unevenly distribution of income to people. ____3. Political inequality is the inequality in the distribution of income and opportunity. ____4. There is inequality in the membership in the society. ____5. Inequality of wealth refers to unequal distribution of assets in the group of people. 29 ____6. Sexism and Racism is another form of social inequality. ____7. Fixed capital as a set of shared values where individuals work together to achieve a common purpose. ____8. Bridging is the creation of social capital across groups. ____9. Economic inequality is linked to social inequality. ____10. Social equality includes civic equality and equality before the law. The world’s global inequality is the result of the two centuries unequal progress. There are unfair opportunities that some people enjoy healthy and wealthy lives while the other people are not. This global inequality among countries and societies is rooted in the regional differences, racial differences, gender differences, and inequalities. This should be addressed by the government of each nation and states thru government policies and regulations. At the end of the lesson the learners are expected to: 1. understand the causes of global inequality, 2. identify the government policies and programs in addressing social inequalities. Lesson Policies Addressing Social 6 Inequalities Define the following: a. Social Inequality- _____________________________________________ b. Economic Inequality- _________________________________________ c. Political Inequality- ___________________________________________ Global inequality as defined by the Open Education Sociology Dictionary refers to the limitation of resources to few core nations and a wealthy minority of corporations or individuals. Global inequality refers to inequality between ‘world citizens’, comparing the incomes of individuals across the globe. It includes within-country inequality based on data collected from household surveys. There are factors that cause global inequality. 1. Access to healthcare- the lack of accessibility to healthcare, doctors, nurses, medicines, vaccines are likely to affect people from preventable causes. 2. Economy-Some countries are poorer/richer than others. This means that they might not have roads or hospitals, or schools. Some people are also poorer/richer. It means people might not have jobs or clothing or food. Without a good economy and good jobs, people cannot afford basic needs. 3. Political stability-Not all places have a stable government. Think of all the ways that your government is involved in your life (jobs, schooling, roads, food 30  4. production, almost everything!). Without a stable government, it is hard to live in a place that is safe and healthy. 5. Basic human rights and equality-Not all places have the same basic rights. Some places do not allow women to work or vote. Some places persecute people who are LGBTQ. There might be less rights related to job safety. There might be less rights related to disability. There might be less rights related to being a child, or a senior citizen. These places have a shorter life expectancy, especially for people who are directly affected. 6. Geography-Some places are more dangerous naturally. If you live in an active earthquake zone, or somewhere extremely cold/hot, or live in a place surrounded by dangerous animals, it can shorten the average life expectancy of that area. 7. Education and access to information-Education helps people make their own lives better, through jobs and opportunities. It also helps a country become better, with better solutions to their problems. 8. Access to water, food, and sanitation facilities-Not everyone in the world has access to safe drinking water that is not full of bad germs or chemicals. Not everyone has access to nutritious food. Not everyone has access to proper toilets and sewers. All these things are important to stay healthy. There are several ways to measure inequality. Generally, three main methods can be distinguished: a. Within- or intra-country inequality, which addresses income inequalities within a country. b. Between-, cross- or inter-country inequality (also referred to as international inequality), which compares income differences between countries. c. Global inequality, which encompasses both within- and between-country inequalities. Check if it is a YES or a NO Statement YES NO 1. Do most people in your family or community have a college/university degree or diploma? 2. Can most people in your family or community read and write (that are old enough to do so)? 3. Do you have a place to call home, with a roof and walls? 4. Do you have an internet connection at home or at school? 5. Are you able to get safe drinking water? 6. Do you have enough good, nutritious food to eat? To eradicate inequalities across the world, there is governmental and non- governmental efforts through implementation of institutional arrangements on the 31 field of fiscal, social, and economic policy according to Agenda for International Development Pro-poor fiscal policy Income redistribution is achieved by fiscal policy mainly, but it does not limit itself to income transfers from the rich to the poor. In informal markets, fiscal incentives for poorer entrepreneurs can encourage them to enter the formal sector, provide social security for them, and they make easier to pay taxes according to status and profits. Better Targeting of Social Program Targeting helps to reduce income inequality and inequalities related to education and health. Income transfers programmed can have a greater and longer-term impact if better targeting is used, ensuring people with wider gaps in access and income inequality are participants of the programmed. This can be done using geographic targeting (selecting the regions with a higher prevalence of poverty) or using surveys to estimate if a potential beneficiary is poor or how poor she is. There is also the possibility of participatory targeting, where people from the community identify and validate the selection of beneficiaries. Participatory Decision-Making This strategy focuses on increasing the voice of the poor. Poor people often face an inequality of participation in policy making. Designing participatory methodologies to include their perspective in public policy can help reduce the gaps of power to decide over policies, which affect them and their communities. Participation does not limit to decision making, it can include monitoring and evaluating results and impact of social policies too. Revision of legislative framework that foster inequality This strategy can help to identify discriminatory laws or laws that generate inequalities among people or regions. Laws that do not recognize domestic labor as productive; or social security systems that do not provide universal access. Promotive action Discrimination against certain groups of population might isolate them and limit their access to opportunities for a better wellbeing. Addressing regional inequality Improving access to roads, communications and markets can have a great impact on reducing poverty and opening opportunities for marginalized groups. Differentiated poverty reduction policies Extreme poverty is usually associated to systemic inequality and chronic poverty. Meanwhile, transient poverty is more related to the effect of shocks and a higher social mobility rate. Different policies are needed to address each case of poverty: a temporary employment programmed might work for transient poverty, but it may be inefficient for chronic poverty related, for example, to a disability or to address poverty experienced by refugees. Understanding the dynamics of poverty can work to design more efficient policies and having a bigger impact on chronic poverty. Measuring other inequalities, rather than just income inequality An example of this kind of inequalities can be seen in more time spent on non-paid activities by women; higher poverty levels by indigenous groups; more difficulties to 32 start business activities by poorest entrepreneurs; inequalities in school attendance by women and several others; limited access to markets (both labor and goods). Program monitoring and evaluation Sound public expenditure evaluation can determine if a social programmed is being efficient on reducing inequality or poverty. Design, performance, and impact evaluation can also increase public support for social programmed by demonstrating they are effective. In the Philippines, according to the study of Albert Jimenez in his Addressing the Inequality in the Philippines, he emphasizes the significant role of the government in addressing the issues and challenges in eradication of the inequalities in all aspects of the society of the Filipino nation whereas there are three important values that is investigated to government initiative in addressing these issues. 1. Cultural Patrimony- Social inequity tapers when citizens work together with a single mindset for their country. In truth, the love of the country is important for national success. Unfortunately, we have lost our national identity because of western culture. Singapore, South Korea, and Vietnam were the poorest countries in Asia half a century ago. Their national and cultural identity was a critical bond that pushed citizens to move as one and save their country. The Philippine government needs to unite the country through programs that produce national pride and cultural patrimony. 2. Godly Character- Corruption has always been the disabler of successful government programs. Therefore, ensuring a godly character learned at the grassroots encourages honesty and trustworthiness. Godliness has value. An expanded “Good Manners Right Conduct” (GMRC) is an effective strategy as a DepEd school curriculum. Filipino’s harmonious nature, coupled with godly character, ensures good governance, respectful citizens, and hard-working people. 3. Personal Responsibility- Filipinos should repeatedly be taught that collectivism is a bad socialist idea. The government is not the solution to social inequities but individual responsibility. We must work on our individual growth that triggers positive social changes. Executive Order No. 43 s. 2011 organized the cabinet members into clusters with key programs to building a social contract to Filipino people addressing the challenges of the current issues that deals with the inequalities in the society. The key programs are: a. Good Governance and Anti-Corruption that will promote transparency, accountability, and participatory governance. b. Human Development focusing on the improvement of the quality of life of the Filipinos with its key programs such as Human Development and Poverty c. Reduction Cluster, Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (CCT), K to 12 Basic Education, Responsible Parenthood and Sin Taxes. d. Economic Development Cluster shall focus on the promotion of rapid, inclusive, and sustained economic growth. The programs under this cluster are the Public-Private Partnership and Philippine Development Plan 2011- 2016. 33  e. Security Cluster shall ensure the preservation of national sovereignty and the rule of law; and focus on the protection and promotion of human rights and the pursuit of a just, comprehensive, and lasting peace. (National Security Policy 2011-2016 and PAMANA Program) f. Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Cluster shall focus on the conservation, and protection of the environment and natural resources. It shall take the lead in pursuing measures to adapt to and mitigate the effects of climate change on the Philippine archipelago; and undertake all the necessary preparation for both natural and man-made disasters. (Project NOAH and National Green Program) Write your thoughts about Global Inequality and how to address this current issue. Write your answer in the box below. (10 pts.) Complete the table below enumerating the causes, effects, and solutions to Global Inequality. (15pts.) CAUSES EFFECTS SOLUTIONS Fill in the correct word to complete the selection. 1._________ is the love of the country is important for national success. Unfortunately, we have lost our national identity because of western culture. 34 Singapore, South Korea, and Vietnam were the poorest countries in Asia half a century ago. Their 2. ______ and 3. ______ was a critical bond that pushed citizens to move as one and save their country. 4._________ ensuring each Filipino learned at the grassroots encouraging honesty and trustworthiness. Godliness has value. An expanded 5. ________ is an effective strategy as a DepEd school curriculum. Filipino’s harmonious nature, coupled with godly character, ensures 6. _________ 7. ________ and 8. ________ people.9. __________ is working on individual growth that triggers positive 10. ___________ Cultural patrimony good governance National Cultural identity Godly character Good Manners and Right Conduct Respectful citizens Hard working Personal responsibility social changes Social change is generally universal, but every society undergoes changes that is affected by time and space. The rate of social change happens as technology advances. The sociologist identified the four key sources of social, cultural, and political change: innovation, diffusion, acculturation, and assimilation. At the end of the lesson the learners are expected to: 1. identify the ways to address the social inequalities (local, national, and global), 2. human responses to emerging challenges in contemporary societies. Lesson Human Responses in Contemporary 7 Challenges in the Society In the modern world, there are major transformations that resulted from increase in population, advancement in technology, and environmental changes create challenges to human adaptation and social change. Change is inevitable in the society and people use different ways and means to respond to change and manage impact to individual and society. Answer each questions briefly. (5pts.each) 1. Why is change inevitable to society? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 35 2. Do you think a society can survive without undergoing going change? How? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ In the Philippines, challenges are responded by forming cause-oriented groups that is represented by the civil society and non-governmental organizations that is active in cooperation with the government agencies in giving the services and resources to the people in the community. Participatory Governance is significant in giving opportunities to the voiceless sectors in the society in raising their views and feelings to address their issues and concerns. They also play a proactive role in community decision making and planning processes. Participatory democracy is a discourse of collective behavior which values the contribution of people generating change and transformation in the society. Collective efforts are not only representations of solidarity but also viewed as a major medium in addressing the social, cultural, and political change. In the dawn of the technology advancement, new forms of media and social networking became one of the vehicles in people’s equitable access to information and ideas. This technological development is a great victory for democracy as popular participation can be handily realized with one click. Because of this, information access in the government policies and inconvenient truths become so readily available to public. It gives the people awareness and be involved in the policy decision making process. Social movements organized by groups of people dissatisfied with the social and political conditions. Most of these groups represents the pro-poor platforms to raise awareness to become socially and politically active. Types of Social Movements Ideology – is a coherent system of beliefs, values and ideas that justifies the movements existence. Formal and Bureaucratization help make social movements more efficient. Millenarian and cultist movements which are religious and mystical in orientation, Social movements bring out the small improvements in social conditions of the society. Resources are also important to any social movement these can be in the form of money, people, media, and knowledge. 36 How does innovation, diffusion and acculturation contribute to the rise and fall of human civilization? Write your thoughts inside the box. Explain and illustrate your answer. (10pts.) Provide the significance of the following major inventions. (1pt.each) Invention Significance 1. computer 2. ATM 3. Smart Phone 4. Elevator 5. Airplane Complete the phrase. 1. Change is _________________________________________________________________. 2. Participatory Democracy is significant because______________________________. 3. Social Movements plays an important role in________________________________. 37 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Department of Education – SDO Valenzuela Office Address: Pio Valenzuela Street, Marulas, Valenzuela City Telefax: (02) 8292-4340 Email Address: [email protected] 38