Tutorial Notes PDF

~~Tutorial Notes Week 5 Interviews, Selection Criteria + Skills selection criteria: ❖ highlight the key words. ❖ For each criterion, write down all your relevant knowledge, skills, training an...

~~Tutorial Notes Week 5 Interviews, Selection Criteria + Skills selection criteria: ❖ highlight the key words. ❖ For each criterion, write down all your relevant knowledge, skills, training and experience. ❖ Think of specific examples of behaviour. Use A - B - C model: Activity - What happened? Or what was the situation? Behaviour - What did you do? Consequence - What was the outcome?  Focus on your key achievements Suggestions you made that were implemented (i.e. qualitative) Procedures that were effective Satisfied clients (or colleagues) (i.e. qualitative) numerical or objective indication of a good outcome, e.g. increasing sales figures or employee of the month Interview Tips: review the job description beforehand. how skills align with the competencies they have outlined. Research the company beforehand. insight into the organisation's future goals and plans You seem committed and interested in the company. Always have questions for the company / interviewers What does a typical day look like (i.e. expectations) ? Why did you want to work for this company ?  Generic Skills when recruiting new employees How are these skills demonstrated through behaviour? Teamwork Problem solving Communication skills Self-management Interpersonal skills Leadership – an active person that takes initiative Innovative and creative thinking  Week 7 sub-disciplines provide insight about the causes of family violence. cognition development of schemas and scripts that can normalise aggressive behaviour developmental psychology effects on child development when witnessing DV; emotion role of anger, shame, and humiliation evolutionary psychology drive of gender differences and control of reproduction success Learning and behaviour role of modelling and vicarious learning neuro/biopsych role of genetics, neurotransmitters and hormones personality which personality types are more prone to be perpetrators Social psychology how culture can contribute.  Child Maltreatment maltreatment risks for gender diverse and LGBTQIA+ children. Professor Daryl Higgins an author of the 2024 Australian Child Maltreatment Study (ACMS), sample of 8500 people over age 16 (including 3,500 adolescents/young adults aged 16-24). 62% of Australians have experienced 1 or more types of child maltreatment Almost 40% experienced 2+ types of child maltreatment rates are higher for females than males. higher for gender diverse people higher for sexuality diverse people Risk factors for child maltreatment include family separation living with someone who was mentally ill, suicidal or severely depressed living with someone who had a problem with alcohol or drugs family economic hardship  Order of most prevalent child maltreatment in Aus 1. Exposure to domestic violence 39% 2. Physical abuse 3. Emotional abuse 4. Sexual abuse 5. Neglect 8% Domestic Violence in Australia Partner abuse 21% have experienced violence, emotional abuse, or economic abuse by a cohabiting partner since the age of 15. Women were more likely than men to experience violence, emotional abuse, and economic abuse by a cohabiting partner, but the rate of partner abuse to men is also unacceptably high.  Stalking experienced stalking since the age of 15 20% of women 6.8% of men Domestic Violence and common target population Domestic or family violence against women is the single largest driver of homelessness for women Young women (aged 18 – 25) nearly 3 x as likely to experience sexual violence than other women 70-90% of intellectually disabled women are victims of sexual abuse  Economic Cost for violence against women in Australia was estimated at $22 billion per annum in 2016 (KPMG) 4 groups of women were underestimated Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women, women with disability, pregnant women women who are homeless. Accounting for these women may add another $4 billion What can psychology tell us about the scope of the issue? ❖ Under reporting ❖ Critical analysis — thinking about the data and evaluating it ❖ Tells us about child development, social implications, ❖ How society impacts family violence ❖ The importance of creating definitions ❖ cultures may perceive behaviours differently e.g. what is considered controlling?  psychology provides insight about how to deal with the issue analyse what interventions exist and if they are effective who is more likely to change their behaviour what treatments work best for certain perpetrators Individuals Educate people about the prevalence, signs, and how to possibly prevent it. Provide people with resources and support Treatments Treatment for victims – how to overcome these emotions Treatment for perpetrators – changing their behaviour Schema therapy Social remedies education about signs of violence Education about healthy relationships  Week 9 Drug & alcohol World Health Organisation (2023) 600,000 drug related deaths reported in 2019 80% related to opioid use. UN Office of Drugs and Crime (2023) illicit drug use has increased worldwide by 23% between 2011 and 2021. men are 5x more likely than women to inject drugs with the likelihood of acquiring HIV 35x greater strongest psycho-social indicator of drug-induced death history of self harm  Alcohol Use in Australia 15.6% have consumed 11+ standard drinks on a single drinking occasion in the past 12 months Males are 2x as likely to exceed the lifetime risk levels Males in their late 40’s and late 20’s and 18-24 yr old females are most likely to drink at risky levels Illicit Drugs in Australia Cannabis is most popular declines in the number of ecstacy users increases in cocaine and hallucinogen use Males are more likely to use In 2022–2023, 10% of people aged 14+ had been a victim of an illicit drug-related incident (experiencing verbal abuse, physical abuse or being put in fear)  Treatment in Australia 4 most common drugs leading clients to seek treatment were ❖ alcohol (43% of episodes), ❖ amphetamines (24%), ❖ cannabis (17%) and ❖ heroin (4.5%). 60% of people seeking treatment were male 50% were aged 20-39. Counselling was the most common treatment type provided to all clients followed by assessment only (22%), support and case management (15%) withdrawal management treatment (11%). Counselling as a treatment for illicit drug use is steadily declining  Week 11 Ethics Case Studies A client who is struggling financially brings you a gift that must have cost more than a hundred dollars. accepting the gift not accepting the gift Putting the client in more financial stress/ struggle You might hurt their feelings / be offended Blurring boundaries They feel that we “owe” them something Some cultures involve gift taking The therapist feels a sense of further connection with client which can ruin the relationship What do the codes of ethics suggest? General Principle C: Integrity C.6 — financial arrangements Safeguard of best interests of client Avoid financial arrangements Maintaining proper boundaries General principle B: Propriety B3: professional responsibility Take responsibility for the consequences of their conduct (i.e. if the client becomes more financially unstable — it may be the therapists responsibility as they accepted the gift) What would you do? Say that is a lovely gesture however you cannot accept Mention the reason WHY (e.g. code of ethics)  One of your clients has gone missing. The client has substance and alcohol abuse problems. The client’s father comes in and asks you to show him your client’s file. What do the codes of ethics suggest? General Principle A: Respect A5.2 — disclosure Client is at risk of significant harm therefore confidentiality is allowed to be broken However, Therapeutic alliance could be ruined if confidentiality is broken What would you do? Should not give it to father The file could be given to authorities such as police  A colleague mentions they are now in a sexual relationship with an ex-client (last session 8 months ago). Issues: Legally should wait 2 years, however it is still not recommended Power imbalance What do the codes of ethics suggest? Integrity Exploitation Conflict of interest duty to remove the client from risk, a sexual relationship puts them at risk Section C.4.3 Need to complete Mandatory reporting Section C.7.2. — draw attention of a person directly involved to report it themselves or mention it indirectly through a psychologist. You need to cite the code. Encourage people affected to report it. If they do not report it, you MUST report it yourself  A client of the opposite sex tries to give you a hug after a very emotional session. You know that they have abandonment issues and get little positive feedback from their family or friends. Should you hug the client? = no hugging the client blur the relationship Client may expect the hug each session Client could use the hug against the therapist — “you touched me, I didn’t consent” not hugging the client Client may feel rejected, offended, unsupportive Do the codes give any guidance? Section 3.5 Generally avoid hugs to not blur the boundaries of the relationship What would you do? Provide support in other ways Offer tissues Tap on the hand or pat on the shoulder  Your client is a 15 year old girl. She has an eating disorder. Her mother has attended some sessions with her. She asks for access to her daughter’s notes. Do you have to give access to the mother? Not without the child’s consent If you have discussed confidentiality, you should maintain trust with client What issues should you consider? Ensure safety and wellbeing of client Consider WHY the mother wants access? For positive or negative reasons? A.4. privacy — information is not given to others A 5.2. Disclosure – only disclose information is client is at risk of harm start getting hang up calls, His car is parked outside client sends a text message professing their love and begging you to love them back. immediate course of action? First step – Call the police Call senior psychologist May breach confidentiality Get somewhere safe, protect yourself Long term actions Contact police and get a restraining order if the client continues  Week 13 Psychological Work Health & Safety Each year: ❖ 6% of all SERIOUS worker’s compensation claims are for work-related mental health conditions Number of claims: ❖ 58% women ❖ 42% men Occupations most at risk Types of Main causes for (serious claims) mental health conditions serious claims (workers receive compensation) 9% defence force, fire fighters, police 21% work pressure 37% reaction to stressors 8% school teachers 20% work 31% anxiety / stress disorder 6% health and welfare harassment or support workers bullying 12% PTSD 11% anxiety & depression 10% exposure to combined workplace violence 4% depression  Psychological Injury Early Signs Strategies to Reduce Psychological Injury Encourage: Develop coping strategies: Exercise + healthy eating ❖ Threat appraisal (challenge vs threat) Work-life balance (with flexible hours) ❖ Prioritizing tasks Breaks/ holidays ❖ Relaxation techniques  Obesity eating disordered behaviour (EDB) body dissatisfaction Mental health & eating disorders commonly occur together 94% suffering from a mood disorders like depression 69% of patients with anorexia nervosa also have OCD 1 in 3 people with binge eating disorder also have major depression 81% of people with bulimia nervosa also have anxiety disorder  How we feel about our bodies is impacted by: Top 3 Women Men Social media Partner TV/movies Social media Partner TV/movies Obesity Prevalence increased dramatically during past 3 decades appears to be leveling off in recent years Impacts Physical health: Diabetes cardiovascular disease high BP  Eating Disordered Behaviour (EDB) includes eating disorders and sub-clinical variants of these Prevalence: 10% women 5% men 1 in 20 Australians have an eating disorder Body Dissatisfaction (BD) A person’s negative thoughts about his or her body about: body size or Shape muscularity/muscle tone Body weight Poor Body image is a risk factor for eating disorders  associations between the 3 variables Prevalence of BD/EDB is higher in obese people People with binge eating disorder are typically obese BD and EDB predict weight gain (also low self esteem, depression, and poor mental health). Obesity prevention seeking weight loss has inconsistent success. Surgical options can be effective BD/EDB prevention prevention programs targeting key risk factors such as BD and media literacy  Weight related stigma student Caitlin Greig in 2023 refers to negative attitudes, beliefs and stereotypes associated with individuals who are perceived as fat. correlations between weight stigma and higher rates of depression, anxiety, eating disorders, suicidality, and reduced self-esteem weight stigma can lead to behaviours such as extreme dieting and exercise intentional weight loss attempts the binge/restrict cycle and weight cycling linked to harmful effects metabolic and cardiovascular diseases decreased overall life expectancy Social impacts: teachers see fat children as less intelligent and capable than their thin counterparts In the workplace, fat people are less likely to be hired for a job, are paid less on average, In the criminal justice system, fat defendants are more likely to be deemed guilty of a crime than thin defendants