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Questions and Answers

What should you focus on when preparing for an interview regarding selection criteria?

Focusing on general knowledge without specific examples.

Avoiding to research the company to save time.

Memorizing the job description without analyzing the competencies.

Highlighting keywords and writing down relevant skills and experiences. (correct)

Which modeling method is suggested for demonstrating your achievements during an interview?

S-T-A model: Situation - Task - Approach

O-P-A method: Outcome - Process - Analysis

C-R-R method: Concept - Result - Reflection

A-B-C model: Activity - Behavior - Consequence (correct)

What is an important interview tip regarding the job role?

Focus solely on your previous experiences.

Do not review the job description before the interview.

Have questions prepared for the company or interviewers. (correct)

Avoid asking questions to keep the interview brief.

Which factor is examined in social psychology as a contributor to family violence?

Cultural factors and their influence. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of developmental psychology relates to family violence?

The effects of child development when witnessing family violence. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a generic skill sought after in recruiting new employees?

Ability to memorize facts Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of drug-related deaths in 2019 that were reported to be associated with opioid use?

80% Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is indicated to be most likely to consume alcohol at risky levels in Australia?

Males in their late 40s and late 20s Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of drug that leads clients to seek treatment in Australia?

Alcohol Signup and view all the answers

Which psycho-social indicator is identified as the strongest associated with drug-induced death?

History of self-harm Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of people seeking treatment were male?

60% Signup and view all the answers

In terms of illicit drug use from 2011 to 2021, what percentage increase was reported worldwide?

23% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common treatment type provided to clients seeking help in Australia?

Counseling Signup and view all the answers

Among 14+ age individuals, what percentage reported being a victim of an illicit drug-related incident?

10% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for not hugging a client after an emotional session?

Hugging may blur the boundaries of the therapist-client relationship. Signup and view all the answers

What should a therapist do if a client receives hang-up calls and expresses love via text?

Alert a supervisor and consider the safety implications. Signup and view all the answers

In the case of a 15-year-old client with an eating disorder, what is necessary before disclosing her notes to her mother?

The child must provide consent for her mother to access the notes. Signup and view all the answers

When considering whether to disclose client information to a third party, which guideline should a therapist primarily follow?

Confidentiality, except when the client poses a risk of harm. Signup and view all the answers

Which supportive gesture is appropriate instead of hugging a client in distress?

Offering tissues. Signup and view all the answers

What potential issue should a therapist consider if a client's mother requests access to her daughter's therapy notes?

The potential for the mother to use the information against the daughter. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of accepting a gift from a client?

It may lead to financial strain for the client. Signup and view all the answers

Which principle emphasizes the need for safeguarding the best interests of the client?

General Principle C: Integrity Signup and view all the answers

What should a therapist do if a client’s father requests access to the client's file?

Deny the request, citing confidentiality. Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical principle relates to the responsibility to avoid situations of exploitation?

General Principle B: Propriety Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate action regarding forming a sexual relationship with a former client?

Avoid the relationship and provide a referral. Signup and view all the answers

Which situation allows for breaking confidentiality according to the ethical guidelines?

If the client poses a risk to themselves or others. Signup and view all the answers

What might occur if a therapist accepts a significant gift from a client?

The boundaries between therapist and client may be distorted. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it recommended to avoid financial arrangements with clients?

It maintains the professional relationship. Signup and view all the answers

What could be a responsibility of a therapist if accepting a gift leads to a client's financial instability?

The therapist may have to accept liability for the situation. Signup and view all the answers

What ethical issue arises from a therapist being in a sexual relationship with an ex-client?

Potential exploitation due to power imbalance. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Interviews and Selection Criteria

For each criterion, list all relevant knowledge, skills, training, and experience.
Use the A-B-C model to provide specific examples of behavior:
- A (Activity): What happened or what was the situation?
- B (Behaviour): What did you do?
- C (Consequence): What was the outcome?
Focus on key achievements, including:
- Suggestions implemented.
- Effective procedures.
- Satisfied clients or colleagues.
- Numerical or objective indicators of good outcomes (e.g., increased sales figures, employee of the month).

Interview Tips

Review the job description beforehand and analyze how your skills align with the outlined competencies.
Research the company to understand their future goals and plans.
Show commitment and interest in the company.
Always prepare questions for the interviewers.
Examples of good questions to ask:
- What does a typical day look like?
- Why did you want to work for this company?

Generic Skills for Recruiting

Teamwork: Demonstrate how you collaborate effectively with others.
Problem Solving: Highlight instances where you identified and resolved issues.
Communication Skills: Provide examples of clear and effective communication with others.
Self-Management: Showcase your ability to prioritize tasks, manage time, and work independently.
Interpersonal Skills: Demonstrate your ability to build and maintain positive relationships.
Leadership: Highlight examples of initiatives you've taken and instances where you've motivated others.
Innovative and Creative Thinking: Showcase your ability to generate new ideas and solutions.

Family Violence

Sub-disciplines provide insight into the causes of family violence:
- Cognition: Understanding the development of schemas and scripts that can normalize aggressive behavior.
- Developmental Psychology: Examining the effects of witnessing domestic violence on child development.
- Emotion: Recognizing the role of anger, shame, and humiliation in family violence.
- Evolutionary Psychology: Analyzing the potential influence of gender differences and reproductive success in family violence.
- Learning and Behaviour: Understanding the role of modelling and vicarious learning in perpetuating violence.
- Neuro/Biopsychology: Investigating the contributions of genetics, neurotransmitters, and hormones to family violence.
- Personality: Identifying personality types more prone to perpetrating violence.
- Social Psychology: Examining how cultural factors contribute to family violence.

Child Maltreatment

Maltreatment risks for gender-diverse and LGBTQIA+ children:
- Professor Daryl Higgins, an author of the 2024 Australian Child Maltreatment Study (ACMS), provides valuable insight into child maltreatment.
ACMS 2024 Sample:
- The study included a sample of 8,500 people aged 16 and over, including 3,500 adolescents/young adults aged 16-24.
Psychology's Role:
- Understanding how to effectively address child maltreatment.
- Analyzing the effectiveness of existing interventions.
- Determining individuals more likely to change their behavior.
- Identifying effective treatments for perpetrators.

Individual Interventions

Educate people about the prevalence, signs, and prevention of child maltreatment.
Provide resources and support to those affected by child maltreatment.

Treatment Interventions

Treatment for victims: Helping survivors overcome emotional trauma.
Treatment for perpetrators: Helping abusers modify their behavior.
Schema Therapy: Addressing negative thought patterns and beliefs linked to perpetrating violence.

Educate people about the warning signs of violence.
Promote healthy relationship education.

Drug and Alcohol Use

World Health Organization (2023):
- Reported 600,000 drug-related deaths in 2019.
- 80% of these deaths were linked to opioid use.
UN Office of Drugs and Crime (2023):
- Illicit drug use has increased globally by 23% between 2011 and 2021.
Gender Differences:
- Men are five times more likely than women to inject drugs.
- Injecting drug users have a 35 times higher likelihood of acquiring HIV.
Strongest Psycho-Social Indicator of Drug-Induced Death:
- History of self-harm.

Alcohol Use in Australia

Prevalence:
- 15.6% of Australians have consumed 11 or more standard drinks on a single occasion in the past 12 months.
Gender Differences:
- Males are twice as likely as females to exceed lifetime risk levels for alcohol consumption.
Age Groups Most Likely to Drink at Risky Levels:
- Males in their late 40s and late 20s.
- Females aged 18-24.

Illicit Drugs in Australia

Most Popular Drug:
- Cannabis remains the most widely used illicit drug.
Trends:
- Declines in ecstasy use.
- Increases in cocaine and hallucinogen use.
Gender Differences:
- Males are more likely to use illicit drugs.
Drug-Related Incidents:
- In 2022-2023, 10% of Australians aged 14+ had been victims of illicit drug-related incidents (verbal abuse, physical abuse, or fear).

Treatment in Australia

Four Most Common Drugs Leading Clients to Seek Treatment:
- Alcohol (43% of episodes).
- Amphetamines (24%).
- Cannabis (17%).
- Heroin (4.5%).
Gender Differences:
- 60% of people seeking treatment for drug use are male.
Age Groups Most Likely to Seek Treatment:
- 50% are aged 20-39.
Common Treatment Types:
- Counselling (most common).
- Assessment only (22%).
- Support and case management (15%).
- Withdrawal management treatment (11%).

Ethics Case Studies

Case 1: Client Gifts a Costly Gift:
- Accepting the gift:
  - May put the client in further financial stress.
  - Could blur boundaries and create a sense of obligation.
- Not accepting the gift:
  - Might hurt the client's feelings or cause offense.
- Ethical considerations:
  - General Principle C: Integrity, Section C.6 - Financial Arrangements: Safeguard the client's best interests and avoid financial arrangements that blur boundaries.
- Action:
  - Politely decline the gift and explain your reasoning based on ethical guidelines.
Case 2: Client Goes Missing:
- Client's father requests access to file:
  - Ethical considerations:
    - General Principle A: Respect, Section A5.2 - Disclosure: Confidentiality can be breached if the client is at risk of significant harm.
  - Therapeutic alliance:
    - Breaching confidentiality could damage the therapeutic relationship.
- Action:
  - Refuse to give the file to the father.
  - Consider reporting the situation to authorities (e.g., police).
Case 3: Colleague in a Relationship with an Ex-Client:
- Ethical concerns:
  - Power imbalance: The therapist holds a position of power, making a relationship inappropriate.
- Ethical guidelines:
  - Integrity, Section C.4.3 & C.7.2: Avoid exploitation, conflict of interest, and ensure the client's safety.
  - Mandatory reporting: Report situations where a client is potentially at risk.
- Action:
  - Encourage the colleague to report the situation themselves.
  - If they don't, you are obligated to report it directly.
Case 4: Client Attempts to Hug After an Emotional Session:
- Hugging the client:
  - Could blur boundaries.
  - The client might expect a hug every session.
  - Could lead to accusations of inappropriate behavior.
- Not hugging the client:
  - Might make the client feel rejected or unsupportive.
- Ethical guidelines:
  - Section 3.5: Generally avoid physical touch to maintain professional boundaries.
- Action:
  - Offer other forms of support (e.g., tissues, a hand tap).
Case 5: Mother Requests Access to Child's Notes:
- Ethical considerations:
  - Confidentiality: Maintain trust with the client and respect their privacy.
- Legal requirements:
  - Generally, access to notes requires the child's consent.
- Action:
  - Explain to the mother that you cannot give her access to the notes without the daughter's permission.
  - Encourage the mother to discuss any concerns directly with her daughter.
Case 6: Client Makes Unwanted Advances:
- Immediate action:
  - Call the police.
  - Contact a senior psychologist.
- Long-term action:
  - Obtain a restraining order if the client continues to harass you.

Psychological Work Health and Safety

Prevalence of Work-Related Mental Health Conditions:
- 6% of all serious worker's compensation claims are related to mental health conditions.
Gender Differences in Claims:
- 58% of claims are made by women.
- 42% of claims are made by men.
Occupations at Highest Risk for Serious Mental Health Claims:
- Defense forces, firefighters, and police (9%).
- School teachers (8%).
- Health and welfare support workers (6%).
Common Mental Health Conditions:
- Work pressure (21%).
- Reaction to stressors (37%).
- Anxiety/stress disorders (31%).
- Harassment or bullying (20%).
- PTSD (12%).
- Anxiety and depression combined (11%).
- Depression (4%).
Main Causes of Claims:
- Workplace violence (10%).

Psychological Injury

Early Signs of Psychological Injury:
- Changes in mood, behavior, or sleep patterns.
- Difficulty concentrating or making decisions.
- Increased anxiety or irritability.
- Withdrawal from social interactions.
- Physical symptoms (e.g., headaches, stomach problems).

Strategies to Reduce Psychological Injury

Encourage:
- Exercise and healthy eating.
- Work-life balance with flexible hours.
- Regular breaks and holidays.
Develop coping strategies:
- Threat appraisal (assessing situations as challenges or threats).
- Prioritizing tasks.
- Relaxation techniques.

Obesity, Eating Disorders, and Body Dissatisfaction

Mental Health and Eating Disorders:
- Eating disorders and mental health conditions often co-occur.
- 94% of people with eating disorders also have mood disorders like depression.
- 69% of people with anorexia nervosa have OCD.
- 1 in 3 people with binge eating disorder have major depression.
- 81% of people with bulimia nervosa have anxiety disorders.
Factors Influencing Body Image:
- Social media, TV/movies, and partners significantly influence body image.

Obesity

Prevalence:
- Obesity rates have increased significantly over the past three decades.
- Rates are appearing to level off in recent years.
Impacts on Physical Health:
- Diabetes.
- Cardiovascular disease.
- High blood pressure.

Eating Disordered Behaviour (EDB)

Definition:
- Includes eating disorders and sub-clinical variants.
Prevalence:
- 10% of women and 5% of men have EDB.
- 1 in 20 Australians have an eating disorder.

Body Dissatisfaction (BD)

Definition:
- Negative thoughts about one's body size, shape, muscularity, or weight.
Risk Factor for Eating Disorders:
- Poor body image increases the risk of developing eating disorders.

Associations Between Obesity, EDB, and BD

Prevalence:
- BD and EDB are more prevalent in obese individuals.
Binge eating disorder:
- People with binge eating disorder often have obesity.
Weight Gain:
- BD and EDB can contribute to weight gain (also low self-esteem, depression, and poor mental health).

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