Trends And Issues In Social Studies Midterm Reviewer PDF

SSED 213 Trends and Issues in Social Studies Midterm Reviewer by Rosebelle C. Landicho HAIL THE RED AND WHITE muna bago magsagot ng exam kainissss Culture Shift is a change that occurs...

SSED 213 Trends and Issues in Social Studies Midterm Reviewer by Rosebelle C. Landicho HAIL THE RED AND WHITE muna bago magsagot ng exam kainissss Culture Shift is a change that occurs overtime to the shared way of life of a UNIVERSITY MISSION group. This emerges with the A university committed to producing leaders by experiences of a society, culture, providing a 21st century learning environment through organization, super culture or innovatios in education, multidisciplinary research, and subculture. The following are illustrative community and industry partnerships in order to nurture examples of a culture change. the spirit of nationhood and engage the world for sustainable development. Generations It is the role of each new generation to challenge the older UNIVERSITY VISION generations and create change. This can A premier national university that produces leaders in be vividly seen in culture such as music the global knowledge economy. and fashion. A generation can also effect large changes to the systems of a UNIVERSITY CORE VALUES society. Patriotism Service Technologies have the potential to Integrity rapidly transform both society and Resilience culture. The cultural landscape Excellence underwent a significant transformation Faith on a global scale with the widespread integration of the internet during the late 1990s. This transformative shift was primarily attributed to the A1. Major Forces that Shape Contemporary Trends and Issues democratization of information dissemination, as individuals gained the Trends and Issues is the study and analysis of current unprecedented capability to publish themes in education that influence strongly the teaching content to a worldwide audience. Prior of social studies to become more civic component such to this development, such authority was as indigenous people’s right, population studies, predominantly held by a limited number environmental issues and concerns, peace education and of media conglomerates. human rights, mother-tongue-based - multilingual education and voter’s education cognizant with local, Ideas. It is common for ideas, national and global contexts, which are anchored on the particularly philosophies, to radically National Curriculum Standards for Social Studies. transform culture and society as they spread. For example, relativism, the I. CULTURE SHIFT idea that there are no universal truths, is at the root of a large cultural It does not result from a specific event. Instead, transformation known as it stems from the contact with new methods of postmodernism. doing things that question the fundamental conviction that your way of doing things is the Globalization refers to the ongoing "correct" approach. phenomenon in which nations progressively establish deeper Culture shock is most likely to occur gradually. interconnections and interdependencies. It develops from a sequence of bizarre The aforementioned process has been in happenings in your host country, which you may progress since ancient times, but its pace find difficult to adjust to. has been expedited as a result of technological advancements such as Culture has consistently played a aircraft and the internet. The interaction central role in all forms of social between civilizations leads to their transition, as it shapes a society's transformation. Cultural imitation is a self-perception, establishes its priorities prevalent phenomenon, wherein various and values, fosters coexistence amidst civilizations engage in the act of diversity, and enables adaptation to the replicating elements from one another. prevailing environmental circumstances, Typically, these reproductions exhibit which are currently becoming more imperfections, resulting in the severe. emergence of entirely novel cultural phenomena. Culture is not static; it is always changing, often slowly, sometimes Economics greatly transform culture. suddenly. For example, an advanced economy that SSED 213 Trends and Issues in Social Studies Midterm Reviewer by Rosebelle C. Landicho generates excess wealth allows for the Innovation is a process where new pursuit of leisure and prioritization of goods and services are developed and quality of life. In particular, countries introduced into the marketplace. with a large middle class tend to have Innovation often results in new lively cultures as people have the techniques, services, or products that resources to pursue music, dance, film, benefit society. fashion, food and other shared experiences. Privatization and Nationalization is when a government chooses to privatize CULTURE SHIFT VS CULTURE SHOCK one of its industries, it transfers A culture shift is a large and relatively quick change to a ownership and control of the industry culture. Culture shock is the sense of being lost that is from the government to private investors felt by an individual who experiences a culture with or companies. On the other hand, when which they are unfamiliar. a government chooses to nationalize an industry, it takes the industry away from II. TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS private investors and puts it under government control. In the past few decades, technology has grown rapidly. And the use of technology has also Globalization is when a country opens increased drastically. It affects the life of people up its economy to the rest of the world, and changes the way of their learning, thinking, it is going through a period of and communication. It plays a major role in globalization. This can happen when a society, and now it is very tough to imagine life government removes trade barriers such without technology. as tariffs, or it could result from agreements with other countries to open Both technology and society are co-related, up their markets to foreign products. co-dependent, co-influence with each other. Technology lays an impact on society, including Anthropology the potential for society to progress or decline, in As it explores how societies produce, distribute, and both good and bad manner. consume resources. Anthropologists examine how economic systems evolve over time, impacting social Technology is defined as the body of structures, cultural practices, and individual behavior. knowledge that deals with the innovation, invention, and application of Cultural Perspective emphasized how culture technical means, as well as their shapes economic behaviors and practices. interrelationship with life, society, and the environment. Or in other words, Exchange System examines various forms of technology means the use of scientific exchange, from barter to monetary transactions. knowledge to achieve some specific Globalization - Anthropologists analyze how goal or create applications that are used globalization impacts local economies and in industry or in everyday life. So, if we culture. are using some scientific knowledge to History often stems from various factors such as achieve some goal, it means we are technological advancements, shifts in trade and using technology. resources, changes in political system and social dynamics. Society is defined as the group of human beings sharing social What is economic change in the past and present? relationships. Or in other words, a Past: encompassed shifts from agrarian economies to society is a group of people that lives industrialization, emergence of global trade networks, together in a community that includes and transitions between economic systems. some form of government, along with Present: It includes trends like digitalization, some rules and economy. automation, and the rise of the knowledge economy. III. ECONOMIC CHANGES IV. POLITICAL EVENTS Economic change is one of the external factors It include not just elections or debates or laws, that affect business decision-making. Economic but things like terrorist attacks or international change can be defined as a shift in structure, incidents or economic recessions. These are policy or growth in the economy. external events that shape a person's beliefs either in the short term or maybe for the rest of Types of Economic Changes their lives. SSED 213 Trends and Issues in Social Studies Midterm Reviewer by Rosebelle C. Landicho Politics is the process of influencing and Political leaders and motivators are some of the changing social behavior. It's how any society important persons that run and maintain a political determines how they will all work together and system of a country. Being an important part of a behave; the standards for civilization. This country, it needs to be very well focused towards the directly and profoundly impacts individual lives. nation’s progress and the betterment of its people. Some of the positive and negative effects of politics: Why do political events shape contemporary trends Positive effects: and issues? Political events shape contemporary issues by Promotes democracy: Politics is essential for determining policies, regulations, and decision-making promoting democracy and ensuring that processes. The effectiveness, transparency, and governments are accountable to their citizens. It accountability of political institutions impact how issues provides an avenue for people to express their are addressed. views and participate in decision-making processes. Addresses social issues: Politics can also AII. Environmental Sustainability and Social Responsibility address social issues such as poverty, inequality, and discrimination by establishing programs and Environmental sustainability is about policies that provide support and opportunities ecological balance to avoid depletion or for marginalized communities. degradation of natural resources and allow for long term environmental quality. Provides stability: Politics provides stability to societies by establishing laws, regulations, and Social responsibility is a theory of ethics in policies that govern social behavior and promote which people are responsible for fulfilling their order. civic duty, and the individual’s actions must benefit society as a whole. This requires a Fosters economic growth: Politics can promote balanced approach between economic growth, economic growth by creating policies that people’s welfare and the environment. incentivize investment, innovation, and job creation. Challenges in the environment that we are facing now Environmental challenges are the result of human activities that are harmful to the environment. These NEGATIVE EFFECTS: include pollution, overpopulation, waste disposal, climate change, global warming, etc. Corruption: Politics can be plagued by corruption, where politicians use their power and Overpopulation influence for personal gain, rather than for the Overpopulation is also one of the factors of benefit of the people they are supposed to having other environmental issues. The represent. population is rapidly increasing which led to shortage of resources. If this matter continues it Polarization: Politics can lead to polarization, will be very difficult to sustain such huge where different groups become more entrenched population. in their views and less willing to compromise or work together. Waste disposal The increase in population affects the disposal of Provides Stability: Politics can also lead to waste. Some people do not know how to dispose instability, such as when there are conflicts, their waste properly. There are proper way to coups, or revolutions that disrupt social order dispose waste material so that it will not add to and undermine democracy. the pollution in our environment. Discrimination: Politics can perpetuate Pollution discrimination and inequality, such as when Pollution is everywhere, this affects the water policies are implemented that target specific and air. Improper waste disposal leads to having groups or fail to address the needs of a polluted environment. Disposing garbages in marginalized communities. bodies of water like river, oceans, lakes and ponds, changes the state of water that makes it polluted and harm the organisms. In addition, air Politics is a major part of its development. Without a pollution is caused by the gaseous emission from well organized political system, a country is unlikely to factories, automobiles, and the use of fossil develop and stand through the challenges that surround fuels. The pollution in air increases the Earth’s its progress. temperature and also cause risk diseases among people. SSED 213 Trends and Issues in Social Studies Midterm Reviewer by Rosebelle C. Landicho Political and governmental systems have an Climate Change impact on sustainability. The sustainability of In today’s scenario, climate change is an the environment may be threatened if the important issue. Over the past few decades, such governance structure permits businesses and a problem has arisen. The main cause of climate companies that abuse natural resources and change is greenhouse gas emissions. Changes in environmental ecosystems. the environment can bring about a number of devastating impacts, e.g. melting glaciers, Economics changing seasons, epidemics and so on. By being responsible and by taking care of environment, we can gain from it and it will Global warming contribute to our economics. Being socially The burning of fossil fuels, emission from responsible contributes a lot to our environment automobiles, chlorofluorocarbons add to the and our economy. Even by just simply managing greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. This had your own farm can also contribute to our led to an increase in the Earth’s temperature economy and environment. causing environmental changes. This increase in temperature across the globe is also known as Geography global warming. Human geography is the study of the relationship between human activity and the Roles of individuals, communities, government, and physical environment, including the ways in businesses in addressing environmental challenges which people interact with and impact their surroundings. This makes it a key field for What we are doing in our everyday lives affects understanding sustainability and environment, the status of the environment. As an individual providing an insight into the ways in which you can do so much things to address humans shape nature and contribute to environmental issues. By simply cleaning your degradation of natural resources. surroundings, disposing your waste properly, and being a responsible citizen who obeys the Implications of This Efforts laws and regulations. In disposing your waste The positive effects of social responsibility on society properly you can do the 3R’s — Reduce, and the environment outweigh any negative effects. The Re-use, and Recycle. key advantages of social responsibility are helping society and reducing harmful effects on the environment. Communities can make community Benefiting society and lessening the negative impacts on participation. It encourages people to participate the environment are among the main benefits of social in planning, implementing, and managing the responsibility. local environment. This study will make the next generation more conscious Government is also one of those in charge in of the consequences of even the smallest actions and taking responsibility to sustain our environment. mistakes we take in our surroundings. Social It has the power to make decisions on how each responsibility has positive effects on society and the individuals can do their respective environment while minimizing negative effects. responsibilities. Businesses are one of the major reason why environmental sustainability and social AIII. Economic Inequality and Its Social Ramification responsibility is vital. Businesses produce large amounts of pollution to manufacture and Economic Inequality is the unequal distribution of transport products and power warehouses and income and opportunity between different groups in the storefronts. society. It is a concern in almost all countries around the world and often people are trapped in poverty with little Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a chance to climb up the social ladder. self-regulating business model allowing companies to be socially accountable to Social Status also called status, is the relative rank that themselves, their stakeholders, and the public. an individual holds, with attendant rights, duties, and Companies can become aware of the effect they lifestyle, in a social hierarchy based upon honor or have on all areas of society, such as economics, prestige. community and environment through their practice of Corporate Social Responsibility The word status implies social stratification on a vertical scale. People may be said to occupy Discipline Applied in Environmental sustainability high positions when they are able to control, by and Social Responsibility order or by influence, other people's conduct; when they derive prestige from holding Political Science SSED 213 Trends and Issues in Social Studies Midterm Reviewer by Rosebelle C. Landicho important offices; or when their conduct is Sociology is a social science that studies the esteemed by others. human societies, their interactions, and the processes that preserve and change them. Relative Status is a major factor in determining the way people behave toward each other. In sociology, the behavior expected of an individual who occupied given social position or The members of a status group interact mainly status. A role is a comprehensive pattern of within their own group and to a lesser degree behavior that is socially recognized, providing a with those of higher or lower status. In some means of identifying and placing an individual societies, clans or lineages may be ranked in a society. It also serves as a strategy for generally as aristocrats and commoners or coping with recurrent situations and dealing with graded from a royal clan down to clans that are the roles of others (e.g. parent-child roles). stigmatized for lowly occupation or slave origin. ECONOMIC HISTORY Socioeconomic Status (SES) is a combined measure of a person's or family's social and economic position in The Native American Hopi lineage, although relation to others in the community (Baker, 2014). unnamed, contains the mechanism for transmitting rights to land, houses, and SES is usually broken into three categories: ceremonial knowledge and is thus vital to 1. High Socioeconomic Status (often correlating personal status. with upper class) 2. Middle Socioeconomic Status (often Status may be governed by occupational correlating with middle-class) considerations; thus, in parts of sub-Saharan 3. Low Socioeconomic Status (often correlating Africa, blacksmiths commonly from a separate with working class and poor) group of low status. When categorizing families or individuals, the three In the Hindu Caste System, sweepers are at the most considered values include: bottom of the scale because they handle Education excrement. Income Occupation During Pre-Hispanic times, Filipinos can be divided according to these classes: Glymour et al, 2014 1. The Noble Class (Maginoo) There is a clear relationship between economic 2. The Freeman Class (Timawa) inequalities and the health of populations. 3. The Warrior Class (Maharlika) 4. The Indentured Class (Alipin) In other words, socioeconomic disadvantage is a social determinant of health. Low income education and SOCIAL CLASSES IN THE PHILIPPINES income have been associated with a range of mental and physical health issues such as arthritis, repiratory 1. Low-income Class viruses, and coronary disease. A class of people below the middle class, having the lowest social rankor standing due to low Proletariat and Bourgeoisie are terms that refer to income, lack of skills or education, and the like. people of a particular socioeconomic class, especially jn They're not middle class but not considered Marxist theory. poor. Proletariat are people who earn a wage for a 2. Middle-income Class living, especially people who are dependent on A social class that occupies a position between manual, daily, or casual labor. the upper class and the lower class and is composed mainly of business and professional Bourgeoisie are those who make their living people. through property or through ownership of the means of production. 3. Upper-income Class A class in between the middle class and the rich. Class conflict is at the heart of Marx's writing. Although people in this social class make He divides the world essentially into two groups six-digit figures monthly, they're not considered of people: those who control the means of among the elite group of the wealthiest in the production, known as the bourgeoisie, and those Philippines. who labor to produce goods, known as the proletariat. SOCIOLOGY SSED 213 Trends and Issues in Social Studies Midterm Reviewer by Rosebelle C. Landicho Socioeconomic status refers to the position an Estate individual or a group holds in the community Slavery which can be termed as high, medium, or low. Caste Systems The status is determined by various factors 2. Open Systems are based on such as: achievement and allow for movement Education Level and interaction between layers and Occupation classes. Income Wealth SOCIAL MOBILITY Access to Healthcare Social and Family Protection 1. It refers to how a person's social standing changes from one status to IMPACT OF ECONOMIC INEQUALITY IN: another. 2. It is the extent to which people are able SOCIAL STRATIFICATION to move between socioeconomic strata It refers to a society's categorization of its people during their lifetime and between into rankings based on factors like wealth, generations. jncome, education, family background, and 3. It is the movement of individuals or power. groups in social positions over time. 4. It is the ability of the individual or group An individual's place in this stratification is to move from strata to strata. called Socioeconomic Status (SES). Types of Social Mobility In most societies, stratification is an economic system, based on wealth, the A. Horizontal Mobility net value of money and assets a person Occurs when a person changes has, and income, a person's wages or their occupation but their investment dividends. While people are overall social standing remains regularly categorized based on how rich unchanged. or poor they are, other important factors influence social standing. B. Vertical Mobility Refers to a change in the In stratified societies, people are group occupational, political, or in a hierarchy, where some individuals religious status of a person that or groups have more power, status, causes a change in their societal and/or prestige than other. Social position. stratification often implies that social mobility, the ability to move between C. Upward Mobility groups, is limited. This is when a person moves from a lower position in society In American society, the primary driver to a higher one. It can also of social stratification is class, include people occupying higher determined by one's economic power positions in the same societal and prestige. group. Prestige is the status that wealth, certain D. Downward Mobility occupations, roles, or ascribed social Takes place when a person characteristics may confer on a person. moves from a higher position in society to a lower one. Global Social Stratification is driven by differences in power, resources, and status E. Inter-Generational Mobility between individuals, groups, and nations. Happens when the social position changes from one SYSTEMS OF STRATIFICATION generation to another. The change can be upward or Sociologists distinguish between two types of downward. system of stratification. 1. Closed Systems accomodate little F. Intra-Generational Mobility change in social position. They do not Occurs during the single allow people to shift levels and do not lifespan of a single generation. permit social relationships between It can also refer to a change in levels. It includes: position between siblings. One SSED 213 Trends and Issues in Social Studies Midterm Reviewer by Rosebelle C. Landicho way is when a person climbs up the corporate ladder in their HISTORY career. Colonization Period Sociology in Social Mobility Many Filipinos cannot afford to enter a school due to social stratification. Social Mobility refers to a change in a person's socioeconomic situation, either in relation to their ILUSTRADO parents (inter-generational mobility) or throughout their They are the only Filipinos who finished and lifetime (intra-generational mobility). studied abroad, since they have the power to travel and pay for their education. Examples: Marrying into a wealthy family Secretarian Education Moving from a shop floor job to a This is utilized during the Spanish Colonization white-collar management job and only priests are the one that facilitates Taking a university degree to unlock education. Some of them abuse their power and doors to a high-status position. fail to deliver the essence of true education. ACCESS TO EDUCATION The Sector Model was described by economist Homer Hoyt (1895-1984) in 1939. It is a model “Education is the key to unlocking the golden of the US city based on sectors. door of freedom.” - George Washington Carver Hoyt's Model illustrates that people will live in different sectors based on income levels. Since The origin of the word education is from the desirable land (near lakes, hills, places away Latin root educate. Educare means to lead out from the smells of the factories) was more or bring forth. It implies that through organized expensive, the elite class neighborhoods were questions knowledge, understanding and the built in zones separated from lower, potential of children have to be brought out. working-class zones. The Philippines, one of the third world countries SOCIOLOGY in South East Asia is considered to be a middle Most wealthy students attend private and foreign income country with sufficient resources to universities. These are the schools with a wide support children's education. However, range of contemporary equipment, lots of school according to the Philippine Statistic Authority, resources, as well as first rate facilities, some 7.9 million children and young Filipino naturally. Conversely, the low-class and adults aged 5 to 24 years old did not attend middle-class students attend public schools school in the school year 2022-2023. funded by the authority. Both government and commercial sectors deliver and offer The PSA said the top five reasons for not high-quality instruction for the students. attending school include: Having completed schooling (21.1%) PSYCHOLOGY Employment (19.7%) According to Senator Gatchalian at the senate Lack personal interest (12.6%) hearing last February 23, 2023, seven out of ten Marriage (10.7%) students experienced bullying in connection with High cost of education/financial social class and low class citizens are the poor problem (9.9%) are proned from this discrimination. Students experiencing this kind of discrimination often GEOGRAPHY choose to stop going to school due to lack of Burgess Model is one of the strategic urban confidence and self esteem. geography models. Low class residents are located near the industrial and central business ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE district which affects their access to education. The Philippines still struggles in terms of access Most of the low class economic owners tend to to health care and is considered a major apply for work instead of going to school. They challenge. Scarcity and maldistribution of are being attracted by different industrial sectors. facilities are some of the major reasons for the uprising problem. About 50% of the population LAW do not have access to health care facilities within No Filipino Child Left Behind Act of 2010 30 minutes. It is declared a policy of the State to protect and promote the right of the citizens to quality ECONOMICS education and to take appropriate steps to make There are recorded incidents of patients being such education accessible to all. ignored by the hospitals and neglected if they SSED 213 Trends and Issues in Social Studies Midterm Reviewer by Rosebelle C. Landicho don't give a down payment or hospital charges. Most of the low class citizens chose to go to 2. Educational Empowerment faith healers rather than going to hospitals due to Since historical times, education has been one of high charges and hospital bills. the most important ways for women to acquire equal socio-economic status. Women were SOCIOLOGY denied the right to education in previous times. According to Sarangani reports, up to six Women should be given free and compulsory hospitals declined to admit a senior patient who education to understand their rights and duties in was having breathing problems because they society. Girls that are allowed to attend school didn't have any open beds in their intensive care and keep learning can grow up to become units. He later passed away at home. Nine upstanding citizens of their country. hospitals sent away another patient without providing any emergency care. 3. Economic Empowerment Financially independent women are seen as LAW powerful people. Having equal access to work The chair of the Senate Committee on Health opportunities and participating in all kinds of and Demography criticized the instances and markets can help women break down the stated that it is illegal for hospitals or medical barriers of inequality and defy traditional gender clinics to unreasonably refuse to serve roles. Another important way to empower individuals who require urgent care under the women financially is to enable them to make Philippine Anti-Hospital Deposit Law their own decisions in the way they run their (Republic Act 10932). Patients may be moved homes. to other healthcare facilities that can offer treatment if a hospital is lacking in beds. 4. Political Empowerment Politics is one of the strongest and most compelling ways to make a difference in society. It gives women the confidence and skills AIV. Intro of Gender Equality and Women Empowerment required to be equal to men in society. Gender Equality 5. Psychological Empowerment The concept gender equality is since long established as Even though a large population of women are the preferred wording for equal rights, life prospects, strong and independent, they still cannot step out opportunities and power for women and men, girls and of their homes alone at night without worry. boys. The equal visibility, empowerment and Women are vulnerable to various crimes such as participation of both sexes in all spheres of public and harassment, exploitation, rape, and honour private life. killing. Not only are these a threat to their survival, but they also have lasting Women Empowerment psychological effects that can affect a woman’s Women’s Empowerment can be defined to promoting confidence. Psychological empowerment allows women’s sense of self-worth, their ability to determine women to live a life where they are not their own choices, and their right to influence social controlled by fear. It entails creating a space change for themselves and others. where women are free to be themselves without fearing for their safety and well-being. Women’s Liberation movement, Women’s Movement, or Feminism and other Social Movements HISTORY aim to challenge the patriarchal society that creates the oppressive political structures, beliefs, and practices Origin of Gender Equality against women. While some may say women have equal In wider society, the movement towards gender opportunities because they are allowed to have equality began with the suffrage movement in education, livelihood, and political participation, women Western cultures in the late-19th century, which still have less access to resources, opportunities, and sought to allow women to vote and hold elected decision-making. office. This period also witnessed significant changes to women's property rights, particularly Types of Women Empowerment in relation to their marital status. 1. Social Empowerment Origin of Women's Empowerment This type of empowerment talks about the social Women’s empowerment as a concept was differences women have gone through. Women introduced at the UN’s Third World Conference face injustices regarding health, family on Women in Nairobi in 1985, which defined it decisions, marriage decisions, childbirth, etc. as a redistribution of social and economic Having an equal say in all of these matters can powers and control of resources in favor of be a way to give women social empowerment women. and not limit them to a certain place. SSED 213 Trends and Issues in Social Studies Midterm Reviewer by Rosebelle C. Landicho Historical Roots and Evolutions of the Gender equity works to correct the Feminist Movement historical wrongs that have left In the pre-colonial Philippine society, the women behind. babaylan was the major representation of the status accorded to women in a balangay or Gender equity also means giving women barangay. The babaylan was mostly concerned the tools to succeed, like programs that with culture, religion, medicine and other offer conditional cash transfers to theoretical knowledge crucial to the conduct of women. pre-colonial Philippine society. Being the spiritual leader, the babaylan was in charge of Gender Equality and Women Empowerment rituals, including those of agricultural Laws, Movements, and Ordinances significance. Through her knowledge in astronomy, she determined the right time to clear Anti-trafficking of Persons Act of 2003 (RA the land, as well as the planting and harvest 9208) cycle. She also studied and took charge of The Anti-Trafficking of Persons Act of 2003 medicine, developing her knowledge and (RA 9208) is a law that criminalizes the act of passing this on. The persona of the babaylan trafficking in persons, especially of women and embodied the traditional role of women in children, for prostitution, sexual exploitation, pre-colonial Philippine society: they performed and slavery, among others. vital functions, and were recognized for their social and cultural leadership. Prohibition on Discrimination Against Women The Women's Suffrage Movement in the RA 6725 prohibits discrimination with respect Philippines to terms and conditions of employment solely on The women's suffrage movement in the the basis of sex. Philippines was one of the first, major occasions on which women grouped together politically. It Anti-Violence Against Women and Their was also one of the first women's rights Children Act of 2004 movements and endeavored to attain the right RA 9262, or An Act Defining Violence Against for women to vote and run for office. Women and Their Children, Providing Protective Measures for Victims, Prescribing President Quezon, signed the Woman's Penalties Therefor and for Other Purposes, Suffrage Plebiscite Bill. Under the 1934 recognizes the need to protect the family and its Constitution of the Philippines, Article members particularly women and children, from V held that women were to gain suffrage violence and threats to their personal safety and provided 300,000 women would affirm security. the same desire at the ballot. Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995 On September 17, 1937, women's RA 7877 addresses the issue of sexual suffrage was legalized in the harassment committed in employment, Philippines, after the required threshold education, or training environment. It was for the plebiscite of 300,000 was signed into law on February 14,1995, under surpassed. 447,725 women affirmed former President Fidel Ramos' administration. their aspiration to vote, against 33,307 no votes. The Philippines was one of the The Anti-Rape Law of 1997 first Asian countries to allow this right RA 8353 states that any person having carnal for women. knowledge of a woman through force, threat, or intimidation or by means of fraudulent Women's Political Participation machination or grave abuse of authority will be Women in positions of power or punished. decision-making structures remain crucial in advancing women's empowerment, to the extent Rape Victim Assistance and Protection Act of that the United Nations (UN) encourages 1998 member-states towards equal participation of RA 8505 declares the policy of the State to women in decision-making bodies. provide necessary assistance and protection for rape victims. Challenges in Promoting Gender Equity The Department of Social Welfare and Gender equity puts the focus on fairness Development (DSWD), the Department of and justice regarding benefits and needs Health (DOH), the Department of the Interior for women and men, girls and boys. and Local Government (DILG), the Department of Justice (DOJ), and a lead nongovernment organization (NGO) with proven track record or SSED 213 Trends and Issues in Social Studies Midterm Reviewer by Rosebelle C. Landicho experience in handling sexual abuse cases, shall participate in activities conducted by establish in every province and city a rape crisis their offices. center located in a government hospital or health clinic or in any other suitable place. AV. Political Polarization and Its Impact The DSWD shall be the lead agency in the establishment and operation of the Rape Crisis Political Polarization is defined as a shift in political Center. sentiments toward ideological extremes, which frequently involved political parties and democratic Magna Carta for Women processes. RA 9710 is a comprehensive women's human rights law that seeks to eliminate discrimination TWO KINDS OF POLITICAL POLARIZATION through the recognition, protection, fulfillment, Elite Polarization involves the political elites, and promotion of the rights of Filipino women, such as party leaders and elected officials. especially those belonging in the marginalized Popular (Mass Polarization) involves the sectors of the society. general electorate, where public opinions on political issues and figures divide along party National Women's Day lines. RA 6949 declares the eighth day of March every year as a special working holiday. Political Ideologies in the Philippines The passage of the following laws serves as The Philippines stands as the only presidential the legal bases for the celebration of National democracy globally that employs a plurality-rule Women's Month: election system to select its president. This system has experienced significant changes, which have impacted 1. Proclamation No. 224 s. 1988, the number of presidential candidates receiving votes. “Declaring the First Week of March of Every Year as Women’s Week and Liberalism is a political doctrine centered on March 8, 1988, and Every Year safeguarding and promoting individual freedom, Thereafter as Women’s Rights and considering it the key issue in politics. International Peace Day.” Signed by former President Corazon C. Aquino on Socialism advocates for the community to own March 1, 1988, it affirmed our solidarity or regulate the means of production, distribution, with the United Nations and recognized and exchange as part of a collective approach to Filipino women’s contribution to the social organization. struggle for national independence, civil liberties, equality, and human rights. Federalism is a movement that’s gaining momentum in the Philippines as a potential 2. Proclamation No. 227 s. 1988, solution to the country’s persistent issues. In this “Providing for the observance of the system, power is shared between the central Month of March as ‘Women’s Role in government and local state governments, History Month’” Signed by President allowing states to manage their own laws, Aquino on March 17, 1988, reinforced finances, development plans, health education, the earlier proclamation by emphasizing and infrastracture. the role of Filipino women in the social, cultural, economic and political New People’s Army (NPA) is the armed wing of the development throughout our history. It Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP). Founded in provided for a month-long nationwide 1969, it aims to overthrow the Philippine government, observance with appropriate ceremonies establish a communist state, and eliminate US influence and activities to be spearheaded by the in the Philippines. Commission. Major Parties in the Philippines 3. R.A. 6949 s. 1990, “An Act to Declare March Eight of Every Year as a PDP-Laban (Partido Demokratiko Pilipino - Working Special Holiday to be Known Lakas ng Bayan) is currently one of the leading as National Women’s Day” was signed parties, historically associated with former by President Aquino on April 10, 1990. president Rodrigo Duterte. It describes itself as The law further strengthened the a democratic socialist party. impetus for the celebration by declaring every March 8 as a special working Liberal Party is a traditional center-left party holiday and enjoining employees from that has been a significant force in Philippine the government and private sector to politics, especially during the Aquino administration. SSED 213 Trends and Issues in Social Studies Midterm Reviewer by Rosebelle C. Landicho It can filter the information that would be The Liberal Party of the Philippines is a disseminated to the public. founding member of the Council of Asian It can provide a sense of control and order when Liberals and Democrats. It is a full member of it comes to the kind and amount of information Liberal International. Since its founding in 1946, to be publicized. the LP has championed freedom, justice and the dignity, and rights of the individual. At great Limitations of Manipulative Information cost to its stalwarts and members, it stood It can be biased and/or subjective to protect the among the few voices of dissent during the dark image of a person, product, or services. days of the Marcos dictatorship. It can mislead the facts and conceal sensitive issues. Nationalist People’s Coalition (NPC) It can hide the truth that the public has the rights A centrist party that has been influential in to know. various elections, often forming coalitions. (Senator Sotto) The concept of manipulation and media has important implications for technology and global Nacionalista Party (NP) interconnectedness. A party established in 1907 with the movement “Ang Bayan Higit sa Lahat”. It is one of the 1. Role of technology in transformation: In oldest political parties leaning towards today’s digital age, technology plays an nationalism and has a strong presence in local important role in disseminating information and politics. (Trillanes, Villar, Cayetano) shaping public opinion. The rapid spread of information through social media, websites, and Partido Federal ng Pilipinas (PFP) online forums makes it easier for propaganda to A fewer party promoting federalism, closely quickly reach a global audience. associated with the current administration under President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. 2. Globalization and media consumption: The interconnectedness of our world means that information manipulation can easily cross AVI. Media Literacy and Information Manipulation borders and affect people of different cultures and countries. Media literacy is the knowledge or ability to understand, assess and screen information to receive 3. Online disinformation and fake news: The information that is accurate and relevant to us. It enables proliferation of online platforms has led to the us to objectively analyze information and come to a rapid spread of fake news and fake news. Misuse conclusion. Media literacy assist us in critically of information can include fake news, altered analyzing information and determining the accuracy of images, and misleading headlines, often the information. motivated by motives such as political, economic, and social gain. People who are media literate can adopt a critical stance when decoding media messages, no matter their views 4. Possible anti-technology measures. regarding a position. Technology can also be a tool to combat misuse of information. Fact-finding websites, Information manipulation is undertaken to shape algorithms designed to flag potential public opinion or undermine trust in the authenticity of misinformation, and digital literacy systems information. Manipulating content service providers to can enable individuals to critically assess the create and amplify false and distorted content for information they encounter for example the targeted individuals or groups. development of blockchain technology enables recordkeeping which cannot be destroyed. It can “Information Overload” is presenting an enormous help reduce spread. amount of irrelevant data to the users that leave them confused and unable to reach any decision. 5. Ethical considerations: The interconnectedness of our world emphasizes the ethical Propaganda, misinformation and fake news have the responsibilities of advertisers, marketers and potential to polarize public opinion, to promote violent media organizations. Because of their ability to extremism and hate speech and, ultimately, to undermine influence global audiences, these organizations democracies and reduce trust in the democratic must prioritize consistency, transparency and processes. fairness in communication practices. Ethical use of technology and media is critical to Advantages of Manipulative Information maintaining trust and preventing widespread It can boost the image of a person, product, or change. services.