CONWORLD 103: The Contemporary World PDF

CONWORLD 103: as large baby boom cohorts enter the workforce and save retirement. The Contemporary World Rising longevity also affects the incentives to sa...

CONWORLD 103: as large baby boom cohorts enter the workforce and save retirement. The Contemporary World Rising longevity also affects the incentives to save for old age, which can affect investment, internal capital GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY flows, and interest rates. The ability of countries to realize the potential benefits of the demographic transition and to mitigate Global Demography the negative effects of ageing depends crucially on the policy and institutional environment. Attention to the - Global demography is the study of population following areas is likely key in developing effective globally based on factors such as: age, race, sex, and a policy deal with the effects of demographic change. study how birth rates and death rates change. The word global demography was coined by John Graunt. It Demographic Transition also means the statistical and mathematical study of size compositional and spatial distribution of human In order to effect change, explain the significance of populations and the changes over time in these aspects embracing the topic by capitalizing on various through the operation of the five (5) processes questions discussed earlier. Their respective answers namely: fertility, morality, marriage, migration are so important that it would serve as compass to and social mobility. achieve better plans for the future. These will be - It encompasses the study of the size, structure, and integrated in their moral fabric and if ingrained and distribution of these populations and temporal hardwired holistically would give better meaning for changes in them in response to birth, aging, death, or different terms like: responsible parenthood, pre- incidence of disease. marital sex, teenage pregnancy, pornography, HIV Aids, - Before this Covid-19 pandemic, the most popular etc. incidents of disease in history that caused a demographic upheaval are the Black Plague in 15th This is the right opportunity for the teacher to provide century Europe were half of the population died and accurate information along these very controversial the Potato Blight of Ireland. issues and be able to instill instantly significance of planning the right size for their families, household Nine (9) Important Terms to Remember food security, family income, emotional security, and spirituality all based on effective adherence to 1. Dependency ratio - the number of people who are Christian tenets and doctrines. Likewise, get also their too young or too old to enter the workforce. Often valid opinion regarding the use of condom for safe sex, dependent on the working forces. belief that virginity both for male and female becoming 2. Mortality decline - countries suffer small growth irrelevant, and couples having twelve (12) children rate, caused by cleanliness, hygienic surrounding, with no stable job and living in shanties or slum areas. population control, balanced food and health consciousness. Genuine insights about Godly virtues and true value of 3. Population explosion - the result of improved life should be well-explained. Do not ever imitate the nutrition, public health infrastructure and medical care. mistakes committed by a Senior High School teacher 4. Working age - if these people are huge numbered in that in incompetence allowed his students to watch a a country, savings per capital will be bigger. pornographic material. Teachers have to be so 5. Life expectancy - the average period that a person sensitive but not too ignorant and offensive in may expect to live. emphasizing concerns of Gender and Development. Do 6. Birth rate - the total number of live births per 1000 not forget to illustrate the plight of Overseas Filipino of population in a year. Workers (OFWs) sacrificing a lot for their families just 7. Death rate - the total number of deaths per 1000 of to fill in some gaps in economies of other countries. population in a year. With their jobs, absence of the working age in Japan 8. Fertility rate - the number of offspring both per and Italy are solved. Having a population mostly mating pair, individual, or population. elderly is a chronic problem for their economy. 9. Morbidity - condition of being diseased. Amount of Emphasize also that in Europe women are not wanting disease within a population. to get married because of their having no time for themselves. Policy Implications Demographic Transition Model Rapid and significant demographic change places new demands on national and international policy - Demographic transition is a model that describes making. population change over time. Transitions from high mortality and fertility to low - It is based on an interpretation begun in 1929 by the mortality and fertility can be beneficial to economies American Demographer Warren Thompson, of the observed changes, or transitions, in births and death education of women and increase investment in rates in industrialized countries over the past two education. hundred years or so. - Population growth begins to level off. - By model we mean that it is an idealized, composite - It is Important to note that birth rate decline is picture of population change in these countries. caused also by a transition in values not just because of - Demographic transition theory suggest that contraceptive. population grow along a predictable five-stage model. Stage 5: Declining (Only speculation) Five-Stages of Demographic Transition - Fertility rates transition to either below replacement Model or above replacement. - Some believed that the world population will be Stage 1: High Stationary forced to stabilized. - Perhaps the world will run out of resources or food - pre-industrial society, death rates and birth rates are shortage due to population growth. high and roughly in balance, and population growth is - Decline birth rate may result because of rising typically very slow and constrained by the available individualism, one child policy, many decide not to food supply. have children at all by being sterilized. High death rates reasons: 1. Lack of knowledge of disease prevention and cure. GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION 2. Outbreaks of infectious diseases such as: influenza, scarlet fever or plague. - The word religion is derived from the Latin word 3. Water and food borne diseases such as: cholera, “religio” meaning obligation, bond and reverence. typhoid dysentery and diarrhea were common killers, Its operative meaning to bind together comes from as well as TB, measles, dipteria and whooping cough. Latin word “religare”. 4. Occasional food shortages and poor water supply. - Religion is a social-cultural system of designated 5. Primitive sanitation. People live in dirty surrounding, behaviors and practices, morals, world views, texts, inefficient sewage disposal. sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations that relates humanity to supernatural, transcendental, Stage 2: Low Death Rate, High Birth Rate or spiritual elements. Early Expanding Negative effect of globalization to religion - True to developing countries, the death rates drop 1. As people become part of the” global society”; they rapidly due to improvements in food supply and gradually leave behind many of the customs of their sanitation, which increase life spans and reduce cultures, either because they are incompatible, or disease. because after being exposed to other point of views, - The improvements specific to food supply typically they dismiss the “old ways” as anachronistic or include selective breeding and crop rotation and antiquated. farming techniques. - Other improvements generally include access to 2. Some terror groups used their political agenda by technology, basic health care and education. using religion as tool to fulfill their political gains. Stage 3: Late Expanding Relationship between religion, global conflict and global peace - True to developing countries, the death rates drop rapidly due to improvements in food supply and - No major religion has been exempted from complicity sanitation, which increase life spans and reduce in violent conflict. disease. The improvements specific to food supply - Yet we need to be aware of an almost universal typically include selective breeding and crop rotation propensity to oversimplify the role that religion plays and farming techniques. Other improvements in international affairs. generally include access to technology, basic health - Religion is not usually the sole or even primary cause care and education. of conflict. - With so much emphasis on religion as a source of Stage 4: Low Stationary conflict the role of religion as a force in peace making is usually overload. Religious affiliation and conviction - Birth rates fall due to access to contraception, often motivate religious communities to advocate increase in wages, urbanization increase in status, peace related to government policies. - The world recognizes major contributions of St. 7. Shinto- is the traditional religion of Japan which John Paul II, Pope Benedict XIV, St. John XXIII, and incorporate a vast array of local beliefs and customs Pope Francis in global peace. across the nation. - Being the head of a government and the Catholic 8. Sikhism- is a young religion founded in the early church a Pope’s message carries a great impact 1500’s in Punjab (Northern India) by Gure Ganak. worldwide not only with his followers. 9. Zoroastrinism- the world’s oldest monotheistic religion founded by the Persian prophet Zoroaster. Globalization helps to increase greater religious 10. Taoism- is a philosophy and religion in China tolerance. With it religion becomes culture of around the same time as Confucianism. pluralism that teaches us to respect other religion. In one country like the Philippines people from different religion should know how to live with harmony not animosity, peace not conflict, and learn to respect each Demography is the study of population based on other embracing good values and not indifference. elements like age, race and sex. With the migration and Imbue in mind that every religion has its own belief unrestrained increase in the population, the natural and perspective. Along with these differences, we order of things gets upset, and changes have to be people should remember that every religion teaches made in order to offset these imbalances. For example, the common thing, that is, non-violence, equality and if people flock to the cities, more food, basic freedom. commodities and employment are required to accommodate these migrants If the growing Religion and Challenges it Faces population is kept underfed, undernourished afflicted with sickness, the future manpower of the society may It has been difficult for religion to cope with values not be as effective. Lawmakers and policy makers alike that accompany globalization like: consider the demography of their nation when drafting bills, acts and ordinances to be executed for the 1.) Liberalism- government is necessary to protect maximum benefit of the people. individuals from being harmed by others. 2.) Consumerism- it is the duty of the consumer to Countries all over the world experience the entry of identify his or her rights to protect himself or herself. foreigners at an unprecedented rate. Surveys show 3.) Rationalism- belief that opinion and actions that more than 160 million individuals live out of their should be based on reason and knowledge rather than country of origin. Factors accounting for this transition religious belief or emotional response. On the other can range from simple employment opportunities to hand, we cannot consider religion as purely anti- flight from human rights abuses and political rationalist since many religious people reconcile faith repression. Motivations for migration have been and reason which embraces new trends within their categorized into either the Push Factor or Pull Factors. religion. Religion seeks to assert its identity in the light of globalization. Push Factor According to Ehteshani: Globalization is only not Survival for themselves, or for their family, is one of seen as a rival of Islamic ways but also as an alien force most obvious motives which explain migration. Escape divorced from Muslim realities. Emphasizing the either from man-made disasters, civil war and decline negative impact of the loose moral of Western life is of economic opportunities threatening them of daily feature of airwaves in the middle east. starvation can be prime motivators. They leave their land in order to secure safety for themselves because Ten (10) major religions in the world today their communities can no longer sustain life for its people. 1. Christianity- is a monotheistic religion centered around the personage of Jesus Christ and it has 2.2 To put it simply, push factors refers to causes that billion adherents. drive droves of people to abandon their residences. 2. Islam- strictly monotheistic faith founded by the prophet Mohammad in the year 607 in Saudi Arabia Pull Factor and it has 1.3 billion adherents. 3. Confucianism- is not a religion in a strict sense, it is In highly industrialized countries, fertility levels still a philosophy that draws on the folk religion of China. continue to decline posing a possible collapse in the 4. Hinduism- is a synthesis of many different Indian population in the times to come. European countries religious traditions and it has 900 million adherents. suffer an aging population meaning fewer people are 5. Jainism- is an ancient religious tradition from India; able to work given the circumstances. Immigration, or older than Hinduism. the movement of people in the country, may help ease 6. Judaism- is strictly a monotheistic religion by the the labor deficiency but not enough to solution this Jewish people. persistent problem. Nonetheless, it serves as a gateway eventually resulted to the increase in population. for employment seekers to benefit from it. Nowadays, technology even furthered such In the contrary, continents like Africa and parts of Asia developments in agriculture including livestock raising, with high fertility rates create rapidly emerging creating a variety of produce, increasing the yield and communities unable to cope with the demands of the producing food for consumption. However, nature has population like employment, health services, and its limits and over exploiting it can have catastrophic education. People opt to leave these densely populated consequences. With the substantial use of fertilizers areas and take their chances elsewhere. and other detrimental chemicals with the goal of increasing food production, land and water resources Global Demographic Issues becomes polluted giving rise to a great number of global concerns. Nature is unable to heal herself The following are listed as the leading global because of the relentless desire of man to satisfy his demographic issues facing the world today. They needs and wants. become problems because they are the outright consequence of globalization and uncontrolled c. Slum Urbanization economic growth and decline. Whilst globalization stirs the flow of financial capital generating income and wealth, not all individuals are a. Uneven population growth worldwide. given a fair share in these riches. Wealth tends to Because of the lack of population growth control accumulate on the upper strata of the social hierarchy mechanisms, education and freedom to decide for benefiting a specific social class of the society making themselves, some developing countries' population upward mobility impossible and widening the gap of like Niger and Tanzania tend to grow at an alarming social inequality. So what happens when people move rate. Africa has one of the highest incidents of birth into cities and they don't find jobs to support rates with an average of 6.49 children per mother. It themselves, they become an addition the people living has been projected that Africa's overall population in slum areas. These shantytown are a common sight would have exceeded Europe's in 2050. in areas like Manila, and places in India. Many of developing countries in Asia rely on d. Spread of Diseases agriculture, as the major driving force of the economy Generation and spread of Diseases and other terminal thus having more number of children is necessary to illnesses, like HIV/AIDS, also hasten keeping pace with maintain farm operation. On the contrary, residents of globalization. However, international aids and high income and developed countries tend to limit programs have been organized in order to extend help their progenies to one or two. Aside from the abundant and contain the further circulate and create an supply and selection of birth control methods, parents epidemic. in this part of the world tend to focus their attention to saving enough money for future needs such as medical expenses, insurances, matriculation and retirement funds to mention a few. Meaning having more than two Globalization denotes the chronological development children can become too expensive. by which all the world's people gradually came to live in a social unit. Throughout its early beginning as a To put it simply, there is a converse relationship phenomenon in the 1890's, inadequate attention was between the economic level of a country and its given to religion as an important driving force focusing population. In poor countries, birth rates lean towards entirely on the economic and technological facets. being high whilst in rich countries, birth rates tend to However, there is more to religion than the restricted decline. Though some policy makers put forward highlighting of Islamic political extremism which is solutions like one child policy, legalization of abortion basically the nearest, impartial and scant courtesy and other sterilization process to restrain population, provided in its study. In this chapter, we will look into differences in belief and cultural practices make it two possibilities that religion and globalization impossible to come up with a single answer. presents to the contemporary period. One of these possibilities emphasizes the role of religion in b. Demographic Pressures on the Environment. globalization and the other being the effects of Demographers and researches alike agree in saying globalization to religion. In order to achieve this goal, that the existing and still growing number of people in especially the latter, it is paramount that we examine the world surpasses the maximum number of the Secularization Theory and the views of several inhabitants that the planet can actually sustain. academicians in relation to religion and the advent of Naturally, people need resources in order to survive. globalization. Resources that only nature and the environment could provide. Man, millennia's ago discovered agriculture which enabled him to exploit the land towards his own benefit. Being able to produce food for himself Secularization: The Apocalypse of Religion regarded as a new source of clash between and among people with different and even similar beliefs. Some In the eighteenth century, many thinkers became political movements rely heavily on their religion, they unsatisfied with religious and theological explanation use their religious ideologies to seek control and of human actions that early social scientists were legitimize their political interest, which are non- invigorated to theorize rational justifications for religious in nature. They weaponize religion, recruit socially occurring phenomena. The minds and members and use them to integrate and spread terror awareness of the people are growing too big to simply among nations and instill fears into the hearts of many. accept the theological stage of social advancement and it tenets. It is good to note that processes of change involving “Don’t worry about failures, worry about the chances you religion and globalization has a mutual effect on one miss when you don't even try.” another. This section of this chapter will focus on three - Rachel Dantes religious responses to globalization. 1. Resurgence of religion in the Global Society Dissimilar to what was prophesized by secularists, religion continues to as a significant factor influencing the daily lives of people around the globe. Religion endures and persists - it is not a dying institution as some would believe. Berger further disputes that in many parts of the world, "people are as furiously religious as they ever were". He recognizes that although secularization movements are active in some parts of the world, other areas are not as influenced by the movement. Religious communities and institutions have developed an adaptive strategy which involves the modification of modern ideas and values in light of their own ideas. According to a research conducted in 44 countries in 2002, religion in the USA is regarded vital by 59 percent of the population. Similarly in the continent of Africa, 8 out of ten respondents believe that religion holds a dynamic position in their daily lives. 2. Emergence of Religious Fundamentalism Religious fundamental movements are regarded with three essential factors. First, it is strongly founded on religious ideology, philosophy, goals, and leadership is grounded on religious beliefs and practices. Next, fundamentalism serves as a stronghold against the invasive cultural dramatic changes brought about by globalization. And lastly, it (fundamentalism) is a self- protective mechanism which seeks to preserve or re- establish former social order and return to the traditional sources of religious authority. This is evident in the persistence, revival and rapid spreading of Orthodox Judaism in Israel, Shinto in Japan, and Sikhism in India to mention a few that is occurring at a transnational level. The aforementioned religions have varying theological basis, but what is certain that they have in common is that they are heavily motivated by religious tenets and doctrines. 3. New Roles and Identities of Religion Religion and globalization have always have a stake with regard to notions of struggle and conflict, one winning triumph over the other is some instances. In the field of international politics, religion has been