Lecture Notes on Translation PDF

Lecture 1 Misconceptions about translation: 1/ theres a one-to-one relationship between word and meaning 2/ anyone who can speak a second language wil make a good translator Translation Is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent of an equvivalent text that communicates the sme m...

Lecture 1 Misconceptions about translation: 1/ theres a one-to-one relationship between word and meaning 2/ anyone who can speak a second language wil make a good translator Translation Is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent of an equvivalent text that communicates the sme message in another language Equivalence The relationship of the sameness of meaning that exists between the ST and the TT Translation process Is concerned with all related activities utilized in the act of translation Translation theory Refers to the set of methods and strategies used in explaining how translation is should be done Translation studies Is a term used to describe any scholary work on translation that is not as fixed theory Lecture 2 Translator’s tools : 1/ dectionaries 2/ reference works. 3/ other works in the same field in SL Types of dictionaries The dictionary’s language The dictionary’s coverage The dictionary’s size 1/Monolingual 2/ bilingual. 3/ multilingual 1/ General language 2/ encyclopedic and cultural material sublanguages. 4/ specific area of language 3/ termionology or 1/ standard edition. 2/ concise edition. 3/ pocket edition The dictionary’s medium 1/ print. 2/ electronic. 3/ web- based Problems with bilingual dictionaries : They’re particularly helpful for finding equivalent translations between SL and TL One to one correspondence between lexical items in different language can easily found using bilingual dictionaries Objective of translators Denotation The core conceptual meaning of the word Connotation The shades of meaning that are sometimes added to the denotation of the word Lecture 3 By the medium 1. Written Translation: It is the translation of a written material form a source language to a target language in writing. This is where the translator reads a given text in the source language, then, reproduces it, in writing, into the target language, such as books, articles… etc. 2. Oral interpretation: It is the translation of a spoken text from a source language to a target language orally. The interpreter listens to a given discourse by a certain speaker in the source language, and then reproduces it orally in the target language. It has to types. 1/ similtaneuos 2/ consecutive Sight Translation: It is a kind of oral translation of a written text where translators have to scan the text and present an oral translation while reading.. Consecutive Translation It is an oral interpretation where interpreters wait until a full sentence of paragraph has been spoken and then start interpreting. So, we have only one speaker at a time. Simultaneous Translation : It is an oral interpretation where both speakers and their interpreters speak at the same time but the interpreter’s voice is only heard through headsets. Whispered interpreting It is a form of interpreting, also called "chuchotage", where an interpreter sits next to the person who does not understand the language of an event and starts interpreting to him/her what is being said in the event silently. Audiovisual translation Type your text Subtitling: It can be defined as providing synchronized translation for video or screen dialogues. Dubbing: ‫مدبلج‬ it is also called lip-synchrony, "the foreign dialogue is adjusted to the mouth movements of the actor in the film Voice-over It involves dubbing but it keeps the original soundtrack operating simultaneously. In other words, the original soundtrack can be heard but in a lower sound than the translated version. It involves dubbing but it keeps the original soundtrack operating simultaneously. In other words, the original soundtrack can be heard but in a lower sound than the translated version. Surtitling It refers to subtitling a live performance on the stage or the backs of seats at opera houses or theatres. Video game translation It is a mixture of subtitling and software localization, where subtitling and dubbing are used for the adaptation of games content to other languages and cultures. By the translator Human translation The translation is done by the translator alone. Machine translation (MT) It aims at assembling all the information required for translation in one program to have no human intervention afterwards. Computer-assisted translation (CAT) The translator does the job from the beginning to end with the help of some tools that make the process of translation more quickly. MT has never been and cannot be perfect. This type is usually common in scientific translation where the meaning is direct. Lecture 4 1.Intralingual Translation The transfer of a certain message by interpreting verbal signs by employing other signs in the same language. ‫الريب = الشك‬ Beautiful = pretty 2.Interlingual Translation (Translation Proper) This applies to the actual process of translation from one language to another. It involves the transfer of verbal signs by using signs of some other language. man= ‫الرجل‬ Book=‫كتاب‬ 3. Inter-semiotic translation The transfer of verbal signs by means of non-verbal signs between two semiotic systems 4. Word for word ‫لترلي‬ The translator sticks to the source text word order overlooking the syntactical 2\ST\ She is wearing pink features of the TL. (The sentence is grammatically incorrect). dress. 1\ST\ TT:. ‫أمس‬ I read ً ‫ كتابا‬a‫قرأت‬ book ‫ أنا‬yesterday. 5. Literal ‫لترلي بس قرامر حقها زين‬ It involves word-for-word translation, and the meaning of words is derived straight from the dictionary The man in the green suite is my friend ‫الرجل الذي يرتدي بدله خضراء صديقي‬ Semantic ‫عنى‬9‫تغيرين في ك?م لكن نفس ا‬ It aims at transferring the exact contextual meaning of the source text, governed by the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language, i.e. the translator sticks to the ST ignoring the real usage in the target culture. one day you win another you lose =‫يوم لك ويوم عليك‬ Free ‫مغزى الجمله‬ unbounded. It is a translation in which equivalence freely move up and down the rank scale He likes reading = ‫هو مثقف‬ Lecture 5 Translation procedure Is often applied by translators to solve a given problem in the st Translation strategy a potentially conscious procedure for solving a problem faced in translating a text , or any segment of it. Translation methods for: the whole text ; Literal, Free, Semantic, Communicative,... Translation procedures for : sentences & smaller units of language (problem solving processes ) 1/ structure shift It refers to change in grammatical structure between two languages. ‫يتغير مكان في جمله‬ 2/ Class shift It involves a change in parts of speech. Nouns can be transferred as verbs, verbs as nouns, nouns as adjective. This shift can be optional. Naturalization Unit shift or rank shift It involves a change of linguistics unit or ranks , like changing a phrase to a single word or a sentence to a phrase. ‫عدد كلمه يتغير‬ Intra- system shift Nouns may differ between Arabic and English in number (plural/singular), abstract/concrete, countable/ uncountable and definite /indefinite. ‫ مفرد‬/ ‫يتغير جمع‬ Vinay & Darblnet and the Direct/Oblique procedures Literal Free Direct ( literal) Oblique ( free) Class shift / Naturalization Modulation: is a variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change in the point of view. Modulation Lecture 6 Newmark`s Translation Model (1) Transference (2) Naturalization A strategy when a SL word is transferred into TL text in its original form (transcription /transliteration ) This procedure adapts a SL item first to the normal pronunciation of the TL , then to its normal morphology. Examples: Mobile - ‫ﺎٮ "ﻞ‬%‫ﻣوٮ‬ % Jihad - ‫اﻟﺤﻬﺎد‬ Pizza ‫زا‬.‫يٮ‬%‫ٮ‬ Cookies ‫ﻛﻮﻛٮ"ﺰ‬ Examples : % Technology ‫ﻮﻟﻮﺣٮ"ﺎ‬5 ‫ﻜٮ‬.‫ٮ‬ % Algebra ‫ﺮ‬%‫اﻟﺤٮ‬ Democracy ‫راﻃٮ"ﺔ‬.‫دٮ "ﻤڡ‬ (3) Cultural equivalent A SL cultural item is translated by an equivalent TL cultural item while maintaining the same connotations. Examples: Romeo and Juliet= ‫ڡٮ"ﺲ وﻟٮ"ﲆ‬. 5 my fellow brother=‫ى اﻹﺳﻼم‬E ‫ڡ‬5 ‫ى‬E ‫اح‬ Wedding night=‫اﻟﺪﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟٮ"ﻠﺔ‬ 5 % ‫ﺰ‬%‫ﺣٮ‬5 Bread and butter =‫ﻦ\ﻋٮ"ﺶ وﻣﻠﺢ‬%‫وﺣٮ‬ (5) Descriptive equivalent: In this procedure the translator describes the meaning of the cultural item in several words. Example : ‫اﻟﺤﻠﻊ‬ 5 The Arabic word ‫اﻟﺤﻠﻊ‬ 5 can be explained in few words because it has no exact equivalent in the TL. We can say , “ divorce initiated by the wife, “release for payment by the wife , redemptive divorce , divorce by redemption , abdicative divorce. metal container =‫ ٮ"ﺤﺔ‬5‫ﺻڡ‬Steak= ‫ﺷريﺤﺔ ﻟﺤﻢ‬ (4) Functional equivalent This procedure requires the use of a culture –neutral (culture-free) item. It involves neutralization or generalization of the SL word. It is also called Deculturalization strategy. Example : ‫ريﺔ‬.‫ٮٮ‬5 ‫ﻋ‬ This word is coined from a pre-Islamic Arabian figure called Antara who was known for his poetry , heroism and adventures. The cultural tinge of the Arabic word ‫ريﺔ‬.‫ٮٮ‬5 ‫ ﻋ‬in the paragraph above can be discarded to give its functional equivalent : “heroism”. 5 Cowboy= ‫ﻮة‬.‫ﻀﺎي\ڡٮ‬% ‫ڡٮ‬. Coffin = ‫ﺮ‬%‫ڡٮ‬. (6)Synonym To use a near TL equivalent to a SL word in a context , where a precise equivalent may or may not exist. This procedure is used for a SL word where there is no clear one-to-one equivalent , and the word is less important than other components of a sentence. Example : Pretty , beautiful– ‫وﺳٮ"ﻤﺔ‬ -Attic=‫ﻋﻠ "ٮّﺔ‬ grave =‫ﻟﺤﺪ‬ Many tongues= ‫ ﺎت‬Y‫ﻋﺪة ﻟﻌ‬ (7) Through Translation calque It is the literal translation of common collocations , names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called : calque or loan translation. Examples : % Superman- ‫اﻟﺤﺎرق‬ 5 ‫اﻟﺮﺣﻞ‬ % Bat-man- ‫ ﺎش‬5‫اﻟﺤڡ‬ 5 ‫اﻟﺮﺣﻞ‬ The High Dam – ‫اﻟﻌﺎلى‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺪ‬ E (8) Modulation It occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (9) Recognized translation It occurs when the translator uses a generally or officially recognized translation of any institutional term. Example: % ‫اﺣ‬ Foreign Secretary !(‫ٮٮ"ﺎ‬5 ‫ريﻄﺎ‬%‫ﺎرﺣٮ"ﺔ ) ٮ‬ 5 ‫وزيﺮ‬ United Nations! ‫ﺤﺪة‬.‫اﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﻤٮ‬ National Bank= ‫ﻚ اﻷﻫﲇ‬5‫ٮٮ‬% ‫اﻟ‬ Ministry of Internal Affairs= ‫اﻟﺪاﺣﻠٮ"ﺔ‬ ‫وزارة‬ 5 % ‫اﻟﺤ‬ Secretary of State= ‫اﻷﻣريكى‬ ‫ﺎرﺣٮ"ﺔ‬ 5 ‫وزيﺮ‬ E (10) Compensation It is to compensate the loss of meaning in the TT. “This is said to occur when loss of meaning , sound-effect , metaphor or pragmatic effect in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part , or in the next sentence. Example: -O ` Really !!Well !! Well !! =‫ٮ "ﺎﺳﻼم‬ 5 ‫ٮ‬=We are honored with your presence ,Sir\your highness‫ﺤﻀورﻛﻢ‬%‫ﺎ ٮ‬5‫ﺸﺮڡٮ‬. Naughty children are being labeled “hyperactive” by their teachers..‫ ﺮط اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬5‫ڡ‬%‫ون ٮ‬%‫ﻬﻢ ﻣﺼﺎٮ‬5‫ﺄٮ‬%‫ڡﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ٮ‬. ‫ى اﻟﻮ‬E ‫ڡ‬5 ‫ڡٮ"ﺎء‬. ‫ ﺎل اﻷﺷ‬5‫ﻒ اﻟﻤﺪرﺳون اﻷﻃڡ‬5‫ٮ "ﺼٮ‬ (11)Componential analysis This is the splitting up of a lexical unit into its sense components , often one-to-two ,-three or –four translations. Example: English Look gaze stare Arabic ‫ ٮ (ﻄٮ(ﻞ اﻟٮ ""ﻄﺮ‬،‫ٮ (ﺤﺪق‬ (12) Paraphrase definition In this procedure the meaning of the culture-specific terms is explained in more detail , longer than what we do with descriptive equivalent. But the translator should be careful lest he breaks the Maxim of Quantity.Don’t say too much or too little. Example : Crickets ‫ﻬﺎ‬0‫ﺤﺪﻣﻬﺎ اﻟﻼﻋﺐ ﻟٮ(ﻀﺮب ٮ‬7" ‫ٮٮ(ﺔ ٮ (ﺴٮ‬0 ‫ڡويﺔ ﺻﻌ? ٮ(ﺮة وﻋﺼﺎ "ﺣﺸ‬7 ‫ڡﻤﺎﺷٮ(ﺔ‬7 ‫ڡواﻣﻬﺎ ﻛﺮة‬7 ‫ڡٮ(ﻦ‬7 ‫يﻦ "ڡري‬0‫"ﺤﻠٮ(زيﺔ ٮ‬0 ‫ﺔ ريﺎﺿٮ(ﺔ اٮ‬0‫ ﻟﻌٮ‬:‫)اﻟﻜريﻜﺖ‬ " " ‫اﻟﻜﺮة اﻟﱵ ٮ(ڡ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺼﻢ اﻷﺣﺪ ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻌﺪ‬0‫ﻮة اﻟﻰ أٮ‬7‫ٮڡ‬0 ‫اﺣﺮ‬ " ‫ﻬﺎ أي ﻣﻦ ﻻﻋﱯ اﻟڡ" ريﻖ‬0‫ﻣﺴﺎڡﺔ ﻣﻤﻜٮ"ﺔ ﻣﻦ دون أن ٮ (ﻤﺴﻚ ٮ‬ " ‫ﺬڡﻬﺎ اﻟٮ(ﻪ ﻻﻋﺐ‬7 0 ‫ى‬e ‫اﻟﻤوزﻋٮ(ﻦ "ڡ‬ (‫ٮٮ(ﺮ ﻣﺪور اﻟﺸكﻞ‬0 ‫أرﺣﺎء ﻣﻠﻌﺐ ﻛ‬ Can you think of the best strategy to translate the Arabic cultural term‫اﻟﻌﺮﺿﺔ‬into English? (13)Couplets It occurs when translators combine two of the above- mentioned procedures respectively for dealing with a single problem. They further can use triplets and quadruplets. Example ; Parkinson’s disease ‫ﺎرﻛٮ"ﺴون‬0‫داء ٮ‬ ( translation +transference ) Internet ‫ﺮٮ"ﺖ‬7‫ﻜﺔ اﻻ "ٮٮ‬0‫ﺷٮ‬ ( translation +transference ) Music note ‫ڡٮ(ﺔ‬7 ‫ﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺳ (ٮ‬7‫اﻟٮ"ﻮٮ‬ (naturalization + transference ) Sari ( ‫ﺎس ﻫٮ"ﺪي ﻃويﻞ‬0‫اﻟﺴﺎري ) ﻟٮ‬ ( transference +descriptive equivalence) (14) Notes, additions , glosses Such techniques can be employed to add extra information about a culturally-specific word /expression in the translated text. Notes are additional information in a translation; they can appear in the form of 'footnotes.’ E.g. ‫* إن ﺷﺎء ﷲ‬ *Is an Arabic language expression for "if Allah wills”. The phrase is used by Muslims to refer to events that one hopes will happen in the future. It expresses the belief that nothing happens unless Allah wills it and that Allah’s will supersedes human will. Additions: A car accident happened in Leeds last week..‫ريﻄﺎ "ٮٮ(ﺔ‬0‫ى ﻟٮ(ﺪز اﺣﺪى اﻟﻤﺪن اﻟٮ‬e ‫وع اﻟﻤﺎﴈ "ڡ‬0‫ڡﻊ ﺣﺎدث ﺳٮ(ﺮ اﻻﺳٮ‬7 ‫و‬ Glosses: The horse’s mouth ! (‫ﻣﻦ "ڡﻢ اﻻﺳﺪ ) ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎدرﻫﺎ اﻷﺻﻠٮ(ﺔ‬