TRS200_SP24_01_Edited.pdf

INTRODUCTION Dr Raja Lahiani [email protected] TO TRANSLATION TRS200 UNIT 1 WHAT IS TRANSLATION? CLO 1: Identify basic concepts, principles and skills related to trans...

INTRODUCTION Dr Raja Lahiani [email protected] TO TRANSLATION TRS200 UNIT 1 WHAT IS TRANSLATION? CLO 1: Identify basic concepts, principles and skills related to translation.  Unit Contents (1)  Defining translation  Types of Translation  According to  Basic terms used in medium Translation Studies  According to field  ST, TT, SL, TL  According to agent  Text & Context  Author & Audience  What is interpreting?  Translation Problem  Types of Interpreting  Translation Technique  Interpreters’ Skills & Personal  Equivalence Characteristics  Translation quality  Unit Contents (2)  Why do we need  Who is the translation? translator? Translation,  Skills, Society & Qualifications Culture & Competencies Translation & Knowledge  Where they Transfer work  Translation & Media Defining Translation  Defining Translation Being as old as history, translation has acquired many definitions. These are different and sometimes even convergent. A definition usually depends on its author’s school of thought. Translation is "an operation performed on languages: a process of substituting a text in one Sample (1) language for a text in another" (Catford, A Linguistic Theory of Translation, 1965).  “Translation is the reproduction in the receptor language of the closest natural Sample equivalent of the source (2) language message, first in terms of meaning, and second in terms of style” (Nida & Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation, 1964) Translation is "rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the Sample (3) author intended the text" (Newmark, A Textbook of Translation, 1981).  "Translation is the Sample reproduction of a functional (4) target text maintaining a relationship with a given source text that is specified according to the intended or demanded function of the target text" (Nord, Translation Skopos, 1988). Translation is "the replacement of a text in the source language by a semantically and pragmatically equivalent text in the target language, Sample (5) and an adequate translation is a pragmatically-semantically equivalent one" (House, Translation as Communication Across Languages and Cultures, 2016). In brief, … Due to the multiplicity and differences of these definitions, translation is viewed as “a mysterious phenomenon that defies understanding” (Bell 1991, qtd. in Siyab p. 22) BASIC TERMS USED IN TRANSLATION STUDIES  BASIC TERMS USED IN TRANSLATION STUDIES Abbreviations: ST, TT, SL, TL Text and Context Author and Audience Translation Technique Translation Problem Equivalence and Translation Loss  ST: Source Text; the original text; the text of departure. SL: Source Language, the language used in the ST. Abbreviations TT: Target Text; the product of translation. TL: Target Language; the language used in the TT.  TEXT AND CONTEXT  Text is defined by Stubbs (1996) as “an instance of language in use, either spoken or written: a piece of language behavior which has occurred naturally, without the intervention of the linguist.”  A text is a piece of written language that has meaning or message. It has the following characteristics:  It is normally made up of several sentences that together create a distinctive structure such as a letter, a report or an essay.  It has a particular communicative function or purpose.  It can be understood in relation to the context in which it occurs. (Richards & Schmidt, 1985/2010:594-595) Text and Context Context is defined in the OED as “the circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement, or idea, and in terms of which it can be fully understood.”  What is a message, then? A message is what is conveyed by a text (idea or purpose) which is intended by the writer, and we understand when we read the text in a specific context.  Author and Audience Author is the original composer Audience is the of a work; the receiver of a originator of a text/message. plan or idea.  Translation problem is any kind of challenge that the translator may face in translating the lexical, grammatical, textual, stylistic or cultural elements of the source text. Translation Problem A translation problem may be related to structural differences between the SL and TL, differences between SL culture and TL culture, or the way the source text is written.  Different ST units are Translation technique translated in different is the way in which a ways. Common translator renders the translation methods meaning of a ST unit include free Translation (e.g. word, phrase or sentence) with the translation, literal Technique translation, borrowing, aim of achieving functional translation equivalence. and calque.  Translation equivalence is the degree of similarity or balance in message and effect between the source text and its translation in similar contexts. Equivalence includes accuracy of meaning Equivalence and effectiveness of message. /Gain and Loss Translation loss is the amount of information or other textual elements lost in the process of translation due to structural or cultural differences between languages.  Translation may be classified: according According According to medium to field to agent  Translation According to Medium 1. Oral Translation This is the oral rendering of a spoken message (Interpreting), a written message (Sight Translation) or sign language gestures used by deaf people (Sign Language Translation). 2. Written Translation Written translation is the translation of written (not spoken) texts such as documents and books we read on different issues and subjects (technology, medicine, law, business, politics, science and literature).  Translation according to agent  Human Translation This is the translation produced by a human translator, not a machine.  Machine Translation (MT) This is the translation done by a machine (usually a computer using a special software), but not a human being. A translation done by a machine is not as accurate as a translation done by a human being because machines do not have the same thinking abilities as humans. Translation According to Field Because different subjects use different ideas and different styles, translators also translate texts, documents and books in different ways and find different translation problems. As a result we have different types of translation.   Literary translation (translation of literary texts) Translation  Technical translation (translation of technical texts) according  Scientific translation (translation to field of scientific texts)  Legal translation (translation of legal texts)  Media translation (translation of media texts)  Business translation (translation of business texts)  Political translation (translation of political texts)  Medical translation (translation of medical texts)