Toxicology PDF

Toxicology. A scientific discipline that overlaps with biology, chemistry, Persistent Organic Pollutants (P.O.P.s). pharmacology, and medicine involves Organic compounds are resistant to studying the adverse effects of biochemical, photolytic, and other chem...

Toxicology. A scientific discipline that overlaps with biology, chemistry, Persistent Organic Pollutants (P.O.P.s). pharmacology, and medicine involves Organic compounds are resistant to studying the adverse effects of biochemical, photolytic, and other chemical substances on living organisms environmental degradation processes. and diagnosing and treating Because Of this, P.O.P.s are sometimes exposure to toxins and toxins. called "forever chemicals," which can bioaccumulate with potentially detrimental 2. Allergens it is an antigen that produces effects on ecological and human an abnormally potent immune health. responseware the immune system targets and fights a threat or an invader 8. Acute effects. A physiological reaction in that could potentially harm the body. a human or animal body which Allergens are recognized by the immune cause severe symptoms that could rapidly system to cause an allergic reaction. develop through acute exposure to toxic substances. However, it may lead to 3. Neurotoxins refers to toxins that are chronic health effects if the destructive to nerve tissue. cause is not removed. Neurotoxins are an extensive class of exogenous chemical, neurological 9. Chronic effects. An adverse effect on insults that can adversely affect function in animals or the human body with both developing and mature symptoms that develop slowly, due to nervous tissue. prolonged and continuous exposure to low concentrations of a hazardous 4. Mutagens are a physical or chemical substance. agent that causes an increase in D.N.A. modifications by altering the 10. Risk assessment. The combined effort organism's D.N.A. of identifying and analyzing potential events can negatively affect individuals, 5. Teratogens. Any agent that can disrupt assets, and even the environment. embryonic or fetal development It also makes mindful judgments on the causes a child's congenital disability or may tolerability of the risk analysis and completely cease the examines factors influencing it. pregnancy. These agents include radiation, maternal infections, chemicals, 11. Risk Management. The evaluation, or drugs. prioritization, and identification of risks followed by coordinated and economical 6. Carcinogens are any substance or agents application of resources to control, that promote cancer monitor, and minimize the probability or development (carcinogenesis), causing impact of unfortunate events or to genome damage or disruption of maximize the realization of opportunities. cells' metabolic processes. BIG PICTURE 12. Pesticides. Chemical compounds used to eliminate pests, such as insects, rodents, fungi, and weeds. These chemicals ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND are also used in public health TOXICOLOGY to kill disease vectors (e.g., mosquitoes) Factors of Morbidity (illness) and mortality and pests that damage crops. (death) -diet and nutrition 13. Herbicides. Pesticides used to kill -infectious agent unwanted plants (weeds). There are -hereditary qualities selective herbicides that explicitly target a -poisonous substance weed/s by interfering with its -injury growth without harming the desired crop. -stress 14. Insecticides it is any substances that ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND formulate to eliminate or mitigate TOXICOLOGY insects,including ovicides, which are used Environmental health focuses on against insects and larvicides to kill disease-causing external factors insect larvae. -natural -social 15. Fungicides. Biocidal chemical -cultural compounds or biological organisms (plants -technological or animals) used to kill parasitic fungi, or their spores can cause severe GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE damage in agriculture, resulting in Global Burden of Disease (GBD) is a decreased yield, crop quality, and profit. comprehensive regional and global research ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE program of disease burden that assesses To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit mortality and disability from major diseases, learning outcomes) for the sixth to injuries, and risk factors. seventh weeks of the course, you need to fully understand the following essential Smallpox was completely wiped out in knowledge that will be laid down in the 1977 succeeding pages. Polio has been eliminated everywhere in the HEALTH – state of complete physical, world except for a few remote villages in mental, and northern social well-being, not merely the absence of Nigeria disease or infirmity (W.H.O). Epidemics of typhoid fever, cholera, and yellow DISEASE fever are now rarely encountered – abnormal AIDS has become a highly treatable change in the body’s disease. condition Chronic diseases now account for nearly – impairment of the 60% of important psychological & the 56.5 million total deaths worldwide each physical body functions year and about half of the global disease burden resistance (WHO) 6. Breakdown of public health - e.g., the current situation Infectious and emergent diseases still kill in Zimbabwe millions of people. 7. Poverty and social inequality - e.g., A wide variety of pathogens afflict humans, tuberculosis is including primarily a problem in low- income areas viruses, bacteria, protozoans, parasitic 8. War and famine – e.g., Gulf war, Ukraine worms, and war flukes. 9. Bioterrorism - e.g., 2001 Anthrax attacks Diarrhea, acute respiratory illnesses, 10.Dam and irrigation system construction - malaria, measles, e.g., malaria tetanus, kill about 11 million children under and other mosquito borne disease age 5 every year in the developing world. ECOLOGICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY Better nutrition, clean water, improved Study of the ecology of infectious diseases sanitation, and Includes population and community-level inexpensive inoculations could eliminate studies of the most deaths. interactions between hosts and their pathogens and Factors Contributing to Disease parasites and covers diseases of both Emergence: humans and Wildlife 1. Microbial adaptation - e.g., genetic drift Ebola hemorrhagic fever kills up to 90% of and genetic shift its human victims. in Influenza A Chronic wasting disease CWD (caused by 2. Changing human susceptibility - e.g., prions) is mass irreversible, degenerative neurological immunocompromising with HIV/AIDS diseases known 3. Climate and weather - e.g., diseases with as transmissible spongiform zoonotic encephalopathies (TSE) vectors such as West Nile Disease that include mad cow disease in cattle, (transmitted by scrapie in mosquitoes) are moving further from the sheep, and Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease in tropics as the climate is warm. humans 4. Change in human demographics and Tropical diseases, such as malaria, trade - e.g., rapid cholera, yellow travel enabled COVID to rapidly propagate fever, and dengue fever are moving into around the areas from globe which they were formerly absent as 5. Economic development - e.g., use of mosquitoes, antibiotics to rodents, and other vectors expand into new increase meat yield of farmed cows leads to habitat antibiotic Resistance to Drugs, Antibiotics, and Pesticides The protozoan parasite that causes malaria is now resistant to most drugs, while the mosquitoes that transmit it has developed resistance to many insecticides. The following are the reasons for antibiotic resistance to develop - Antibiotics do not work against certain diseases, e.g., viral infections. ECOTOXICOLOGY -study of toxins (poisons) and their effects, particularly on living systems because many substances are known to be poisonous to life (whether plant, animal, or microbial). -toxin’s damage or kill living organisms because they react with cellular components to disrupt metabolic functions. EFFECTS OF TOXINS Allergens - immune- activating agents Allergens act as antigens directly; that is, white blood cells recognize them as foreign and stimulate the production of specific antibodies.