Oil Industry Topic 3.2 PDF

Topic 3 Oil Industry AECH 1103 Industrial Process Overview  Oil and Gas Industry Structure The oil and gas industry is a branch of the Energy Industry Oil and Gas Industry components: Upstream operations (Exploration & Production): Finding, lifting, and pro...

Topic 3 Oil Industry AECH 1103 Industrial Process Overview  Oil and Gas Industry Structure The oil and gas industry is a branch of the Energy Industry Oil and Gas Industry components: Upstream operations (Exploration & Production): Finding, lifting, and processing oil and gas from subsurface into surface and ready for transportation Midstream operations: Transportation and storage of crude oil and natural gas from E&P plant for further processing by pipeline, railway, road, or tanker. Downstream operations (Refining & Marketing): Further processing of crude oil and natural gas into useful final product of raw material for other industry. 2  Composition of Crude Oil On average, crude oils are made of the following elements or compounds: Carbon – 84% Hydrogen – 14% Sulfur – 1 to 3% (hydrogen sulfide, sulfides, disulfides, elemental sulfur) Nitrogen – less than 1% (basic compounds with amine groups) Oxygen – less than 1% (found in organic compounds such as carbon dioxide, phenols, ketones, carboxylic acids) Metals – less than 1% (nickel, iron, vanadium, copper, arsenic) Salts – less than 1% (sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride) 3  Composition of Crude Oil The major classes of hydrocarbons in crude oils: Paraffins (Saturated Hydrocarbons) Napthenes or Cycloalkanes Olifens or Alkenes Dienes and Alkynes Aromatics 4  Composition of Crude Oil CRUDE OIL HYDROCARBONS NON-HYDROCARBONS ALIPHATICS AROMATICS NAPHTHENES SULFURS NITROGENS OXYGENS METALLICS 25% 17% 50%