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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a component of the oil and gas industry?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the oil and gas industry?
- Downstream operations
- Midstream operations
- Environmental operations (correct)
- Upstream operations
Crude oil is composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen.
Crude oil is composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen.
True (A)
What are the two main types of hydrocarbons found in crude oil?
What are the two main types of hydrocarbons found in crude oil?
Paraffins and Aromatics
Crude oil is primarily transported and stored during the __________ operations.
Crude oil is primarily transported and stored during the __________ operations.
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Match the following components of crude oil with their respective percentages:
Match the following components of crude oil with their respective percentages:
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Study Notes
Oil and Gas Industry Structure
- The oil and gas industry is a branch of the Energy Industry
- The oil and gas industry is divided into three components: Upstream, Midstream, and Downstream.
- Upstream operations focus on finding, lifting, and processing oil and gas from the subsurface to the surface.
- Midstream operations transport and store crude oil and natural gas from the E&P plant for further processing by pipeline, railway, road, or tanker.
- Downstream operations further process crude oil and natural gas into useful final products or raw materials for other industries.
Composition of Crude Oil
- Crude oil is primarily composed of:
- Carbon (84%)
- Hydrogen (14%)
- Sulfur (1 to 3%) (hydrogen sulfide, sulfides, disulfides, elemental sulfur)
- Nitrogen (less than 1%) (basic compounds with amine groups)
- Oxygen (less than 1%) (found in organic compounds such as carbon dioxide, phenols, ketones, carboxylic acids)
- Metals (less than 1%) (nickel, iron, vanadium, copper, arsenic)
- Salts (less than 1%) (sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride)
Major Hydrocarbon Classes in Crude Oil
- The major classes of hydrocarbons found in crude oils are:
- Paraffins (Saturated Hydrocarbons)
- Napthenes or Cycloalkanes
- Olifens or Alkenes
- Dienes and Alkynes
- Aromatics
Crude Oil Composition Breakdown
- Crude oil is comprised of hydrocarbons and non-hydracarbons.
- Hydrocarbons account for 92% of crude oil, which is broken down into:
- Aliphatics (25%)
- Aromatics (17%)
- Naphthenes (50%)
- Non-hydrocarbons account for the other 8% of crude oil, which are:
- Sulfurs
- Nitrogens
- Oxygens
- Metallics
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