Aviation Safety and Security Past Paper PDF

College of Engineering - Department of Electronics Engineering Topic 3: AVIATION SAFETY AND SECURITY AeE 417 - Flight and Aviation Management Prepared by: Group 6 Ambay, Francis Cedrick M....

College of Engineering - Department of Electronics Engineering Topic 3: AVIATION SAFETY AND SECURITY AeE 417 - Flight and Aviation Management Prepared by: Group 6 Ambay, Francis Cedrick M. Clet, Gwen Joseph M. Encarnacion, Ma. Nyla T. Sagnit, Anne Frances Claire E. College of Engineering - Department of Electronics Engineering I. INTRODUCTION Safety Security A condition of being safe or protected from Protective measures taken against threats or potential danger, risk, or injury. dangers. Nature of Threats: Unintentional, accidental Nature of Threats: Intentional, malicious SAFETY AND SECURITY IN AVIATION The aviation industry is a complex and highly regulated sector, where safety and security are paramount. With millions of passengers and thousands every day, maintaining rigorous standards is crucial to prevent accidents and ensure smooth functioning of global air travel. Aviation safety encompasses a broad range of practices aimed at preventing accidents and incidents. Key components of aviation safety include a regulatory framework established by organizations such as the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and national aviation authorities like the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). These standards/practices are implemented at various stages, including aircraft design, manufacturing, maintenance, operation, and crew training. On the other hand, aviation security focuses on protecting airports, passengers, crew, and aircraft from intentional harm, such as terrorism, hijacking, and sabotage. Key security measures include the screening of passengers, baggage, and cargo, access control to secure airport areas, and surveillance systems. Significantly, threat assessment is critical for identifying threats, and coordination with law enforcement and intelligence agencies enhances security measures. Overall, safety and security are interrelated and essential for the overall protection of a whole system. II. SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (SMS) THE CREATION OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 1. Pre-Modern Era: In the early years of aviation, safety was a byproduct of mechanical reliability and pilot skill. 2. Post-World War II: After World War II, aviation witnessed exponential growth and technological advancements. 3. 1980s-1990s: The Birth of SMS: In the 1980s and 1990s, a series of high-profile accidents underscored the necessity for a systematic approach to safety. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) recognized this need. 4. Early 2000s to Present: Global Implementation of SMS: From the early 2000s, the concept of SMS evolved into a holistic, risk-based approach, integrating technology, data analysis, and proactive safety measures. College of Engineering - Department of Electronics Engineering What is a Safety Management System? Safety Management System (SMS) is a formal, top-down, organization-wide approach to managing safety risk and ensuring the effectiveness of safety risk controls. Purpose and Benefits of Safety Management Systems The main purpose of a safety management system is to provide a systematic approach to managing safety risks in operations. Some Benefits are: 1. Increases safety 2. Demonstrates safety as a priority 3. Realizes cost savings The 4 Components and 12 Elements of a Safety Management System The four components of a SMS are: 1. Safety Policy ○ Establishes management commitment to safety performance, clear safety objectives, and transparency. ○ Defines methods, processes, and organizational structure needed to meet safety goals ○ Facilitates cross-organizational communication and cooperation 2. Safety Risk Management (SRM) Describing the system & Identifying the hazards – incident reports, audits, and employee feedback. Assessing & Analyzing the risk – determine the level of risk they pose & potential incidents. Controlling the risk – standard operating procedures, training programs, and safety measures. College of Engineering - Department of Electronics Engineering 3. Safety Assurance (SA) ○ Systematically provide confidence that organizational outputs meet or exceed safety requirements Information Acquisition Audits and evaluations Employee reporting Data Analysis System Assessment ○ Continuous evaluation and improvement 4. Safety Promotion Providing SMS training Advocating/strengthening a positive safety culture System and safety communication and awareness Matching competency requirements to system requirements Disseminating safety lessons learned ○ Everyone has a role in promoting safety Four phases are proposed to provide steps to follow in implementing an SMS 1. Phase 1 – Planning - Getting a high-level view of the current state of safety in the organization. - Set clear objectives for SMS implementation. - Outline steps, resources, timelines, and responsibilities. 2. Phase 2 – Reactive Processes (Implementation) - Establishes policies, training, and risk management processes. 3. Phase 3 – Proactive and Predictive Processes (Operation) - Focuses on active safety management and monitoring.  College of Engineering - Department of Electronics Engineering 4. Phase 4 – Operational Safety Assurance - Continuous Improvement Phase - Ensures the SMS evolves and improves over time. III. HUMAN FACTORS IN AVIATION SAFETY What is the Human Factor? multidisciplinary fields incorporating contributions from psychology, engineering, industrial design, statistics, operations research, and anthropometry. science of understanding human capabilities, applying this knowledge to design, develop, and deploy systems and services, and ensuring effective integration of human factor principles into the maintenance working environment. Human factors awareness can lead to improved quality, an environment that ensures continuing worker and aircraft safety, and a more involved and responsible workforce. Human Error Human error is defined as a human action with unintended consequences. It may indicate WHERE a breakdown in the system occurred, it provides no guidance as to WHY it occurred. Types of Errors Unintentional - an unintentional error is an unintentional wandering or deviation from accuracy a. Slips - unintentional actions resulting from a lack of appropriate attention caused by distractions, misordered sequences or mistimed actions. (e.g. the pilot knew the correct frequency but erroneously entered another.) b. Lapses - caused by a memory failure arising from forgetting one’s intention, losing one’s place or omitting planned items. (e.g. the pilot knew that an altitude call-out was required, but simply forgot to make it.) Intentional - In aviation maintenance, an intentional error should really be considered a violation. a. Mistakes - intentional actions resulting from errors in planning without any deliberate decision to contravene established rules or procedures. (e.g. the pilot-in-command decides to proceed to an alternate that has an acceptable weather forecast but which has inadequate ground support equipment available for that aircraft type.) College of Engineering - Department of Electronics Engineering The SHELL Concept The SHELL CONCEPT is a conceptual model of human factors that helps to clarify the location and cause of human error within an aviation environment. ❖ SOFTWARE - the rules, procedures, written documents etc., which are part of the standard operating procedures. ❖ HARDWARE - the Air Traffic Control suites, their configuration, controls and surfaces, displays and functional systems. ❖ ENVIRONMENT - the situation in which the L-H-S system must function, the social and economic climate as well as the natural environment. ❖ LIVEWARE - the human beings - the controller with other controllers, flight crews, engineers and maintenance personnel, management and administration people - within the system. DIRTY DOZEN The Twelve Human Factors in Aviation 1. Lack of Communication - Poor communication often appears at the top of contributing and causal factors in accident reports, and is therefore one of the most critical human factor elements. 2. Complacency - can be described as a feeling of self-satisfaction accompanied by a loss of awareness of potential dangers 3. Lack of Knowledge - The regulatory requirements for training and qualification can be comprehensive, and organizations are forced to strictly enforce these requirements. College of Engineering - Department of Electronics Engineering 4. Distraction - could be anything that draws a person’s attention away from the task on which they are employed. 5. Lack of Teamwork - if someone is not contributing to the team effort, this can lead to unsafe outcomes 6. Fatigue - a natural physiological reaction to prolonged physical and/or mental stress. 7. Lack of Resources - If all the parts are not available to complete a maintenance task, then there may be pressure on a technician to complete the task using old, or inappropriate parts 8. Pressure - Aviation maintenance tasks require individuals to perform in an environment with constant pressure to do things better and faster without making mistakes and letting things fall through the cracks. 9. Lack of Assertiveness - Assertiveness is the ability to express your feelings, opinions, beliefs, and needs in a positive, productive manner and should not be confused with being aggressive 10. Stress - Acute stress arises from real-time demands placed on our senses, mental processing and physical body; such as dealing with an emergency, or working under time pressure with inadequate resources. 11. Lack of Awareness - s is defined as a failure to recognize all the consequences of an action or lack of foresight 12. Norms - Workplace practices develop over time, through experience, and often under the influence of a specific workplace culture. Role of Human Factors in Aviation Safety AVIATION ❖ Cockpit Design and Layout: Arranging instruments and controls in a way that is intuitive and minimizes pilot workload. ❖ Crew Resource Management (CRM): Training pilots to work effectively as a team, communicate clearly, and share decision-making responsibilities. ❖ Fatigue Management: Scheduling flights and breaks to ensure pilots are well-rested and alert during critical phases of flight. ❖ Situational Awareness: Providing pilots with the information they need to understand their surroundings and make safe decisions. AEROSPACE ❖ Spacecraft Habitability: Creating a safe and comfortable living environment for astronauts on long-duration space missions. ❖ Human-Computer Interaction (HCI): Designing interfaces in spacecraft and mission control centers that are easy for astronauts and ground personnel to use. ❖ Automation and Decision Support Systems: Developing systems that can assist astronauts with complex tasks but do not overload them with information. ❖ Extravehicular Activity (EVA) Suit Design: Ensuring that spacesuits are comfortable, functional, and provide adequate protection for astronauts during spacewalks.  College of Engineering - Department of Electronics Engineering Examples/Situations 1. Maintenance Errors and Human Factors: ○ Situation: An aviation maintenance technician (AMT) performs routine maintenance on an aircraft. Due to fatigue or distractions, they overlook a critical step in the inspection process. ○ Impact: The missed check could lead to undetected issues, affecting the safe operation of the aircraft. 2. Situational Awareness: ○ Situation: During an approach, a pilot loses situational awareness due to distractions or miscommunication with air traffic control (ATC). ○ Impact: The pilot may inadvertently land at the wrong airport or fail to stabilize the approach, increasing the risk of accidents2. 3. Space-Related Health and Safety: ○ Situation: Astronauts experience space motion sickness, cardiovascular responses, and bone/muscle loss during extended space missions. ○ Impact: Understanding and mitigating these factors are crucial for astronaut well-being during space travel4. 4. Human Factors Training: ○ Situation: European Aviation Safety Authority (EASA) mandates human factors training for aviation maintenance personnel. ○ Impact: Proper training helps reduce errors related to fatigue, stress, and other human limitations IV. AVIATION SECURITY MEASURES AND PROTOCOLS Who is responsible for aviation security? ❖ Governments and National Authorities: They establish regulations, guidelines, and enforce laws related to aviation security. Example: The United States Congress passed the Aviation and Transportation Security Act, which led to the creation of the TSA. ❖ International Organizations: They set global standards and provide guidance to ensure uniform security measures worldwide. Example: The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) sets global aviation security standards, such as Annex 17 to the Chicago Convention, which focuses on safeguarding international civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference. ❖ Airlines and Airports: They implement and adhere to security protocols to protect passengers, crew, and aircraft. Example: Airlines like Delta Air Lines and airports like Heathrow Airport employ security measures such as passenger screening, baggage checks, and security personnel. ❖ Security Agencies: They execute security measures, conduct screenings, and handle threats. Example: The TSA conducts passenger and baggage screenings at U.S. airports to prevent prohibited items and threats from being brought onto aircraft. College of Engineering - Department of Electronics Engineering Key Figures/Organizations ❖ International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO): A specialized UN agency responsible for establishing global aviation standards and regulations. Example: ICAO's Aviation Security (AVSEC) Panel develops policies and practices to protect international civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference. ❖ Transportation Security Administration (TSA): A U.S. agency that oversees security in public transportation systems, including airports. Example: The TSA implements security procedures such as the use of Advanced Imaging Technology (AIT) scanners at airport checkpoints. ❖ European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA): Responsible for civil aviation safety and security within the European Union. Example: EASA issues regulations and guidelines to enhance aviation security across EU member states, such as the EU Aviation Security Strategy. ❖ National Civil Aviation Security Authorities: Various national bodies responsible for aviation security in their respective countries (e.g., Civil Aviation Authority in the UK). Example: The UK's Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) sets and enforces aviation security standards for UK airports and airlines. Aviation Threats/Risks ❖ Terrorism: Attacks on aircraft, airports, or other aviation-related facilities. Response: Activation of emergency response plans, coordination with law enforcement, potential deployment of air marshals, and diversion of flights if necessary ❖ Hijacking: Unauthorized seizure of an aircraft by individuals or groups. Response: Securing the cockpit, communication with air traffic control, compliance with hijacker demands to ensure passenger safety, and coordination with law enforcement for resolution. ❖ Sabotage: Deliberate damage or destruction of aircraft or infrastructure. Response: Monitoring of employee behavior and activities, investigation of suspicious actions, implementation of access controls and restrictions, reporting to relevant authorities, and potential disciplinary or legal actions. ❖ Insider Threats: Security breaches caused by individuals within the aviation system. Response: Monitoring of employee behavior and activities, investigation of suspicious actions, implementation of access controls and restrictions, reporting to relevant authorities, and potential disciplinary or legal actions. ❖ Cybersecurity Threats: Attacks on digital systems controlling aviation operations. Response: Activation of cybersecurity response teams, isolation of affected systems, investigation and containment of the incident, implementation of patches or security updates, and collaboration with cybersecurity experts. College of Engineering - Department of Electronics Engineering ❖ Smuggling: Illicit transportation of goods or substances, such as drugs or weapons. Response: Activation of biohazard protocols, isolation and decontamination procedures, coordination with medical professionals and hazmat teams, communication with health authorities, and implementation of quarantine measures if necessary. Importance of Security Measures And Protocols ❖ Passenger Safety: Ensuring the safety and security of passengers during their journey. Passenger Screening: Use of metal detectors, body scanners, and pat-down inspections to detect prohibited items on passengers. ❖ Crew Safety: Protecting flight crew and airport personnel from potential threats. Secured Cockpit Doors: Reinforcing and locking cockpit doors during flights to prevent unauthorized access. Air Marshals: Deploying trained law enforcement officers on select flights to handle in-flight security threats. ❖ Aircraft Protection: Safeguarding aircraft from sabotage, hijacking, or other malicious activities. Restricted Area Access Control: Limiting access to secure areas like the tarmac and aircraft to authorized personnel using biometric systems. ❖ National Security: Preventing the use of aviation for terrorist activities that could harm national interests. Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV): Using high-definition cameras with facial recognition to monitor airport premises and detect suspicious activities. Behavioral Detection Officers (BDO): Trained officers observing passengers for suspicious behavior that may indicate security threats. ❖ Economic Stability: Maintaining confidence in air travel, which is vital for global commerce and tourism. Example: Rapid implementation of security measures post-9/11 helped restore public confidence in flying. ❖ International Relations: Ensuring compliance with global aviation security standards to facilitate international travel and trade. Compliance with International Standards: Adhering to global aviation security standards set by organizations like the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).