Toopopopopic 1 - Statistics PDF

Toopopopopic 1 Remalyn A. Ocampo OBJECTIVES:  To define the different terms in statistics.  To determine the scale of measurement of a given variable,  To name the advantages and disadvantages of the use of different data collection Scale of Measurement ￮ -refers to ways in which...

Toopopopopic 1 Remalyn A. Ocampo OBJECTIVES:  To define the different terms in statistics.  To determine the scale of measurement of a given variable,  To name the advantages and disadvantages of the use of different data collection Scale of Measurement ￮ -refers to ways in which variables/numbers are defined and categorized. -has certain properties which in turn determines the appropriateness for use of certain statistical analyses.  Categorical Numerical Data Data Data that reflect qualitative Data that are naturally characteristics. number-based. -Gender -age -Hair color -Height -Ethnicity -weight  Categorical Data Numerical Data Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio The scale of measurement impacts which statistical tests you can use.  Diagnostic test (symptoms) Findings Treatment SOP Scale of Statistical (variables) measurement Tests Level 1 Nominal -qualitative characteristics or groups with no inherent order  sex  religion  gender  ethnicity  occupation  HEA  barangay Nominal-scale data are useful in assessing differences Level 2 Ordinal -qualitative characteristics or groups with inherent order or  rank rank of Police officers  result in a certain competition  Level of implementation  Level of satisfaction  Income level(ranges)  Level of agreement Level 3 Interval -naturally numerical data with inherent ordering  Credit score(300-850)  Grade(75-100)  Temperature in Fahrenheit(600 to -100) Level 4 Ratio -naturally numerical, ordered data, having equal distances between points, it has absolute zero.  Height, weight or length  Length of time  Volume In two or three columns Yellow Blue Red Is the color of Is the colour of Is the color of gold, butter and the clear sky and blood, and ripe lemons. In the deep sea. It is because of this it the spectrum of located between has historically visible light, violet and green been associated yellow is found on the optical with sacrifice, between green spectrum. danger and and orange. courage.  Categorical Data Numerical Data Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio No rank Natural order Measurable, Measurable, or or rank but arbitrary but absolute ordering zero zero  ursel f ASK yo Qua Q u an titati litat Qualitative approach Understand subjective experiences, beliefs, and  ve? Quantitative approach Measure different types of variables and i ve?  concepts describe frequencies, averages, and correlations  Gain in-depth knowledge of a specific context or  Test hypotheses about culture relationships/predictions between variables  Explore under-researched problems and  Test the effectiveness/differences of a new generate new ideas treatment, program or product  Differ enc al? Que Q u a n titati itati Qualitative research designs tend Quantitative research designs tend to to be more flexible and inductive, ve? be more fixed and deductive, with ve? allowing you to adjust your approach based on what you find throughout variables and hypotheses clearly defined in advance of data collection. the research process. Example: Struggles and Coping Example:The effectiveness of an Mechanism on Online teaching online teaching method strategies.  Types of Research: Qua Qua Causal- Comparative De ntita rrelational scr l i ta t omenology i pti ve Co Case Study Phen i ve? ry Ex pe ri me tive? rimental Ethnography nta ua si -Expe Q nde d theo l Grou Participatory Historical Quantitative Research Design Type of design Purpose and characteristics Experimental  Used to test causal relationships  Involves manipulating an independent variable and measuring its effect on a dependent variable  Subjects are randomly assigned to groups  Usually conducted in a controlled environment (e.g., a lab) Quasi-experimental  Used to test causal relationships  Similar to experimental design, but without random assignment  Often involves comparing the outcomes of pre-existing groups  Often conducted in a natural environment (higher ecological validity) Correlational  Used to test whether (and how strongly) variables are related  Variables are measured without influencing them Descriptive  Used to describe characteristics, averages, trends, etc  Variables are measured without influencing them Causal-comparative  Ex Post Facto Research  Draws conclusion from an observation derived from what had already taken place. Qualitative Research Design Type of design Purpose and characteristics Case study  Detailed study of a specific subject (e.g., a place, event, organization, etc).  Data can be collected using a variety of sources and methods.  Focuses on gaining a holistic understanding of the case. Ethnography  Detailed study of the culture of a specific community or group.  Data is collected by extended immersion and close observation.  Focuses on describing and interpreting beliefs, conventions, social dynamics, etc. Grounded theory  Aims to develop a theory inductively by systematically analyzing qualitative data. Phenomenology  Aims to understand a phenomenon or event by describing participants’ lived experiences. Historical  Documentary method  Manifested the form of narration of striking happenings about the past problem PArticipatory  The researcher actually interacts with the samples to observe, evaluate, criticize and interpret findings  Types of Research: Data Col l ecti o n trat i o n Interview Regis Questionnaire and Historical Survey Observation Thank You?