TMS Trial 1.pdf

The Skeletal System What is the axial skeleton made up of? Skull, ribcage, vertebrae (including coccyx + sacrum) What is the appendicular skeleton made up of? Pelvic girdle, lower and upper appendages What...

The Skeletal System What is the axial skeleton made up of? Skull, ribcage, vertebrae (including coccyx + sacrum) What is the appendicular skeleton made up of? Pelvic girdle, lower and upper appendages What is the function of bones? To give shape + support to the body What is a synovial joint? The primary movement joint in body The of synovial tissue, hyaline cartilage (bone end), a joint How are synovial joints characterized? capsule, and synovial fluid (located between joints) 7 Cervical (neck) 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar How is the vertebral column divided? Sacrum / Coccyx Crunchy breakfast at 7 am (7 cervical vertebrae), a Tasty lunch at 12 noon (12 thoracic vertebrae), and a Light dinner at 5 pm (5 lumbar vertebrae) The Muscular System Ligaments connect bones to bones, while tendons connect muscles to bones What is the difference between tendons and ligaments? Ligament starts with L = like. It connects two things that are alike (bone to bone) MeaTBall (muscle to bone) and BLoB (bone to bone) Muscle –– the entire muscle organ made up of multiple fascicles Fascicle –– A bundle of muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium connective tissue Muscle Fiber –– A single muscle cell, containing multiple Name the organization of muscle tissue from largest to myofibrils the smallest. Myofibril –– A long, cylindrical structure within a muscle fiber, composed of repeating sarcomeres Sarcomere –– The functional unit of muscle contraction, containing contractile proteins actin and myosin  Myofilaments –– The individual contractile proteins within the sarcomere, including actin and myosin A thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds and separates What is fascia? the different layers of muscle Epimysium –– the outermost layer that surrounds the entire muscle What are the different layers of fascia from outermost to Perimysium –– surrounds one bundle of muscle fibers innermost? Endomysium –– surrounds one muscle fiber EPI PERI ENDO A bundle of muscle fibers (cells) that are grouped together What is a fascicle? by muscle fiber type (Ex: Type 1 Fascicle) One nerve + the muscle fiber it Innervates (so that all fibers What is a motor unit? in one unit contract at the same time) that can range in size. What is the difference between a motor unit and a A motor unit is one nerve AND the muscle fiber that it fascicle? innervates, where are a fascicle is a bundle of muscle fiber What is a muscle fiber (a muscle cell) made up of? Myofibrils, which consists of sarcomeres Muscle Physiology The smallest contractile unit of muscle that consists of What are sarcomeres? contractile proteins actin and myosin Z Disc/Line: The "walls" that get closer together during concentric contraction (shortening) and gets farther apart during eccentric contraction (lengthening) A Band: The length of the myosin What is the structure of a sarcomere? THE A BAND NEVER CHANGES LENGTH I Band: Actin (no myosin) H Zone: Myosin (no actin) The I Band and H Zone shorten when a muscle contracts The mechanism that explains how muscles contract at the What is the sliding filament theory? smallest level (how myosin and actin interact within one sarcomere) - Myosin is like a rowboat floating between the actin Explain the correlation between a rowboat and the sliding - Myosin reaches out with its oars to grab onto the actin filament theory? - The power stroke shortens and contracts the muscle and the ATP hydrolysis resets it A signal sent from the brain, down the nerve, to the neuromuscular junction that: 1. The primary neurotransmitter the release of Acetylcholine (Ach), which causes muscle contraction all or nothing (a What is an action potential? muscle fiber can either contract entirely or not at all) 2. Can grade the level of force by rate of sending action potentials This is a trainable quality (rate coding)  How can we send a stronger signal or generate more Send more action potentials, which will fuse together to force? generate more force production 1. Create an action potential 2. Action potential moves down the nerve to the neuromuscular junction 4. Signal goes down the t-tubules and causes a release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum What are the steps to activating a muscle fiber? 5. Calcium binds to troponin. Troponin binds to tropomyosin (rope around actin) and pulls the tropomyosin out of the way 6. Tropomyosin moves to open the binding site 7. Myosin binds to actin, forming a cross bridge (where the sliding filament theory can occur) The Muscular System Type I – Slow Twitch Contraction Speed: Slow Energy Source: Aerobic Metabolism (Oxidative) Fatigue Resistance: High (can sustain activity for long periods) Type IIa - Fast Oxidative Glycolytic Contraction Speed: Faster than Type I, Slower than Type IIx What are the three types of skeletal muscle fiber types? Energy Source: Mixed –– Primarily Aerobic, but can use Anaerobic Fatigue Resistance: Moderate (Less than type I, but more than IIx) Type IIx – Fast Glycolytic Contraction Speed: Fastest Energy Source: Mixed –– Anaerobic glycolysis Fatigue Resistance: Low, fatigues quickly due to reliance on anaerobic metabolism (1-5 Rep Max)  The main difference between aerobic and anaerobic muscle contraction lies in how the body creates energy to fuel the movement, specifically whether it uses oxygen (aerobic) or not (anaerobic) What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic Aerobic –– enough oxygen is present to produce the energy muscle contracting? needed for sustained activity, typically involving lower intensity and longer duration Anaerobic –– the oxygen demand exceeds the supply, forcing the muscles to rely on stored energy sources within the muscle itself for quick, high-intensity bursts What is the difference between fast and slow twitch Fast twitch muscles are used during more explosive activities; muscle fibers? slow twitch muscle fibers are used for endurance Senses muscle stretch and causes a muscle contraction to What is the function of a muscle spindle? prevent injury, like overstretching (works with/for us) Senses a muscle contraction and causes muscle inhibition What is the golgi tendon organ? to protect the tendon from producing too much force (works against us) The Cardiovascular System Vena Cava Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve Right Ventricle Pulmonary Artery Lungs Pulmonary Vein How does blood flow through the heart? Left Atrium Mitral Valve Left Ventricle Aorta Artery = Away from the Heart Deoxygenated to Oxygenated Vein = Toward the Heart Arteries Arterioles How does blood flow to the muscles? Capillaries (level of gas exchange) Venules Veins SA Node –– the pacemaker (or starter) of the heart (creates the signal) What structures are apart of the heart's conduction AV Node –– impulse is delayed (slows down the heart rate) system AV Bundle –– sends signal to ventricles Purkinje Fibers –– sends signal further to the ventricles What is the normal range for resting heart rate? 60-100 BPM What is bradycardia? Less than 60 BPM What is tachycardia? More than 100 BPM What is a ECG? Electrocardiogram What is a P Wave? Depolarization (contraction) nof the atria Depolarization of the ventricles and repolarization (relaxing) of What is the QRS Complex? the atria  What is a T Wave? Repolarization of the ventricles Respiratory System Inspiration (inhalation) of oxygen and expiration (exhalation) of What gas exchange occurs in the lungs? carbon dioxide Trachea –– transport vesicle Bronchi What is the order of gas exchange in the lungs? Bronchioles Alveoli ––level of gas exchange What is the significance of the difference in the number of The left lung has 2 lobes (compared to the right which has lobes between the right and left lungs? three) to make room for the heart