Human Body and Skeletal/Muscular Systems PDF

HUMAN BODY PARTS AND STRUCTURES OF SKELETAL AND MUSCULAR SYSTEM Asst. Prof. Evelyn N. Dagami IHK Faculty INTRODUCTION OF HUMAN BODY The human body is a single structure but it is made up of billions of smaller structures of four major kinds: cells, tissues, organs, and systems. An organ...

HUMAN BODY PARTS AND STRUCTURES OF SKELETAL AND MUSCULAR SYSTEM Asst. Prof. Evelyn N. Dagami IHK Faculty INTRODUCTION OF HUMAN BODY The human body is a single structure but it is made up of billions of smaller structures of four major kinds: cells, tissues, organs, and systems. An organ is an organization of several different kinds of tissues so arranged that together they can perform a special function. A system is an organization of varying numbers and kinds of organs so arranged that together they can perform complex functions for the body. Ten major systems include the skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and the reproductive system. Body functions are the physiological or psychological functions of body systems. Survival of the body depends on the body's maintaining or restoring homeostasis, a state of relative constancy, of its internal environment. Human life process includes organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movements, reproduction, growth, differentiation, respiration, digestion, and excretion. All these processes work together, in fine-tuned balance, for the well-being of the individual and to maintain life. Life depends on certain physical factors from the environment, which include water, oxygen, nutrients, heat, and pressure.  HUMAN BODY PARTS The human body is an ultimate mover that makes us to enjoy and satisfied and each part has its own function that depends on one another. Knowing the parts of the body, its systems, and capabilities and limitations are essential for Physical Education and for effective performance in physical activities.  SKELETAL SYSTEM AND ITS FUNCTION The skeleton also protects the Bones provide a rigid The skeleton supports the soft body parts. The fused bones framework, known as of the cranium surround the brain body against the pull of the skeleton, that to make it less vulnerable to gravity. The large bones injury. Vertebrae surround and support and protect the protect the spinal cord and bones of the lower limbs support soft organs of the body. the trunk when standing. of the rib cage help protect the heart and lungs of the thorax. CLASSIFICATION OF BONES The bones of the body come in a variety of sizes and shapes. 01 LONG BONES Bones that are longer than they are wide are called long bones. They consist of a long shaft with two bulky ends or extremities. They are primarily compact bone but may have a large amount of spongy bone at the ends or extremities. Long bones include bones of the thigh, leg, arm, and forearm. CLASSIFICATION OF BONES The bones of the body come in a variety of sizes and shapes. 02 SHORT BONES Short bones are roughly cube shaped with vertical and horizontal dimensions approximately equal. They consist primarily of spongy bone, which is covered by a thin layer of compact bone. Short bones include the bones of the wrist and ankle. CLASSIFICATION OF BONES The bones of the body come in a variety of sizes and shapes. 03 FLAT BONES Flat bones are thin, flattened, and usually curved. Most of the bones of the cranium are flat bones. CLASSIFICATION OF BONES The bones of the body come in a variety of sizes and shapes. 04 IRREGULAR BONES Bones that are not in any of the above three categories are classified as irregular bones. They are primarily spongy bone that is covered with a thin layer of compact bone. The vertebrae and some of the bones in the skull are irregular bones. CLASSIFICATION OF BONES The bones of the body come in a variety of sizes and shapes. 05 SESAMOID BONES Sesamoid are bones embedded in tendons. These small, round bones are commonly found in the tendons of the hands, knees, and feet. Sesamoid bones function to protect tendons from stress and wear. The patella, commonly referred to as the kneecap, is an example of a sesamoid bone.  MUSCULAR SYSTEM AND ITS FUNCTION The muscular system is composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers. The integrated action of joints, In addition to movement, muscle Their predominant function is bones, and skeletal muscles contraction also fulfills some contractibility. Muscles, attached to produces obvious movements other important functions in the bones or internal organs and blood body, such as posture, joint such as walking and running. vessels, are responsible for Skeletal muscles also produce stability, and heat production. movement. Nearly all movement in the body is the result of muscle more subtle movements that Posture, such as sitting and contraction. Exceptions to this are the result in various facial standing, is maintained as a result action of cilia, the flagellum on sperm expressions, eye movements, of muscle contraction. cells, and amoeboid movement of and respiration. some white blood cells.. TYPES OF MUSCLES 01 SKELETAL MUSCLE Skeletal muscles, attached to bones, is responsible for skeletal movements. The peripheral portion of the central nervous system (CNS) controls the skeletal muscles. Thus, these muscles are under conscious, or voluntary, control. The basic unit is the muscle fiber with many nuclei. These muscle fibers are striated (having transverse streaks) and each acts independently of neighboring muscle fibers.  TYPES OF MUSCLES The bones of the body come in a variety of sizes and shapes. 02 SMOOTH MUSCLE Smooth muscle, found in the walls of the hollow internal organs such as blood vessels, thegastrointestinal tract, bladder, and uterus, is under control of the autonomic nervous system. Smooth muscle cannot be controlled consciously and thus acts involuntarily. The non-striated (smooth) muscle cell is spindle-shaped and has one central nucleus. Smooth muscle contracts slowly and rhythmically.  TYPES OF MUSCLES The bones of the body come in a variety of sizes and shapes. 03 CARDIAC MUSCLE Cardiac muscle, found in the walls of the heart, is also under control of the autonomic nervous system. The cardiac muscle cell has one central nucleus, like smooth muscle, but it also is striated, like skeletal muscle. The cardiac muscle cell is rectangular in shape. The contraction of cardiac muscle is involuntary, strong, and rhythmical. MAJOR MUSCLES  LET’S HAVE A QUIZ! CLICK THE GOOGLE FORM LINK POSTED IN OUR GCR TO ACCESS THE QUIZ.  “EVERY MEMBER SERVES THE WHOLE BODY, EITHER TO ITS HEALTH OR TO ITS DETRIMENT.” DIETRICH BONHOEFFER REFERENCES THANK YOU!