Questions and Answers
What is the axial skeleton made up of?
Skull, ribcage, vertebrae (including coccyx + sacrum)
What is the appendicular skeleton made up of?
Pelvic girdle, lower and upper appendages
What is the function of bones?
To give shape and support to the body
What is a synovial joint?
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How are synovial joints characterized?
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How is the vertebral column divided?
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What is the difference between tendons and ligaments?
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What is fascia?
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What is a fascicle?
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What is a motor unit?
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What are sarcomeres?
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What is the sliding filament theory?
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What is an action potential?
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What are the steps to activating a muscle fiber?
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What are the three types of skeletal muscle fiber types?
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What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic muscle contracting?
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What is the function of a muscle spindle?
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What is the golgi tendon organ?
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How does blood flow through the heart?
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What structures are part of the heart's conduction system?
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What is bradycardia?
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What is tachycardia?
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What is an ECG?
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What gas exchange occurs in the lungs?
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What is the order of gas exchange in the lungs?
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What is the significance of the difference in the number of lobes between the right and left lungs?
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Study Notes
The Skeletal System
- Axial skeleton consists of the skull, ribcage, and vertebrae (including coccyx and sacrum).
- Appendicular skeleton includes the pelvic girdle and upper and lower appendages.
- Bones provide shape and structural support to the body.
- Synovial joints are primary joints enabling body movement, characterized by a capsule, synovial fluid, and hyaline cartilage.
- Vertebral column is divided into five regions: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, plus sacrum and coccyx.
The Muscular System
- Ligaments connect bone to bone, while tendons connect muscle to bone.
- Muscle organization hierarchy: muscle (entire organ) → fascicle (bundle of fibers) → muscle fibers (cells) → myofibrils (contractile elements).
- Sarcomeres are the smallest contractile units within myofibrils, containing actin and myosin.
- Three layers of fascia: epimysium (surrounding the muscle), perimysium (around fascicles), and endomysium (around individual muscle fibers).
- A motor unit consists of a single nerve and the muscle fibers it innervates; contrasts with a fascicle, which is a bundle of muscle fibers.
Muscle Physiology
- Sliding filament theory explains muscle contraction through the interaction of actin and myosin within sarcomeres.
- Action potential is the electrical signal triggering muscle contraction, involving neurotransmitters like acetylcholine (Ach).
- Muscle contraction can be activated by increasing action potential firing rates to generate more force.
- Muscle fiber types: Type I (slow-twitch, aerobic, fatigue-resistant), Type IIa (fast-twitch, mixed), and Type IIx (fast-twitch, anaerobic, low fatigue resistance).
- Anaerobic contraction occurs without sufficient oxygen, while aerobic contraction relies on oxygen supply for endurance activities.
The Cardiovascular System
- Blood flows through the heart starting from the vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary vein → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aorta.
- Arteries carry blood away from the heart, while veins return blood to the heart.
- SA Node acts as the heart's pacemaker; AV Node delays impulses to regulate heart rate.
- Normal resting heart rate ranges from 60 to 100 BPM; bradycardia is under 60 BPM, and tachycardia is over 100 BPM.
- ECG (electrocardiogram) records the heart's electrical activity, displaying P waves (atrial depolarization), QRS complex (ventricular depolarization), and T waves (ventricular repolarization).
Respiratory System
- Gas exchange in the lungs involves oxygen inhalation and carbon dioxide exhalation.
- Air travels through the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and reaches alveoli for gas exchange.
- The left lung has two lobes, accommodating the heart, while the right lung has three lobes.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the skeletal system, including the axial and appendicular skeletons. Learn about the function of bones, the types of joints, and more. Ideal for biology students or anyone interested in human anatomy.
