Crop Production as a Science, Art, and Business PDF

Topic 3 CROP PRODUCTION as a SCIENCE, ART and BUSINESS A. As a Science Modern crop production is not based on a hit or miss nor trial or error method. Its Science is derived from the adoption or application of the basic sciences of Chemistry, Mathe...

Topic 3 CROP PRODUCTION as a SCIENCE, ART and BUSINESS A. As a Science Modern crop production is not based on a hit or miss nor trial or error method. Its Science is derived from the adoption or application of the basic sciences of Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics, and from various applied sciences like Physiology, Meteorology, Anatomy, Plant breeding, etc. Science. Systematically accumulated and tested knowledge. It refers to the ordered knowledge of natural phenomena and the rational study of the relationship between the concepts in which these phenomena are expressed. It is not a set of facts but a way of giving unity and intelligibility to the facts of nature so that nature may be controlled and new facts predicted. Applied Sciences in Crop Production: Crop Science. It is concerned with the observation and classification of knowledge concerning economically cultivated crops and the establishment of verifiable principles regarding their growth and development for the purpose of deriving the optimum benefit from them. Agronomy. It came from the Greek word “agros” meaning “field” and “nomos” meaning to manage. Thus, agronomy deals with the principles and practices of managing field crops and soils. Horticulture. It came from the Latin word “hortus”, which means a “garden” (a term derived from the Anglo-saxon word “gyrdan” which means “to enclose” and “colere”, which means to cultivate. The concept of gardens, and plants within an enclosure is distinct from the culture of field crops, a medieval concept. Agronomy vs Horticulture Characteristic Horticultural crops Agronomic crops Ultimate consumers Human Typically animals Appearance Important Non-critical Taste Critical/subjective Non-critical Final product Often consumed fresh in living Consumed processed or state dried Market type Choice (non-commodity) Commodity Calories Low density High density Vitamins and minerals High Low Price per unit High Low Total value per crop Relatively low High Breeding objectives Quality appearance High yield, yield stability TLED EC 311-AGRI-FISHERY ARTS 1 28 B. As an Art - It is an art because it requires skills to produce crops. - The art of Crop Science reaches its greatest expression in Horticulture, specifically in ornamental horticulture where plants are raised for their aesthetic qualities, e.g.in floral arts as well as in landscaping. - There is something mysterious and magical about agriculture. C. As a Business - Plants are not grown simply to satisfy the needs of man but to realize some profit in the process of producing it. Thus, maximization of output relative to production input is one of the guiding principles of production. Scientific knowledge utilized to produce plants at the time when there is demand and when the best prices could be obtained when sold. e.g. production of off-season tomatoes and flowers and raising disease-resistant field crops to reduce the cost of crop protectant chemicals. Human’s needs for raw materials required to meet his basic needs for food, clothing and shelter and the increasing requirements of the processing and food industry have served as incentives to further improve crop production practices. Agricultural research in the Philippines has been established through schools and experiment stations, both private and public. These are: 1. State Colleges and Universities offering degrees in Agriculture. 2. Department of Agriculture Research Networks 3. National Commodity Research Centers - FIDA – Fiber Industry Development Industry - NTA – National Tobacco Administration - PhilRice – Phil Rice Research Institute - PCA – Philippine Coconut Industry - SRA – Sugar Regulatory Administration - PRCRTC – Philippine Rootcrops Research and Training Center - NPRCRTC – Northern Philippine Rootcrops Research and Training Center - NARC – National Abaca Research Center 4. Specialized Discipline Oriented Research Centers - IPB – Institute of Plant Breeding - NCPC – National Crop Protection Center - NPGRL – National Plant Genetic Resources Laboratory - PHTRC – Postharvest Horticulture Training and Research Center - BIOTECH – National Institutes of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology 5. Major International Research Organizations IRRI – International Rice Research Institute CIMMYT – Centro International de Mejoramiente de Maize y Trigo (Mexico) CIP – Centro International de Patatas (Peru) ICRISAT – International Center for Semi-Arid Tropics (India) CIAT – Centro de International de Agricultural Tropical (Colombia) TLED EC 311-AGRI-FISHERY ARTS 1 29  ICARDA – International Center for Agricultural Research for Dry Areas (Syria) IITA – International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (Nigeria) ICRAF – International Center for Research on AgroForestry (Kenya) AVRDC – Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (Taiwan) Bioversity – formerly International Plant Genetic Resources (Italy) 6. Private Seed Companies East West Syngenta Pioneer Monsanto Allied Botanicals ASSESSMENT: Let us test your understanding! 1. Discuss the mandates of the following agencies and organizations: 1.1 National Research Centers 1.2 Major International Research Organizations 1.3 Private Seed Companies 2. The Philippine government grants yearly “Gawad Saka” award to successful farmers and fisherfolks. Write a “success story” about a particular “Gawad Saka” recipient of your choice. What are their best practices that may be adapted by other farmers and fisherfolks. (visit: www.bfar.org) 3. Give the meaning of the following ACRONYM: 1) FIDA - ____________________________________________________________ 2) NPRCRTC - ________________________________________________________ 3) BIOTECH - ________________________________________________________ 4) IRRI - _____________________________________________________________ 5) ICRISAT - _________________________________________________________ TLED EC 311-AGRI-FISHERY ARTS 1 30 Topic 4 CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS A. Classification of Crops 1. Botanical Classification The most important and commonly used method of classifying plants is the botanical method, which is based on descent or the phylogenetic relationship of plants. o Approximately more than 300 000 plant species have already been identified. o Taxonomy, or the study of plant classification, is dynamic and it changes as new knowledge becomes available. o The four divisions of phyla of the plant kingdom identified by Eichler in 1833 have since been expanded by modern taxonomists to 28 divisions. Four Divisions of the Plant Kingdom: 1) Thallophyta – algae, bacteria and fungi 2) Bryophyta – small green plants without true roots or flowers such as the mosses. 3) Pteridophyta – green plants with vascular tissue, true roots, and usually distinct leaves. This group includes the psilophytes, club mosses, horsetails and ferns. 4) Spermatophyta – all seed-bearing plants that bear true flowers. Majority of the economically important plants are included in this division. Sudivided into 2 groups: a) Gymnosperms – all plants with naked seeds like the pine trees. b) Angiosperms – plants with seed enclosed in a vessel; further divided into 2 classes: 1. Monocotyledon – with one cotyledon 2. Dicotyledon – with two cotyledons An example of a Botanical Classification: Classification unit: Kingdom: Plantae Division: Spermatophyta Subdivision: Angiospermae Class: Monocotyledonae Order: Graminales Family: Graminea Genus: Zea Species: mays TLED EC 311-AGRI-FISHERY ARTS 1 31  o Carl von Linne, better known as Carolus Linnaeus, (Father of Taxonomy) was the originator of this binomial system of plant nomenclature. o The publication of his book entitled Genera Plantarum led to the modern taxonomy or classification of plants. o The first letter of family names is always capitalized and more often written entirely in capital letters. o Most families’ names end with –aceae attached to a genus name e.g. Pomaceae, Solanaceae o Genus: First word of classification. When the scientific name is given, such as Zea mays for corn, this name consists of the genus and species. The 1st letter of genus name is always capitalized and italicized if written in a book or underlined if written. Ex: Zea, Triticum, Glycine o Species: Second word of a scientific name. Always written with small letter and italicized or underlined. Ex: mays, vulgare, rubra, alba. o Variety: A sub-division of a species. o In writing scientific names, the first letter of the genus name is capitalized, while the species name is in small letter. Scientific names are italicized or underlined. 2. Agronomic Classification 1) Cereal Crops – grasses grown for edible seeds such as wheat, rye, oats, barley, rice, maize, grain sorghum. Uses: breakfast cereals, flour, breads, oil, livestock feed The grain is a caryopsis, which is a dry, one seeded fruit, with a hard outer pericarp fused to the seed coat. 2) Pasture & Forage Crops – vegetable matter, either fresh, dried or preserved; roughage, livestock feed Hay, pasture, silage, haylage, green manure crops and cover crops Guinea grass – Panicum maximum Napier grass – Pennisetum purpureum Carabao grass – Paspalum conjugatum 3) Root Crops Grown for enlarged roots which may be edible or from which a product may be extracted. Sugar beets, sweet potatoes, Carrots, turnips, and rutabagas 4) Tuber Crops Thickened underground stems. White (Irish) potato, Jerusalem artichoke 5) Fiber Crops Fiber crops are of tropical origin. e.g. Cotton, flax, kenaf, hemp, pineapple, Ramie 6) Sugar Crops TLED EC 311-AGRI-FISHERY ARTS 1 32  Sugarcane and sugarbeet grown for sucrose yield; sweet sorghum and sugar cane grown for syrup production, and corn and grain sorghum for dextrose (corn sugar) production. 7) Drug Crops Grown for chemicals they contain that alter human metabolism in some way. e.g. Tobacco, tea, coffee, mints (pyrethrum), digitalis, wormseed 8) Oil and Beverage Crops – grown for their oil content Cacao – Theobroma cacao Castor oil – Ricinus cummunis Coconut – Cocos nucifera Coffee – Coffea spp. Tea – Thea senesis 9) Rubber Crop – Heavea braziliensis 10) Medicinal Plants – with curative, laxative and pesticidal properties Ginger – Zingiber officinale Lagundi – Vitex negundo Sambong - Blumea balsamifera 3. Horticultural Classification Fruits (Pomology) Avocado Persia americana Banana Musa sapientum var Guava Psidium guajava Jackfruit Artocarpus integra Mabolo Dispyrus discolor Mango Mangifera indica Papaya Carica papaya Pomelo Citrus maxima Marang Artocaspus odoratisimia Lanzones Lansium domesticum Soursop Annona muricata Vegetables Lettuce Lactuca sativa Kangkong Ipomoea aquatic Cabbage Brassica oleracea capitate Carrot Daucus carota Eggplant Solanum melongena Tomato Lycopersicum esculemtum TLED EC 311-AGRI-FISHERY ARTS 1 33 a. Leafy Pechay Brassica rapa chinensis kangkong Ipomoea aquatic Mustard Brassica integrifolia b. Cole/crucifers Cabbage Brassica oleracea capitata cauliflower Brassica oleracea var. botrytis Broccoli Brassica oleracea var. italica c. Root and Bulb Sweet potato Ipomoea batatas Irish or white potato Solanum tuberosum Bulb onion Allium cepa Garlic Allium sativum Ginger Zingiber officinale d. Legumes/pulses Pole/bush sitao Vigna sesquipedalis x Vigna unguiculata mungbean Vigna radiata e. Solanaceous Eggplant Solanum melongena Bell pepper Capsicum annuum Tomato Lycopersicon esculentum f. Cucurbits cucumber Cucumis sativus Musk melon Cucumis melo Water melon Citrullus lanatus Squash Cucurbita maxima ampalaya Momordica charantia Flower and Ornamental Crops Chrysanthenum Chrysanthemum marifolium Poinsettia Gladiolus grandiflorus Ornamental a. Cutflowers rose, chrysanthemum, anthurium, dendrobium, gladiolus, carnations, lilies, gerbera, heliconia, bird-of-paradise b. cutfoliage ferns, palmera, asparagus, dracaena c. Flowering pot plants miniature roses, dwarf chrysanthemums, bougainvillea, poinsettia, mussaenda, African violet d. Foliage Aglaonema, asplenium, caladium, dieffenbachia, philodendron, anthurium, croton TLED EC 311-AGRI-FISHERY ARTS 1 34  e. Bedding plant salvia, begonia, cosmos, impatiens, petunia, marigold, zinnia, periwinkle, ground orchid f. Landscape plants yucca, palms, flowering and evergreen trees g. Turf grass Bermuda grass, bluegrass, manila grass, carabao grass h. Plantation o Oil Coconut, African oil palm, castor bean o Beverage Coffee, cacao, tea o Herbs and Spices Basil, coriander, rosemary, tarragon, black pepper o Fiber Abaca, sisal, maguey, salago o Medicinal Sambong, lagundi, tsaang-gubat, garlic, ampalaya, yerbabuena, guava, banaba, akapulko, niyug-niyogan o Essences/flavoring Vanilla, anise, bay leaf, cinnamon o Latex and Resin Rubber, pili Tree Mango, durian, lanzones, santol, citrus, mangosteen, guava, jackfruit Nut Pili, cashew Herbaceous Banana, papaya Small plants Strawberry grapes, pineapple Vegetable crops – The foods called vegetables are a diverse group that include some fruits (e.g. tomatoes), rootcrops (e.g. carrots), and flowers (e.g. broccoli). Vegetable is a useful term that refers to crops that are generally eaten fresh or preserved in the fresh state. Legumes. Also play an important role in the farming system, because they can fix atmospheric nitrogen which helps to maintain soil fertility. Pulses. Pulses are the edible seeds of the members of the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family, which includes, beans, peas, soybeans, groundnuts (peanuts) and lentils, among other crops. Nuts. Important crops in this category include coconut, cashew nut, almond, and walnut, among others. These crops tend to be high in fat, but may also contain beneficial vitamins, minerals, and protein. Spices. Crop plants as their products are used to flavor taste and sometime color the fresh preserved food. Example: ginger, garlic, chili, cumin, onion, coriander, cardamom. Pepper, turmeric. 4. Classification based on photosynthesis’ (Reduction of CO2/Dark reaction): C3 Plants. Photo respiration is high in these plants C3 Plants have lower water use efficiency. The initial product of C assimilation in the three ‘C’ compounds. The enzyme involved in the primary carboxylation is ribulose-1,-Biophospate carboxylose. E.g. Rice, soybeans, wheat, barley cottons, potato. TLED EC 311-AGRI-FISHERY ARTS 1 35  C4 plants. The primary product of C fixation is four carbon compounds which may be malice acid or acerbic acid. The enzymes responsible for carboxylation are phosphoenol Pyruvic acid carboxylose which has high affinity for CO2 and capable of assimilation CO2 event at lower concentration, photorespiration is negligible. Photosynthetic rates are higher in C4 than C3 plants for the same amount of stomatal opening. These are said to be drought resistant & they are able to grow better even under moisture stress. C4 plants translate photosynthates rapidly. e.g. Sorghum, Maize, napier grass, sesame etc. CAM plants: (Crassulacean acid metabolism plants) the stomata open at night and large amount of CO2 is fixed as a malice acid which is stored in vacuoles. During day stomata are closed. There is no possibility of CO2 entry. CO2 which is stored as malic acid is broken down & released as CO2. In these plants there is negligible transpiration. C4 & cam plant have high water use efficiency. These are highly drought resistant. e.g. Pineapple, sisal & agave. 5. Special Purpose Classification 1) Green manure. Usually leguminous crops grown for a specific period of time and then plowed under into the soil to improve soil fertility. 2) Silage. Forage crops harvested, processed and stored for animal feeds. 3) Soilage. Forage crops which are cut when green and succulent and are directly fed to livestock 4) Catch crop. Fast growing crop grown simultaneously with or between successive plantings of a main crop. 5) Cover crop. Grown primarily to provide ground cover to improve soil properties, control erosion and minimize weeds. 6) Companion crop. Planting one plant in proximity to another due to the benefits it bestows on the other crop like insect repelling qualities. 7) Trap crop. A crop grown to protect the main crop from biotic and abiotic factors. Planted to attack certain insects – plowed under or destroyed once they have served their purpose. 6. Other Methods of Classification In Crop Science, plants are classified in many ways: 1) Manner of Culture i.e. agronomic or horticultural 2) as to Use (food, fiber, beverage, oil, medicinal) 3) on their Climatic Requirement (temperate, sub-temperate, tropical) a. Tropical: Crops grow well in warm & hot climate. e.g. rice, sugarcane b. Temperate: Crops grow well in cool climate. e.g. wheat, oats, potato etc. c. Sub-tropical plants like orange, lychee, mango and cashew nuts are intermediate in character. They need warmth and humidity and can tolerate mild winters. TLED EC 311-AGRI-FISHERY ARTS 1 36  Based on Season: i. The Summer season, this starts from March and lasts up to May. ii. the rainy season from June to October and iii. the winter season from November to February. 4) on the Length of their Life Cycle/ Life span (annuals, biennials, perennials) a. Annuals. A plant which germinate, grow, flower, produce seed, and die, all in one season. Examples: rice, corn, cowpea, mungbean, squash. b. Biennial. A plant which requires two growing seasons to complete its life cycle; vegetative growth and reproductive parts. It grows from a seed, produces flower and seed and then dies in two growing seasons. Examples: bulb onion, cabbage, carrot, celery, radish. c. Perennial. A plant that lives indefinitely, including all trees and shrubs and many herbaceous plants with underground stems (corm, rhizome, tuber) like banana, and clump-forming grasses. Perennial plants continue growing and produce seeds year after year, either from a single plant or in herbaceous plants, from succeeding regrowth. 5) on their Ecological Adaptation or Habitat (aquatic, terrestrial, aerial, arctic) a. Aquatic hydrophyte or hydrophytic plants Growing in water or water logged soil, entirely submerged, partly submerged or floating, or anchored to the ground in swamps, or in ponds, lakes, or streams. e.g. azolla, Ipomoea, Eichorrnia, mangroves b. Epiphyte or epiphytic plant A plant that grows above ground on another plant but not parasitic, deriving physical support from host and obtaining nourishment from air and other sources. e.g. orchid and fern Where a plant, e.g. strangler fig (balete) initially grow as an epiphyte but later becomes rooted to the soil, it is esp. called a hemiepiphyte. c. Halophyte or halophytic plant A plant that is able to grow in habitats excessively rich in salts or under saline conditions. e.g. nipa, talisay, bakawan (Rhizophora, Avicennia) and other mangrove species. Coconut, cashew and tamarind have levels of tolerance to saline conditions. d. Lithophyte or lithophytic plant A plant adapted to growing on rocks or in rocky terrain with little humus, absorbing nutrients from the atmosphere, rain and decaying matter which accumulate on the rocks. e. Mesophyte or mesophytic plant Plants adapted to conditions for growth, i.e. not too dry and not too wet e.g. corn TLED EC 311-AGRI-FISHERY ARTS 1 37  f. Parasitic plant A plant which grows on another plant from which it takes part or all nourishment (e.g. Corallorhiza orchids) g. Saprophyte or saprophytic crop – grows on decaying organic matter and has no green tissue. This classification applies to the mushrooms, which are fungi. h. Sciophyte or sciophytic plant A plant that is adapted to low light intensity or shade, e.g. most ferns and mosses, black pepper, cacao, coffee, lanzones, mangosteen, hot pepper, gingers, and many orchids can tolerate or require shade. i. Terrestrial or land plant A plant which grows on land, rooting in the soil. It has aerial parts, collectively called shoot, and an underground part called root which absorbs most of its water and nutrient needs from the soil. Most agricultural crops are terrestrial and are further sub-classified into various groups such as: 1) Halophytes 2) Mesophytes 3) Sciophytes 4) Xerophytes Depending on climatic and special adaptations. 6) on their Leaf Retention a. Evergreen. Plants that maintain their leaves throughout the year. Abscissed leaves are continually replaced by new flushes. Examples: banana, papaya, palms, and most tropical plants. b. Deciduous. Plants which naturally shed off or lose leaves annually for extended periods. Natural leaf shedding is pronounced in deciduous trees of temperate regions. In the Philippines, defoliation occurs during summer months in Fire tree (Delonix regia) and red mombin or siniguelas. Many other plants exhibit partial defoliation during drought periods. 7) on their Photoperiodic Response (long-day, short-day, day-neutral) among others. 1. Short-day plants. Flower initiation takes place when days are short i.e. less than 10 hours. e.g. rice 2. Long-day plants. Require more than 10 hours of day length e.g. wheat, barley 3. Day neutral plants. Photoperiod does not have much influence for phase change for these plants. e.g. cotton, sunflower. The rate of the flowering initiation depends on how long or short is photoperiod. The shorter the days, more rapid initiation of flowering in short day plants. The longer the days, more rapid are the initiation of flowering in long day plants. 8) Growth Habit TLED EC 311-AGRI-FISHERY ARTS 1 38  a. Herbs. Succulents plants with self-supporting stems. Examples: banana, sugarcane, tomato b. Shrubs. Small trees or tree-like plants, generally less than 5 meters in height, restricted to small, erect, woody plants which produce several trunks from the base, Examples: Santan, lantana c. Trees. Plants having erect and continuous growth with a large development of woody tissue, with a single distinct stem or trunk. d. Vines. Herbaceous climbing or twining plants without self- supporting stems. Examples: Charantia, cucumber, luffa (patola), pole sitao, yam. e. Lianas. Woody climbing or twining plants which depend on other plants for vertical support to climb up to the top of the canopy. Example: climbing bamboo, grapes, Jade vine, rattans, passion fruit. 9) Based on Cultural Method/water requirement a. Rain fed: crops grow only on rain water. b. Irrigated crops: Crops grows with the help of irrigation water. e.g. Chili, sugarcane, banana, papaya etc. 10) Based on Root System a. Tap root system: The main root goes deep into the soil. b. Adventitious root system. The crops whose roots are fibrous shallow & spreading into the soil. e.g. Cereal crops, wheat, rice etc. In this classification study, pay particularly close attention to the characteristics of the following families which are important to crop production: 1. Gramineae – (Grass family) Corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, millet, grain sorghum, rice, forage grasses. Annuals or perennials with round, hollow stem and 2-ranked leaves. Flowers in spikelets, with petals and sepals absent. One-seeded fruit is a grain (caryopsis). TLED EC 311-AGRI-FISHERY ARTS 1 39  Photo Source: Artemas Ward - Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org 2. Leguminosae – (Pea family) Soybeans, alfalfa, all true clovers. Annuals or perennials, herbs, vines, shrubs, or trees with mostly compound leaves. Flowers irregular with petals and sepals. All legumes form pod fruits and most nodulate and fix atmospheric nitrogen. 3. Rosaceae (Rose Family) - About 100 genera, 3000 species - Rose, raspberry, blackberry, strawberry, prunes (peach, cherry, apricot, almond, plum) pear, quince - Examples: Strawberry – Fragaria ananasa Fuji apple – Malus domestica cv. Fuji Pear – Pyrus communis 4. Solanaceae (Nightshade Family) - About 90 genera, 2200 species - Mostly native to South America - Genus Solanum is the largest with 1700 species - Many species contain alkaloids, solanine, nicotine, atropine - Examples: Potato – Solanum tuberosum Tomato – Lycopersicon esculentum Red bell pepper – Capsicum frutescens 5. Cucurbitaceae (Gourd Family) - About 100 genera, 559 species - Native to both the old and new worlds - Mostly vines with tendrils - Examples: Squash – Cucurbita maxima Pumpkin - Cucurbita pepo Muskmelon – Cucums melo Cucumber – Cucumis sativus 6. Brassicaceae (Cruciferae Family) - About 350 genera, 3200 species - Cole crops such as cabbage, broccoli, radish TLED EC 311-AGRI-FISHERY ARTS 1 40  - Many are common garden crops - Typically 4-merous (cross-like flower petal) - Examples: Mustard – Brassica juncea Radish – Raphanus sativa Napa cabbage – Brassica napa Cabbage – Brassica oleracea 7. Apiaceae (Formerly Umbeliferae, Celery or Parsnip Family) - About 250 genera, 2500 species - Annual or biennial herb - Umbel shape inflorescence (compound umbels) - Examples: Carrot – Daucus carota Celery – Apium graveolens Coriander – Coriandrum sativum Parsley – Petroselinum hortense 8. Liliaceae (Lily Family) Monocots - About 240 genera, 3000 species - Specialized food storage organs such as: rhizomes, bulbs, fleshy roots) - Include many ornamentals - Examples: Tulips – Tulipa spp. Aloe vera – Aloe barbadensis Easter lily – Lilium longiglorum Asparagus – Aspragus officinalis Onion – Allium cepa 9. Orchidaceae (Orchid Family) Monocots - About 800 genera, 30 000 species - Mostly native to tropical and subtropical regions - Epiphytic as well as terrestrial growth habits - Many species are used as ornamentals - Examples: Lady slipper orchid – Cypripedium reginae Cattleya – Cattleya spp. Cymbidium – Cymbidium spp. Dendrobium – Dendrobium spp. Phalaenopsis – Phalaenopsis spp. Vanilla orchids – Vanilla planifolia Other Families of Importance to Agronomists: 1. Cyperaceae – (sedge family) contains triangular-stemmed nutgrass, serious weed pest 2. Polygonaceae – (buckwheat family) buckwheat 3. Cruciferae – (mustard family) mustard, kale, rapeseed 4. Malvaceae – (mallow family) cotton 5. Umbelliferae – (carrot family) carrot 6. Labiateae – (mint family) peppermint, spearmint TLED EC 311-AGRI-FISHERY ARTS 1 41  7. Euphorbiaceae – (spurge family) castor bean 8. Linaceae – flax 9. Solanaceae – (Nightshade family) potato, tobacco, tomato 10. Compositae – sunflower, safflower, artichoke, pyrethrum Many additional families are important to agronomists in that they include certain weeds that we must learn to control in our field crops. ASSESSMENT Let us test your understanding! 1. Give the scientific names & identify to what family does the following crops belong: 1) rice - __________________________________________________________ 2) soybean - _______________________________________________________ 3) strawberry - _____________________________________________________ 4) tomato - ________________________________________________________ 5) pumpkin - ______________________________________________________ 6) mustard - _______________________________________________________ 7) celery -_________________________________________________________ 8) onion - _________________________________________________________ 9) pineapple - ______________________________________________________ 10) waling-waling - __________________________________________________ 2. If you are to choose, would you rather be an agronomist or a horticulturist? Explain. 3. If you are to go into farming, what would be your choice plant and why? 4. Choose a representative example from the different classification of crops, make a botanical classification of each with illustration. If you are not so confident of your skill in drawing, you may use your camera to take a good picture of the plants. Do not just capture images from the internet. But, you may enlist the help of your friends or anyone provided you ask permission from them that you will capture their posted pictures on FB. TLED EC 311-AGRI-FISHERY ARTS 1 42 TLED EC 311-AGRI-FISHERY ARTS 1 43