AS 112 Crop Production and Protection Technologies PDF

1  AS 112 Crop Production and Protection Technologies (3+1=4) Theory Introduction and scope of agronomy; Classification of crops; Effect of different weather parameters on crop growth and development; Principles of tillage, tilth and its characteristics; Crop sea...

1  AS 112 Crop Production and Protection Technologies (3+1=4) Theory Introduction and scope of agronomy; Classification of crops; Effect of different weather parameters on crop growth and development; Principles of tillage, tilth and its characteristics; Crop seasons; Time and method of sowing of major field crops, seed rate for important crops; Methods and time of application of manures and fertilizers, fertigation; Basic principles of natural farming, organic farming and sustainable agriculture. Soil-water-plant relationship, crop coefficients, water requirement of crops and critical stages for irrigation; Weeds and their management in crops; Crop rotation, cropping systems, cropping scheme, relay cropping, mixed cropping and intercropping. 2  Soil forming processes; Classification and composition of soil, soil taxonomy orders; Important soil physical properties and their importance; soil particle distribution; soil inorganic colloids– their composition, properties and origin of charge; ion exchange in soil and nutrient availability; soil organic matter– its composition and decomposition, effect on soil fertility; Soil reaction – acidic, saline and sodic soils; Quality of irrigation water. Essential plants nutrients- their functions and deficiency symptoms in plants; Important inorganic fertilizers and their reactions in soils; Gypsum requirement for reclamation of sodic soils and neutralizing RSC; Liquid fertilizers and their solubility and compatibility. Types of horticultural crops; Sowing and planting times and methods; Seed rate and seed treatment for vegetable crops; Macro and micro propagation methods; Types of plant growing structures; Pruning and training; Water requirements and critical stages; Management of orchard; Major pests and diseases of horticultural crops and their management. 3 Practical Identification of crops and their varieties, seeds and weeds; Study of different fertilizer application methods and weed control methods; Judging the maturity time for harvesting of crop; Study of seed viability and germination test; Identification of rocks and minerals; Examination of soil profile in the field; Determination of bulk density; particle density and porosity of soil; Determination of organic carbon of soil; Identification of nutrient deficiency symptoms of crops in the field; Determination of gypsum requirement of sodic soils; Identification and description of important fruits, flowers and vegetables crops; Study of different garden tools; Preparation of nursery bed; Practices of pruning and training in some important fruit crops; Study of cultural operations for vegetable crops (sowing, fertilizer application, mulching, irrigation and weed control); Seed extraction techniques; Visit to commercial greenhouse/ polyhouse. 4 Reference books 1. Principles of Agronomy by T. Yellamanda Reddy and G.H. Sankara Reddy 2. Principles and Practices of Agronomy by S. R. Reddy Introduction to Agronomy: Food, Crops, and Environment by Craig C. Sheaffer 5  Meaning & Definitions of Agriculture and branches of Agriculture Meaning of Agriculture : The term Agriculture is derived from two Latin words ager or agri and cultura. Ager or Agri means soil or Land or Field and Cultura means cultivation. Agriculture is very broad term covering all aspects of crop production, live stock farming, fisheries, forestry etc. Agriculture may be defined as the art and science of cultivating land, raising crops and feeding, breeding, and raising livestock. or Agriculture is the cultivation of lands for production of crops for a regular supply of food and other needs for progress of the nation. 6 There are three main spheres of agriculture as under; Geoponic : Meaning cultivation in earth, Hydroponic : Meaning cultivation in water and Aeroponic : Meaning cultivation in air.  Agriculture is productive unit where the natural inputs i.e. light; air, water etc are converted in to usable product by the green plants. The livestock, birds and insect feed on the green plants and provide concentrated products such as milk, meat, eggs, wool, honey, silk and lack.  Agriculture provides us with the materials needed for our feeding, housing and clothing. Agriculture consists of growing plants and rearing animals which help to maintain a biological equilibrium in nature. 7 Revolution in Agriculture Revolution Concerned with Achievements Green revolution Food grain production Food grain production increased from 51 million tones at independence to 223 million tones in(2006 - 07), 4.5 times increase. White revolution Milk production Milk production increased from 17 million tones at independence to 69 million tones, four times (1997-98). Yellow revolution Oilseeds production Oil seed production increased from 5 million tones to 25 million tones since independence, 5 times increase Blue revolution Fish production Fish production increased from 0.75 million tones to nearly 5.0 million tones during the last five decades. 8 Branches of Agriculture 1. Agronomy: It deals with the production of various crops which includes food crops, fodder crops, fibre crops, sugar, oil seeds, etc. 2. Horticulture: Branch of agriculture deals with the production of flowers, fruits, vegetables, ornamental plants, spices, condiments (includes narcotic crops – opium, etc. which has medicinal value) and beverages. 3. Forestry: It deals with production of large scale cultivation of perennial trees for supplying wood, timber, rubber, etc. and also raw materials for industries. 4. Animal Husbandry: Maintenance of various types of livestock for direct energy (work energy) purpose. Husbandry is common for both crop and animals. The objective is to get maximum output by feeding, rearing, etc. 9 5. Fishery Science: It is for marine fish and inland fishes including shrimps and prawns. 6. Agricultural Engineering: It is an important component for crop production and horticulture particularly to provide tools and implements. It is aiming to produce modified tools to facilitate proper animal husbandry and crop production tools, implements and machinery in animal production. 7. Home Science: Application and utilization of agricultural produces in a better manner. When utilization is enhanced production is also enhanced. 10 Agronomy : Meaning & definitions and Scope of Agronomy Meaning: Agronomy is a Greek word derived from agros meaning field and nomos meaning management. It is a field management. Definition: 1. Agronomy is a specialized branch in agriculture dealing with crop production and soil management. 2. It is defined as an agricultural science deals with principles and practices of crop production and field management. 3. Agronomist is a scientist who is dealing with the study of problems of crop production and adopting/recommending practices of better field crop production and soil management to get high yield and income. 11  Scope of Agronomy Agronomy is a dynamic discipline. With the advancement of knowledge and better understanding of plant and environment, agricultural practices are modified or new practices developed for higher productivity. For example;- 1. Availability of chemical fertilizers and herbicides for control of weeds has led to development of a vast knowledge about time, method and quantity of fertilizer and herbicide application. 2. Big irrigation projects are constructed to provide irrigation facilities. However, these projects created side effects like water logging and salinity. To overcome these problems, appropriate water management practices are 12 3. Population pressure is increasing but the area under cultivation is static. Therefore, to feed the increasing population, more number of crops has to be grown on the same piece of land in a year. As a result, intensive cropping has come into vogue. 4. Similarly, no tillage practices have come in place of clean cultivation as a result of increase in cost of energy. (Fuel prices of oil). 5. Likewise, new technology has to be developed to overcome the effect of moisture stress under dry land conditions. 6. As new varieties of crops with high yield potential become available, package of practices has to be developed to exploit their full yielding potential. 13 NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CAZRI Central Arid Zone Research Institute Jodhpur-3, Rajasthan CICR Central Institute for Cotton Research Nagpur, Maharastra CIAE Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering Bhopal, M.P. CIBWA Central Institute of Brackish Water Aquaculture Chennai, Tamilnadu CIFT Central Institute of Fisheries Technology Cochin , Kerala CMFRI Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Cochin, Kerala CPCRI Central Plantation Crops Research Institute Kasaragod, Kerala CPRI Central Potato Research Institute Kufri, Shimla, H.P. CRIDA Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture Hyderabad, A.P. CRIJAF Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres Barrackpore, W.B CRRI Central Rice Research Institute Cuttack, Orissa. CSWRI Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute Malpura, Rajasthan CSWCRTI Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Dehradun, Uttaranchal Training Institute CSSRI Central Soil Salinity Research Institute Karnal, Haryana 14 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CIAT Centro International de Agricultural Tropical Cali, Colombia CIP Centro International da la Papa ( International potato Lima, Peru ,South research institute America CIMMYT Centro International de Mejoramiento de Maizy Londress, Mexico Trigo.(International Centre for maize and Wheat development ICARDA International Center for Agricultural Research in the Aleppo, Syria Dry Areas ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi Pattancheru in Arid Tropics Hyderabad, India IIMI International Irrigation Management Institute Colombo, SRILANKA IRRI International Rice Research Institute Los Banos, Philippines IBPGR International Board for Plant Genetic Resources Rome, Italy FAO Food and Agricultural Organization Rome WMO World Meteorological Organization Geneva, Switzerland 15  (1) Agronomical/ Economical (7) Cultural (ક્ષેત્રિય ત્રવધ્યા અને Practices (ખેડ આત્રથિક દ્ર્ષ્ત્રિએ) વનસ્પત્રતઓના (2) Season આધાર ે) (મૌસમ પ્રમાણે) (6) Classification Reproduction of Field Crops (3) Life Span (પ્રજનન (ક્ષેત્રિય પાકોનુ (જીવનકાળ અંર્ગોના વર્ગીકરણ) પ્રમાણે) આધાર ે) (4) Water (5) Botany Requirement (વનસ્પત્રતશાસ્ત્ર (પાણીની જરૂત્રરયાત પ્રમાણે) પ્રમાણે) 17 1. Classification according to Agronomical or economic: (A) Edible Crop (B) Non-Edible crops (C) Special purpose sBF3 5FSMf sALG BF3 5FSMf crops sBF; C[T]YL pK[ZJFDF\ (1) Cereal crop : Wheat, Bajara 1. Forage crops : Lucerne, Fodder VFJTF 5FSMf (Monocot) sorghum (2) Pulses crops (Dicot): Gram 2. Fiber crops : Cotton, Shanhemp (3) Fruits crops : Mango, Banana 3. Non-edible oil seeds crops : Castor (4) Vegetable crops: Brinjal, 4. Colour crops : Safflower, Turmeric Potato 5. Narcotic crops : Tobacco (5) Legumes : Groundnut 6. Cash crops : Sugar can (6) Oil seeds: Sesamum, 7. Medicinal crops : Isabgol Groundnut, Castor, Mustard 8. Spices & condiments : Cumin, Garlic 18 Cereal Crops (ધાન્ય વર્ગિના પાકો) : WHEAT PADDY 19 MAIZE PEARL MILLET SORGHUM OAT BARLEY 20  Pulse crop Pigeon pea (તુવેર) Chick pea(ચણા) Black gram(અડદ) Green gram (મર્ગ) 21  Pulse crop Cowpea(ચોળા) Peas(વટાણા) Red Lentils (મસુર) 22 Indian bean (વાલ) Kidney bean (રાજમા) 4. Oil seed crops (તેલીબીયા પાકો) : Sesamum Soybean Sunflower Groundnut Castor Mustard 23 Fruit Crops (ફળ પાકો) Papaya Mango Sapota Banana Guava Grapes 24 (C) Special purpose crops: 1. Row crops : Cotton, Pigeon pea, Pearl millet 2. Cover crops : Ground nut, Lucerne, Kidney bean 3. Mixed crops : Pigeon pea – Maize, Pigeon pea – Castor 4. Nurse crops : Shan hemp, Pulse crop 5. Pasture crops : This type of groups grown where former crops are not taken as to prevent soil erosion Guinea grass 6. Silage crops : Sorghum, Maize 7. Green manure crops: These types of crops are buried in the soil at flowering stage. 8. Organic matter are added in soil to improve physical & chemical properties of the soil 9. Support crops : To provide the support to main crops 10.Truck crops : Production of this type of crops is highest and transported trough truck, e.g. Potato, Onion, sugarcane 11.Wind breaking crops: To protect the crops against high wind velocity to avoid the logging to the crop e.g. Sugar cane, Banana, Castor, Shevri 12.Companion crops: Mustard – Rape seed Cabbage flower 13.Cash crops: Cotton, Tobacco, Sugar cane 25  2. Classification according to season A) Monsoon/Kharif crops B) Winter/Rabi crops C) Summer crops sRMDF;]\ 5FSMf slXIF/] 5FSMf spGF/] 5FSMf The crop which requires hot The crop which requires cold The crop which requires hot and humid weather for their and dry weather for their weather for their better better growth and production better growth and production growth and production are are raised in monsoon season. are raised in winter season. raised in summer season. Sowing time: sJFJ6L ;DIf Sowing time: sJFJ6L ;DIf Sowing time: sJFJ6L ;DIf June to September February to May October to January e.g. Pear millet, Sesamum, e.g. Summer bajra, Summer e.g. Wheat, Barley, Gram, Sorghum, Groundnut, Maize, groundnut, Watermelon, Safflower, Cumin, etc. Cotton, Paddy etc. Fodder sorghum etc. 26  3. Classification according to life span Annual crops Biannual crops Perennial crops Those crops, which Those crops which Those crops which complete their life within complete their life within complete their life in more the year 2 Years but more than 1 than two year e.g. Sorghum, Rice, year e.g. Mango, Sapota, Maize, Brinjal e.g. Banana Papaya, Guava Sugarcane 27 3. Classification according to Water Requirement Irrigated crops sl5IT 5FSMf Unirrigated crops slAG l5IT 5FSMf Those Crops which are dependent on rain as Those crops which are only well as other irrigation sources (e.g. Cannel, dependent on rain for completing Tube well, etc.) for completing their life span their life span are known as un- are known as irrigated crops. irrigated crops. These crops can be grown in kharif, Rabi and e.g. Pigeon pea, Cotton, Groundnut summer seasons where irrigation facility is available. e.g. Summer : Lady’s finger (Okra), Groundnut, Pear millet, Paddy etc. Rabi : Potato, Cumin, Mustard, Wheat etc. Kharif : Pearmillet, Paddy, Vegetable etc. 28  5. Classification according to Botany sJG:5lTXF:+ 5|DF6[f Cryptogams Phanerogams Gymnosperms Angiosperm sVGFJ'T sVFJ'T lAHWFZLf Thallophyta Bryophyta Pteriophyta It includes flowering V[SF\UL läV\UL ALHWFZLf l+V\UL plants. This subphylum Thallophytes Bryophytes It produces seeds Pteridophytes includes all field crops. are the plants are non- not enclosed in are plants that Angiosperm flowers without flowering ovaries. Therefore, produce seeds enclosed include ferns stems, roots, plants that they are said to in ovaries. or leaves have no have “naked seed.” Monocotyledons and e.g. algae, roots, stems Gymnosperms di-cotyledons are two fungi and or leaves. include evergreen, classes of angiosperms bacteria e.g mosses woody plants. that include the seed- e.g. Cycus pinus producing plant families. 29 Differences between Monocotyledon and Di-cotyledons Monocotyledon sV[S N/f Di-cotyledons sl£N/f 1. Embryos have a single seed leaf, referred to as Embryos have two seed leaves, referred to as a cotyledon - hence the name mono (one) cotyledons- hence the name di (two) cotyledon. Cotyledon. 2. Leaves have parallel veins s;DF\TZ lXZFf Leaves have network of veins and are broad. and are long and narrow 3. Flowers have petals (ફલ ૂ ની પાંખડી) and floral Flowers have petals and floral parts in multiples parts in multiples of three of four or five 4. In the stem, vascular bundles are scattered In the stem, the vascular tissue is arranged sK}8FKJFIFf circularly sUM/FSFZf 5. A pollen grain sપરાર્ગરજ) with one opening A pollen grain with three openings 6. Root system is generally fibrous sT\તુ મૂળ), Root system is generally branched and taproot. shallow (છીછરા ) s;M8L D}/f 7. It contains carbohydrates. It contains proteins. 8. Eg. wheat, barley, rye, rice, oats, and other Eg. Beans, peas, Potato, Cabbage, Cauliflowers, cereal grains. Cotton, Okra 30 7. Classification according cultural practices 1. Sole Cropping : Only one crop grown in a year 2. Mono Cropping : Same crop is grown year after year on same field 3. Inter cropping : Pigeon pent + sorghum, Cotton + Black gram in a row 4. Mixed cropping : Perl millet + Kidney bean, Cotton + Maize 5. Irrigated crops : Sugar cane, Paddy 6. Dry land crops : Pearl millet, Sorghum, Sesame 7. Row crop : Groundnut, Cotton, Pearl millet 8. Relay crop : Groundnut – Pigeon pea, Cotton - Castor 9. Root crop : Radish, Carrot 31 BASIC ELEMENTS FOR CROP PRODUCTION AND FACTOR EFFECTING CROP PRODUCTION  Plant Labour Basic Elements Soil of Crop Production Climate Rivers Anand Agricultural University, Anand 33 Plant Regards Pulse, India is only country having different variety of pluses These plant resources have not been fully exploited yet by Men Anand Agricultural University, Anand 34 Soil Without soil plant can not be grown. Soil is the basic elements for crop production. The interlocking qualities of climate and soil modify by socio-economics variable determine the agricultural potential and difference in Agricultural efficiency. Which persisted even after the impact of Green Revolution Anand Agricultural University, Anand 35  Climate Generalized state of atmosphere that called as climate. Climate pertains to region and determines crop production Climate very for region to region The variation in rainfall, day length and Kharif Rabi temperature Summer Anand Agricultural University, Anand 36 Rivers Addition to favorable tropical and sub-tropical climates, India is blesses with a network of perennial rivers. Divert and stored in artificially-due big water reservoirs and canals is used for irrigation and power generation. It also contributed fisheries farming to empower employment in India Anand Agricultural University, Anand 37 Labour Indian agriculture with about 80 per cent of its people live in rural areas has one of the large working forces. Labours are migrated from rural areas to urban areas Anand Agricultural University, Anand 38  CROP GROWTH Internal Factors External Factors (Genetic or Heridity) (Environment) A. B. C. D. E. Climatic Edaphic Biotic Physiographic Socio –economic Factors affecting crop product Anand Agricultural University, Anand  Internal factors (Genetic)Theincrease in crop yields and other desirable characters are related to Genetic make up of Plants High yielding ability Early maturity Resistance to lodging Drought flood and salinity tolerance Tolerance to insect pests and diseases Chemical composition of grains (oil content, protein content ) Quality of grains (fineness, coarseness) Quality of straw (sweetness, juiciness) Anand Agricultural University, Anand  External Factors Physiographi Socio Climate Edaphic Biotic c economic Precipitation Temperature Atmospheric humidity Solar radiation Wind velocity Atmospheric gas Anand Agricultural University, Anand  Precipitation It includes all water which falls from atmosphere i.e Rainfall, Snow, Hail, Fog and Dew Dew : Concentration of water vapors present in air in cool night results in dew Rainfall : One of the important factors influences the vegetation Most of crops received water supply from rainwater Total precipitation in amount and distribution greatly affects the choice of a cultivated species in place Heavy and evenly distributed rainfall area crops like rice in plain and tea coffee and rubber in place Anand Agricultural University, Anand 42 Temperature Temperature is measure of intensity of heat energy The minimum, optimum and maximum temperature requirement of individuals plant that call CARDINAL TEMPERATURE Anand Agricultural University, Anand 43  The temperature of place is largely determined by it’s distance from the equator and altitude. Again it classified as a tropical, temperate, taiga, tundra and polar. Again each species there are upper (maximum) and lower (minimum) limits of temperature at which growth is NIL or negligible and optimum temperature at which growth is maximum Plant grow between 15 to 30 0C Plant die with high temperature 45 to 550C Anand Agricultural University, Anand 44  Cool season crops (Winter Crops) The crops which grown best in cool weather period are called as COOL SEASON. Generally it grown in winter season (November – February). Cool season crops cease to grow at an average temperature of 30 to 38 oC Crops are wheat, barley, potato, oats etc These also called as temperate crops (because it grown in temperate region) 45 Anand Agricultural University, Anand Warm Season Crops The important warm season crops are rice, sorghum, maize, sugarcane, pearl millet, groundnut, red gram, cowpea etc. They also called as tropical crops The crops are generally grown in monsoon season and some time also in summer season. Anand Agricultural University, Anand 46 Cardinal temperature: The minimum, optimum and maximum temperature requirement of individual’s plant is called as cardinal temperature. The cardinal temperature ranges for different crops: Crops Minimum oC Optimum oC Maximum oC Cool season 0-5 25 - 30 30 - 38 Warm season 15 - 20 30 - 38 45 - 50 Anand Agricultural University, Anand  Injuries caused by abnormal temperature Chilling injury: Plants growing in hot climate if exposed to low temperature for some time are found to be killed or injured severely. e.g. Chlorotic bands on leaves of sugarcane and maize when exposed to 4o C for 60 hours. Anand Agricultural University, Anand 48  Injuries caused by abnormal temperature Freezing injury: Normally observed in plants of temperate region. When plants exposed to low temperature, water in intercellular spaces frozen into ice crystals. With further fall in temperature water is withdrawn from the cells resulting in increase in the size of ice crystals resulting in distortion of cell leading to death of cell. Anand Agricultural University, Anand 49  Injuries caused by abnormal temperature Suffocation: During winter ice/snow form a thick cover over the ground and the crop suffers for want of oxygen. Ice in contact with roots inhibits diffusion of CO2 restricting root respiration. Heaving: Injury to plants caused by lifting upward of the plant along with soil from it’s normal position in temperate regions where snowfall is common. Anand Agricultural University, Anand 50  Heat injury: Very high temperature often stops growth. The plant faces incipient starvation due to high respiration rate. The plant stunted and if the condition continuous the plant will die. Anand Agricultural University, Anand 51  Atmospheric humidity Water is present in the atmosphere in the form of invisible water vapor normally that called as HUMIDITY. RELATIVE HUMIDITY is ratio between the amounts of moisture present in the air to saturation capacity of the air at particular temperature that called as relative humidity. If it is 100 % than entire space filled with water and no evaporation. Evapotranspiration (ET) is the loss of water from plant to atmoshere through leaves or different parts of the plant. Anand Agricultural University, Anand 52  Solar Radiation Solar energy provides light energy required for photosynthesis and many other functions like seed germination, leaf expansion, growth stem and shoot, flowering, fruiting and thermal conditions for physiological function of plant More than 70 % of solar radiation absorbed by plants is converted into heat. Anand Agricultural University, Anand 53  Wind Velocity Basic functions of wind : Carry moisture and heat It is also supply fresh CO2 for the photosynthesis Mild wind is suitable for cropped Wind movement for 4-6 km hr-1 suitable for crops. Wind speed is enormous then there is a mechanical damage of crops, i.e removal of leaves and twigs. Anand Agricultural University, Anand 54  B. Edaphic Factors Soil moisture Soil air Soil temperature Soil minerals‘ matter Soil organic matter Soil organisms Soil reactions Anand Agricultural University, Anand 55 Soil moisture Plant tissue contains 90 % moisture The moisture lost through transpiration is made up by absorbing water from soil. It is help by soil particles by cohesive and adhesive forces Cohesion: It is attraction of two similar kinds of molecules. Ex two molecules of water attract with each other Adhesion : It is the attraction of two dissimilar kinds of molecules like water molecules with solid particles Anand Agricultural University, Anand 56  Soil air Aeration of soil is absolutely essential for the absorption of water by roots. Germination is inhibited in the absence of oxygen. O2 is required for respiration of roots and micro organisms. In poorly aerated soil the CO2 is accumulated and is detrimental to roots. Soil air is essential for nutrient availability of the soil by breaking down insoluble mineral to soluble salts. Anand Agricultural University, Anand 57  Soil temperature The major source of heat is sun. Specific heat is in calories required to raise the temperature of one gram of substance to one degree C. Soil temperature affects the physical and chemical processes going on in the soil. The maximum absorption of water by roots take place temperature between 20 to 300 C Nutrient availability is higher at optimum temperature. Anand Agricultural University, Anand 58  Soil mineral matter The mineral content of soil is derived from the weathering of rocks and minerals as particles of different sizes. These are the sources of plant nutrients e.g. Ca, Mg, S, Mn, Fe, K etc. Anand Agricultural University, Anand 59 Soil Organic matter The soil organic matter content varies from