XII Crop Production Book PDF

The Coordination Committee formed by GR No. Abhyas - 2116/(Pra.Kra.43/16) SD - 4 Dated 25.04.2016 has given approval to prescribe this textbook in its meeting held on 30.01.2020 and it has been decided to implement it from academic year 2020-21. AGRICULTURE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY...

The Coordination Committee formed by GR No. Abhyas - 2116/(Pra.Kra.43/16) SD - 4 Dated 25.04.2016 has given approval to prescribe this textbook in its meeting held on 30.01.2020 and it has been decided to implement it from academic year 2020-21. AGRICULTURE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STANDARD XII Download DIKSHA App on your smartphone. If you scan the Q.R. Code on this page of your textbook, you will be able to access full text and the audio-visual study material relevant to each lesson provided as teaching and learning aids. 2020 Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune. First Edition : © Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune - 411 004. 2020 The Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research reserves all rights relating to the book. No part of this book should be reproduced without the written permission of the Director, Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, ‘Balbharati’, Senapati Bapat Marg, Pune 411004. Subject Committee: Dr. Murumkar Chandrashekhar V. Coordinator (Chairman) Shri. Rajiv Arun Patole Shri. Raut Sanjay Tukaram (Convener) Special Officer Science Dr. Naikare Shriram Maruti Agricultural Science Dr. Ravankar Haridas Namdeorao Dr. Jagtap Kalyan Baburao Dr. Patil Rajiv Anandrao Dr. Mrs. More Manjusha Nitin Illustrations and cover Dr. Waghmare Maruti Narhari Shri Vivekanand S. Patil Shri. Paranjape Shriram Pandharinath Typesetting Shri. Beldar Dilip Raghunath DTP Section, Textbook Bureau, Pune Shri. Chavan Balasaheb Hindurao Shri. Utkhede Deepak Shriramji Paper Shri. Tondare Shivdas Vishwanath 70 GSM Creamwove Shri. Padwal Vikram Vamanrao Print Order Shri. Khade Uttam Malhari Shri. More Vishnu Venkatrao Printer Shri. Ubale Nandkumar Giridhar Shri. Patole Rajiv Arun (Member Secretory) Production Authors Committee Shri. Raut Sanjay Tukaram (Chairman) Shri Sachchitanand Aphale Dr. Mrs. More Manjusha Nitin Chief Production Officer Shri. Paranjape Shriram Pandharinath Shri Liladhar Aatram Dr. Naikare Shriram Maruti Prodution Officer Dr. Ravankar Haridas Namdeorao Dr. Jagtap Kalyan Baburao Dr. Patil Rajiv Anandrao Shri. Beldar Dilip Raghunath Shri. Padwal Vikram Vamanrao Publisher Shri. Chavan Balasaheb Hindurao Shri Vivek Uttam Gosavi, Shri. Utkhede Deepak Shriramji Controller Shri. Tondare Shivdas Vishwanath Maharashtra State Textbook Shri. Khade Uttam Malhari Shri. More Vishnu Venkatrao Bureau, Prabhadevi, Shri. Ubale Nandkumar Giridhar Mumbai - 400 025 Dr. Waghmare Maruti Narhari  The Constitution of India Preamble WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and    of opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION. NATIONAL ANTHEM  Preface Dear Students, The textbook “Agriculture Science and Technology” is meticulously prepared by Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research (Balbharati), Pune with a view to generating an appetite for the XII Standard students aspiring for higher studies in Agriculture and allied disciplines and subjects, Agricultural Entrepreneurship and seeking job opportunities. It is in tune with the new education policy as well as the new syllabi of the Government of Maharashtra. Agriculture, as an academic discipline, is as interesting and as challenging as other disciplines of science. It deals with food production, processing and empowering the farm-communities of our country. In our country, as in others, the cultivable land is shrinking due to urbanization. Population is growing unceasingly. The pressures and demands of the global community on the farmers are quite telling and exigent. Added to these, the problems such as Global Warming, Climate Change, Healthcare Concerns, Fluctuating Markets and Rise and Fall in the Economies aggravate the complexities of farm production and processing. Nevertheless, the discipline of Agriculture and allied disciplines assuage such challenges clouding food security by generating suitable and sustainable technologies. Besides, it seeks to provide food for the ever growing population of the world through the technologies developed at the agricultural universities, krishi vigyan kendras, and other such research and development organizations and institutions. The production of Food Grains alone is around 285 million tonnes during 2018-19. It is because of the untiring efforts of the Indian Farmers as well as the Agricultural Scientists. Therefore, the contribution of Agriculture is not only significant to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of our country but also in generating employment. It is to such interesting challenges and issues, the young Indian students are invited and introduced by Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research (Balbharti) through the textbook on Agriculture Science and Technology. This textbook introduces and seeks to lead the students to the systematic and scientific study of subjects like Agronomy, Entomology, Economics, Plant Pathology, Plant Breeding, Seed Technology, Horticulture, Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, etc. In this textbook each subject in the discipline of Agriculture provides theories, definitions, descriptions, explanations, experimental procedures and practicals. In order to train the students in fruitful studies and in enhancing their memory power, reviews, and recalls are also provided through such study- strategies like “Can-You-Recall”, “Can-You-Tell”, “Observe-and–Discuss”, “Try-This”, “Think-about-It” and so on. At appropriate places, diagrams, pictorial descriptions and tabular presentations are provided to make the reading interesting and informative. Q.R. code given in the textbook can be used for getting additional audio- visuals as supporting information. This textbook will prove to be a sincere effort in developing an interest and quest for the students who opt for this discipline. We look forward to a perspective response from the teachers and students. Our best wishes to all! Pune (Vivek Gosavi) Date: 21 February 2020 Director Bhartiya Saur : 2 Phalguna 1941 Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune  For Teachers Dear Teachers, Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research (Balbharti), Pune has the privilege of introducing the textbook of Agriculture Science and Technology for Std. XII. The textbook is a very earnest attempt to develop a constructive and optimistic approach among the students for effective learning. In continuation of the content and activities in the previous standards, this book also is being equipped with a number of interesting and innovative activities. Sufficient sources for further learning are also provided for students as well as teachers. The curriculum has been restructured to make it more compatible with further higher education and vocational needs. Efforts are made to link up novelty in the field of agriculture. The following guidelines would help enrich the teaching-learning process and achieve the desired learning outcome. To begin with, familiarize yourself with the textbook. The present book has been prepared for constructive and activity-based learning. Teachers must skilfully plan and organise the activities provided in each chapter to develop interest as well as to stimulate the thought process among the students. Proper teaching schedule and lesson planning will be of immense help to the teachers. Use teaching aids as required for proper understanding of the subject. Do not finish the chapter in short. Follow the order of chapters strictly, as listed in the contents, because the units are introduced in a progressive manner to facilitate knowledge building. Ask questions on information related to trends and patterns. Efforts have been made to provide the latest data available. Teachers must explain to the students the importance of data collection and data analysis. Major concepts of agricultural science and technology have a scientific base and they deal with observations. Encourage group work and learning through one another, etc. Facilitate peer learning as much as possible by reorganizing the class structure frequently. Teaching-learning interactions, processes and participations of all students are very necessary and so is your active guidance. Do not use the boxes titled ‘Do you know?’ for evaluation. However, teachers must ensure that students read this extra information. Information provided in the boxes with various titles should be considered for evaluation. Exercises provided under each unit are prepared using different parameters such as observation, co-relation, critical thinking, analytical reasoning, etc. Evaluation pattern should be based on given parameters. Equal weightage should be assigned to all the topics. Use different combinations of questions. Stereotype questions should be avoided. Use QR Code given. Keep checking the QR Codes for updated information. Certain important links, websites have been given for references. In addtion a list of reference book is also given for extra reading and in-depth understanding of the subject. Best wishes for a wonderful teaching experience.  Competency Statements Standard XII Competency statements Unit After studying the content in Textbook students would be able to...... Explain the cultivation practices of cereals viz. wheat and paddy. Understand the cultivation practices of oilseeds viz. groundnut and soybean. Unit I Discuss the steps in cultivation of pulse crop viz. gram. Cultivation Decide best varieties for crop cultivation. Practices Elaborate various practices involved in cultivation of sugar crops viz. sugarcane. Explain cultivation practices of fruit crops viz. mango, banana and mandarin orange (santra). Explain and differentiate sexual and asexual modes of reproduction. Practice buddings, grafting cuttings, etc. Explain tissue culture and techniques involved. Unit II Discuss advantages and disadvantages of this technique. Understand the methodology of tissue culture and outline of tissue culture Propagation laboratory. and Seed Develop awarness about use of tissue culture seedlings. Technology Understand the genetic and agronomic principles of seed production. Detailed study of hybrid seed production. Explain the seed production process of jowar and cotton. Perform or advice for emasculation and pollination of cotton. Explain the objectives of farm management and its importance. Elaborate various functions of farm manager. Understand farm layouts and explain cropping schemes. Prepare calendar of operations. Unit III Explain types of agriculture labour. Agriculture Discuss measures of improving labour efficiency. Management Maintain different farm accounts and records. Explain importance of nursery. Create awareness about planning and layout of nursery. Understand types of nursery. Explain the after care of nursery. Understand meaning, importance and scope of greenhouse technology. Elaborate types of greenhouse. Manage installation of Green house. Understand operation in Green house like climate control. Explain details of cultivation of gerbera and capsicum in green house. Explain meaning and importance of processing and objectives of seed testing. Prepare charts on diagrammatic representation of seed processing of different crops. Unit IV Understand a layout of seed processing plant. Applied Describe seed testing, prepare a layout and design of seed testing laboratory. Agriculture Understand records and forms in seed processing plants and seed testing laboratory. Visit and collect information on seed testing. Create awareness about seed testing and analysis for quality seed. Explain the importance and scope of mushroom production. Describe the types of mushroom cultivated in India. Explain the production technique of mushroom. Collect information on preserved products of mushroom. Guide to new mushroom produers.  Explain concept and feature of Agrotourism. Discuss the advantages of Agrotourism centres. Aquiant with fundamental and supplementary facilities of Agrotourism centres. Prepare Agrotourism model. Unit V Create awareness about organic farming. Modern Explain meaning , merits and demerits of organic farming. Trends in Explain principles and types of organic farming. Agriculture Collect information on different components of organic farming. Explain the concept of agro information technology and agriculture clinic. Collect information on agriculture technology information centre. Try to make automization of agricultural operations. Explain the process of agricultural marketing. Understand types of agricultural market based on different aspects. Unit VI Collect information regarding meaning and importance of crop insurance and Agriculture create awareness about crop insurance. Marketing Aquiant with various crop insurance schemes implemented by Govt. and Explain and elaborate food laws and regulations. Preservation Elaborate the role of FSSAI. Visit and collect information about preserved food products. Explain methods of preparation of Jam, Sauce and Pickle. Contents Sr. No. Name of the Lesson Page No. 1. Traditional crops 1-23 2. Commercial crops 24-48 3. Modes of reproduction 49-59 4. Seed production technology 60-75 5. Farm management 76-87 6. Nursery management 88-100 7. Green house technology 101-115 8. Seed Processing and testing 116-126 9. Mushroom production 127-136 10. Agro-tourism 137-141 11. Organic farming 142-149 12. Agro-informatics 150-157 13. Agricultural marketing 158-166 14. Preservation 167-177 DISCLAIMER Note : All attempts have been made to contact copy right/s (©) but we have not heard from them. We will be pleased to acknowledge the copy right holder (s) in our next edition if we learn from them.  1. Traditional Crops Can you recall? 1. Cereals, oil seed crops and pulses are the important constituents of the traditional farming governing rural economy. 2. Cereals provide staple food for a large proportion of world’s population. They are consumed in the form of leavened as Fig. 1.1 Wheat crop well as unleavened flat bread. 3. Oil seed crops have great importance in Indian farming. India contributes 14 percent of worlds oil seed area and 8 percent oil seed production in the world. 4. Pulses are rich in proteins and they meet the major share of protein requirements of vegetarian people. Fig. 1.2 Wheat ears and grain 5. Most of the pulses, oil seed crops and used for making Chapati, bread, cake, biscuit, cereals are the constituent of crop rotation pastry and other bakery products. Hard wheat and mixed cropping with each other. is used for preparation of rawa, suji and sewai. Wheat straw is used as fodder as well as 1.1 WHEAT thatching and mulching material. It has good Local Name : Gahu bread making quality among all cereals due to Botanical Name : Triticum species gluten content. Family : Gramineae Do you know ? Origin : Hard Wheat : Abyssinia Soft / Bread wheat : North - West India, South Gluten is a protein (gliadin and glutenin) West Afghanistan and USSR develop in wheat dough, a rubbery mass highly essential for manufacturing of bakery products. Do you know ? 1.1.2 Soil : The wheat crop is grown on a wide range of soil conditions. It grows well on soils The genus Triticum has several species. with reasonable drainage and good water The species which are commonly cultivated holding capacity. It can be cultivated from light in India are Triticum aestivum, Triticum soils to heavy clay soils. Soil should be well duram, Triticum dicoccum, Triticum drained. The rainfed crop in Maharashtra is sphaerococcum and Triticum turgidum. In generally grown on heavy soils. The optimum India Triticum aestivum is most common range of pH is from 5.5 to 7.5 occupying 90% area. Try To Understand 1.1.1 Uses : Wheat is an important staple food crop, mainly consumed in the form of Chapati. Productivity of wheat is higher in Punjab Wheat grain contains starch, proteins, fats, as compared to Maharashtra. vitamins and minerals. Among all cereals Note the differences in climatic and soil wheat is a good source of protein. Soft wheat is conditions in both the states. 1 1.1.3 Climate : It is a temperate crop. It requires cool, dry and clear weather. During Think about it early growth stages wheat requires cool climate for proper tillering. Dry sunny weather Sowing direction : During winter, the and cool night favours dew formation, which is direction of sun over India is in south – south essential for growth and development of wheat east to west – north west. Therefore sowing grains. Optimum temperature range for its is done by north – north east or north – south growth is 70C to 210C and temperature above direction. It gives higher yield because it would 25 to 30 0C has adverse effect on growth and allow maximum interception (utilization) of yield. Wheat yields well in areas with average sun light and promote vigorous growth. annual rainfall of about 750-1600 mm. High humidity is harmful because it favours the 1.1.6 Sowing spread of fungal diseases like rust and rot. Hot A. Methods : and cloudy, frosty weather is also harmful for 1. Drilling : One, two or three coultered seed germination. drills are used for sowing wheat in rows at specific distance. The best method is sowing Try this with fertilizer cum seed drill, which places the Collect information regarding different fertilizer and seed at optimum depth for good cultivation practices of rainfed and irrigated germination and uniform crop maturity. wheat in your area. 2. Broadcasting : Seed is scattered by hand on the field surface and then mixed in to the soil 1.1.4 Preparatory tillage : Wheat crop needs by working wooden plough or harrow. a well pulverized but compact seed bed. The practice of land preparation differs with B. Spacing : It depends on the factors such irrigation facilities, soil and climate. For an as maturity period, tillering habit, time of irrigated crop one deep ploughing with an sowing, fertility status and moisture condition iron plough is given and is followed by 2 to 3 of the field. Early maturing varieties with poor shallow ploughings by country plough. When tillering habit are sown at a closer spacing than wheat follows green manuring crop, the land late maturing and profuse tillering varieties. is prepared by two criss-cross ploughings, If sowing is delayed, the spacing should be followed by 2 harrowings and planking. closer as such crop have reduced growth and less number of tillers. Optimum spacing for For a rainfed crop soil moisture irrigated crop is 22.5 cm and for rainfed crop conservation is important. One deep ploughing it is about 30cm. is given once in three years. Just before sowing, land is given shallow harrowing and light C. Depth of Sowing : It varies with the variety planking. The land which is fallowed during and type of cultivation as follows. kharif season is prepared by 3 to 5 harrowings. Irrigated crop : 3 – 5 cm After sowing, ‘saras’ or flat beds are Rainfed crop : 8 – 10 cm prepared with the help of ‘sara yantra’ or bund Dwarf Variety : 5 - 6 cm. former and irrigation channels are opened by ridger. Remember this 1.1.5 Sowing season and Time : Wheat is temperate crop and therefore Wheat seed should be placed in a moist zone sown in rabi season. Sowing time varies with for better germination and establishment variety. Tall varieties are sown from last week of seedlings. In high yielding and dwarf of October to first week of November. The varieties seed should be placed only up to short durational dwarf varieties are sown in 5 cm depth. November. 2 D. Seed Rate : Seed rate varies as follows : Rainfed wheat crop is grown on residual Dwarf varieties - 100 to 125 kg / ha moisture of soil and dew formed during winter. Bold seeded varieties - 125 to 150 kg / ha 1.1.11 Intercultivation : Weed competition is Rainfed crop - 75 to 80 kg / ha maximum during first 30 - 40 days after sowing. Hoeing or interculturing few days after first 1.1.7 Seed treatment : and second irrigation is helpful for breaking Fresh harvested seed is dried in sun heat the crust and removing the weeds. For small for 2 days to control attack of loose smut. Seed field hand tools like ‘khurpi’ or hand hoe, etc. is treated with carboxyl (vitavax) or benlate are used. Thus, two hand weedings and hoeings (Benomyl) @ 1 - 1.25 g / kg seed to control are required for weed control. Chemical weed loose smut, foot rot. Seed is also treated with control is also recommended. The herbicides organo mercurial fungicides like agrosan, like isoproturon, bentazone, metasulfuron are captan or thirum @ 2 - 3 g / kg seed to control effective. flag smut and foot rot. 1.1.12 Crop rotation : Use your brain power It is not desirable to grow wheat year after year on same piece of land. The common crop Why it is necessary to – a) use clean seed rotations are - for sowing. b) use well decomposed FYM / 1. Mung / udid / soybean (kharif) →wheat compost. (rabi) 1.1.8 Varieties : Kalyansona (HDM - 1593), 2. Paddy / bajra / jowar / maize (kharif) Sonalika (HDM - 1553), Malvika, Sihor, HD - → wheat (rabi) 2189, HD - 4502, HD - 2610, Lok – 1, N – 59, 3. Groundnut / sesamum (kharif) → wheat Sharbati, MACS - 2846, MACS - 1967, MACS 1.1.13 Intercropping : Inercropping of wheat - 9, NI-5439, etc. with mustard, potato, gram and pea is the 1.1.9 Manures and Fertilisers : Well decomposed common practice. FYM / compost is added @ 10 - 15 t/ ha at the time of land preparation before last harrowing. 1.1.14 Plant Protection Chemical fertilizers are added as follows. I. Pest a. Rainfed : 25 - 50 : 15 - 25 :25 NPK kg/ ha. a. White ants (Termites) b. Irrigated : 75 - 120 : 40 - 60 : 40 - 60 NPK Nature of damage : This pest lives hidden kg / ha underground and feed on developing roots Allotment - For irrigated crop half dose of N and stem. It causes wilting or drying of plants. and full dose of P,K are applied at the time of Control measures : Locate the termitoria and land preparation (basal dose) and reaming half destroy it by digging or fumigation. Drilling in dose of N is applied one month after sowing. soil 5% aldrine or heptachlor @ 65 kg / ha or 1.1.10 Irrigation : When sown under irrigated spraying the crop with chloropyriphos 20 EC is condition, wheat requires 5 - 6 irrigations. First also effective. presowing irrigation is given and remaining irrigations are given at critical growth stages. If soil is light or sandy, 2 - 3 extra irrigations are given. Following are the critical growth stages at which crop should be irrigated. i) Crown root initiation ii) Tillering iii) Jointing iv) Flowering Fig. 1.3 Termites v) Grain filling 3 b. Cut worms : 2. Black or stem rust : Nature of damage: The caterpillars live hidden Symptoms: Reddish brown to dark brown under soil during day time and cut plants and spots appear on leaves and stems, later on feed on them during night hours. these spots turn black. Grains are shrivelled Control measures: Apply 5 % aldrine powder and lighter in weight. @ 125 kg / ha. before sowing c. Stem (Pink) borer Nature of damage: The young larva feed on tender parts of plant and latter on bore into the stem and causes death of central shoot locally known as dead heart. Do this Fig. 1.6 Black or stem rust Visit a nearby wheat field and look insects- pest. Identify them and suggest proper control 3. Brown or leaf rust : measures for them. Symptoms : Small, round or oblong orange Control measures: Collect and destroy coloured spots, which later on turn black, dead hearts. Spray the crop with quinolphos, appear on the leaves and glumes. These cholorpyriphos. spots appear in clusters or may be irregularly scattered all over the leaf. d. Rat Nature of damage: Rats cut the stalks, ears and feed on developing grains. They also carry the grains into the burrows. The damage is equally serious in threshing yard and godowns. Fig. 1.7 Brown or leaf rust Control measures : i. For all kinds of rust prominent control measure is to grow resistant variety. Fig. 1.4 Rat ii. Spraying the crop 2-3 times with the Control measures - mancozeb or zineb at an interval of 15 days are effective chemical control measures. a) Mechanical method : Hunting, trapping, flooding and ultra sonic sound. b. Flag smut : b) Chemical method : Use of zinc phosphide Symptoms : It appears from seedling stage and selphos tablet is very effective. to crop maturity. Gray to grayish black spots II. Diseases appear on the leaves. The a. Wheat rust: There are infected plants are stunted three types of rust and bear no grains. Even 1. Yellow or stripe rust : if grains appear, they are Symptoms : Small yellow shrivelled and have poor spots forming stripes appear germination ability. on leaves which later on turn black. Fig.1.5 Yellow or stripe rust Fig. 1.8 Flag smut 4 Control measures : done by cutting the plant close to the ground i. Seed treatment with organo mercurial with sharp sickle. Plants are tied in bundles, compound like agrosan, captan or thirum dried in sunheat and taken to the threshing @ 2.5 to 3g per kg seed. yard. Threshing is done by trampling the plants ii. Proper crop rotation and early sowing of under the feet of bullocks or beating them with crop is also effective. long wooden sticks or using power thresher. Now a days, mechanical (combine) harvester c. Loose smut : is used. Grain is dried to about 12% moisture. Symptoms : The fungus infect the plants Then grain is stored in metallic bins, earthen through stigma and establish in developing pots, gunny bags and placed in godowns. seed. The grain is replaced by black powdery 1.1.16 Yield Yield varies as follows : mass of fungal spores. Rainfed - (average yield) 6-9 q/ ha. Control measures : Sun heat treatment or seed treatment with carboxyl or benlate are the Irrigated - 25 - 40 q./ ha. recommended control measures. Mexican varieties : 40 - 50 q / ha d. Foot rot : 1.2. PADDY (Rice) Symptoms : In rainfed crop dry soil conditions Local Name : Sal, Bhat, Dhan and temperature around 30°C are conducive for Botanical Name : Oryza sativa infestation. Specific symptoms are yellowing Family : Gramineae of foliage followed by death of plant. Origin : South and south east Asia Control measures : Growing resistant varieties and seed treatment with organomercurial compound like agrosan, thirum, etc., are the effective control measures. Try this Collect information about different varieties, Fig. 1.9 Paddy crop weedicides, insecticides available in the market from nearest krishi seva kendra. 1.1.15 Harvesting and yield : This crop is ready for harvesting after 4 – 4.5 months of sowing. The crop is harvested when grain is fully developed, straw become dry and gives peculiar noise with winds and the moisture content in grains is 18 to 22%. Harvesting is Fig. 1.10 Paddy grain 1.2.1 Uses : Rice is the staple food of 60% population of the world. It contains carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins. Rice bran contains 18 - 20% edible oil. Paddy straw is used as manuring, mulching, padding material as well as thatching material of huts. Husk is used as fuel and for making light weight bricks. Rice bran, paddy husk and stalk used as fodder for cattle. It is also used Fig. 1.8 B Combine harvester for packing, ripening of fruits and agronomical 5 products. Inferior quality of rice, broken rice 1. Dry cultivation is used as poultry feed. Rice byproducts like 2. Semi-dry cultivation murmura (parched rice), lahi (parched paddy) 3. Wet cultivation and poha (beaten rice) are prepared. Rice grain have important place in ceremonies related to 4. Intensive or Japanese method of cultivation birth, marriage, funerals and other religious 1. Dry cultivation : This method is followed in functions. regions which do not have irrigation facilities and where rainfall is inadequate and uncertain. Remember this In this method fields are ploughed Central Rice Research Institute located immediately after the harvest of previous at Cuttak in odisha. Rice Research Station crop or after summer showers. Seed is sown is located at Karjat in Maharashtra. India to a greater depth by dibbling behind plough ranks first in area as well as production in the or drilling. Drilling in lines help in proper world. In Maharashtra, major rice growing establishment of plants and also facilitates regions are Konkan and Vidarbha. There inter cultivation. are 23 species of rice out of which only 2 are 2. Semi-dry cultivation : This is so called cultivated. because some part of life cycle of crop passes under dry and some under wet condition. 1.2.3 Soil : In India major paddy growing areas have alluvial soils. In Maharashtra, paddy is The rain water is impounded when crop is grown in a variety of soils. It is grown on khar about 1.5 to 2 month old and when water gets land in coastal saline region. Its cultivation accumulated to a depth of 10-15 cm, by the end is restricted to lateritic soils in south konkan of July the field is worked by giving shallow and basalt soils in maval and ghat region. The ploughings. This methods helps in suppressing soil pH should be 5.5 to 7. It prefers acidic the weed growth and thinning as well as inter condition. culturing. In short in this system the crop thrives on moisture available in bunded fields. Do you know ? 3. Wet cultivation : In this system land is ploughed thoroughly and puddled with 3-5 cm Rice contributes 27% of cereal grains standing water in the field. The seedlings are production in the world. raised in nursery and later on transplanted in Unhusked grain (seed) and the growing puddled field. When it is not possible to raise crop is called as paddy. seedlings in time, in such cases seeds are soaked Seed is husked or hulled, milled and in water for sprouting. The sprouted seeds are polished to produce white rice. then broadcasted directly in the puddled field. Transplanting method has various advantages 1.2.3 Climate : Rice is grown under wide range as follows. of climatic conditions. Though it is mainly a tropical crop, its cultivation is also done in Plant population is more uniform and seed sub-tropical and temperate regions. The rice rate required is comparatively less than the growth is optimum at temperatures between other methods. 20° to 37° C. In both tropics and temperate Farmer gets sufficient time for land regions the level of solar radiation decides rice preparation. productivity. Rainfed rice cultivation is limited Weeds are burried at the time of puddling to areas receiving an annual rainfall more than and get controlled. 1000 mm. Losses due to pest and diseases are 1.2.4 Methods of cultivation : Different minimized by adequate control measures in methods of paddy cultivation are as stated the nurseries. below 6  Nurseries when grown in advance facilitates 3. Drilling - 60 to 70 kg/ha. timely transplanting. 4. Broadcasting- 80 to 100 kg/ha. 4. Intensive or Japanese method of 1.2.7 Seed selection and seed treatment : cultivation : This method is followed in the Seed should be selected from high yielding areas of assured water supply and where farmer varieties. It should be clean and viable. It can adopt plant protection practices and can should be soaked in 1% KCl solution for 12 apply heavy doses of fertilizers for inducing hours to improve the germination and vigour crop production. The following are the specific potential. The seed is also treated with 3% features of this method: brine solution followed by treatment with the i. Seedlings are grown in raised beds. solution of cuprasan, perenox or cupravit for ii. Seed rate needed is less. 10-15 minutes. This will prevent the attack of iii. The crop is manured heavily. blast and blight disease. The attack of bacterial iv. 3 to 4 seedlings are transplanted at each leaf blight can be prevented by treating paddy spot in a row. seed with mixed solution of streptocycline v. It facilitates interculturing operations. and wettable ceresan followed by hot water treatment at 52° C to 54° C for half an hour. Observe and Discuss 1.2.8 Nursery : 1. Wet nursery : The differences in various methods of paddy cultivation. The land for nursery is ploughed twice Which method is suitable to your area? during summer season and is then puddled by giving 3 to 4 ploughings in 5 to 6 cm standing 1.2.5 Preparatory tillage : This is different water. Well decomposed compost or F.Y.M for dry and wet cultivation method. In dry is added at the rate of 10 tonnes per hectare management system land is prepared in the same or green leaf manure may also be added at manner as for other cereal crops. In wet system the rate of 8 to 10 tonnes per hectare. After land is flooded and prepared in submerged soil. puddling, the field is levelled and divided into In both systems the chief cultivation practices small beds of one meter width and suitable are the summer ploughing after the receipt length. Half metre wide channels are used to of rains and repeated harrowing. Compost or facilitate drainage. Sprouted seeds are then F.Y.M. is also added before last harrowing. broadcasted in the field. Based on seed size, the Perfect levelling is essential in both the systems. seed rate may be 350 to 450 kg for raising one 1.2.6 Sowing : hectare nursery. The seedlings obtained from A. Season and time : one hectare nursery are sufficient for planting The main cropping seasons in India are as 10 to 12 hectare of land. The specific dose of stated below : fertilizer is given depending upon the fertility Season Sowing time status. Aus or Autumn paddy May to June 2. Dry nursery : Aman or winter July to August It is followed in the regions of non assured paddy water supply. The land is prepared by 4 to 5 Boro or spring paddy December to ploughings and some cross ploughings. Well January decomposed F.Y.M is added and raised beds are prepared. The raised beds are 1 to 1.5 metre Summer paddy February to March wide, 8 to 10 cm high and of any convenient B. Seed rate : length. Drainage is provided by opening 30 cm It differs with the methods of sowing as follows: wide channels. Sowing is done during second 1. Transplanting- 25 to 40 kg/ha. week of June and seed is covered with thin 2. Dibbling- 50 to 60 kg/ha. layer of soil or compost. The seed rate needed 7 for growing one hectare nursery is about 250 to 400 kg and it will give rise to sufficient seedlings for planting 10 to 12 hectares of land. The seedlings obtained are hardy and establish early after transplanting. Try this Visit a nearby paddy field and observe the technique of nursery management. Strike the differences among the different Fig. 1.11 B Manual paddy transplanting 1.2.10 Varieties : The popular varieties are types of nurseries. Indrayani, Basmati, IR-8, IR-20, IR-22, IR-36, 3. Dapog nursery : HRI-120 , Sahyadri, sakoli-6, pusa basmati, This is followed in areas of adequate water Ambemohar-157, Ambemohar-159, Krishna, supply. Nursery is prepared on concrete floor Ratna, Sabarmati, Karjat-3, Karjat-7, Phule or on raised beds of soil covered with polythene Samruddhi, Indrayani, etc. paper or banana leaves. Pre-germinated seed 1.2.11 Manures and Fertilizers : The are used for sowing. In this method seedlings recommended doses and application depends become ready for transplanting in 14 to 16 upon types of variety. days after sowing. Nursery of 30 to 40 sq.m. Farm yard manure or compost is added is sufficient for raising seedling for planting 1 at the rate of 12.5 tonnes/ha, as one of the pre hectare land. 1.2.9 Transplanting : sowing cultivation operations. The nutrient Time of transplanting is based on the requirement of paddy is as follows. factors such as availability of water for Varieties N P K planting, maturity period of the variety, etc. Local 25 to 50 25 to 50 25 kg/ha. The varieties having maturity period of 120, improved 135 and 150 days are transplanted after about High 100 50 25 kg/ha. 21, 25 and 30 days respectively. yielding The seedlings are pulled, tied in bundles and left in water for a night before planting. All the quantity of ‘P’ and ‘K’ is applied At each spot 3 to 4 seedling are transplanted. at the time of sowing. Nitrogen is given in two The planting distance for early, medium and split doses. About 3/4th amount is applied as late maturing varieties may be 15 ×15 cm, 20 × basal dose and remaining 1/4th sometime during 15 cm and 20 × 20 cm, respectively. In case of the period of internode elongation. Nitrogen late planting due to paucity of irrigation water, should be given perferably through ammonium aged seedlings are preferred to younger ones. sulphate. Nowadays mechanical transplanters are used 1.2.12 Irrigation : The paddy is semiaquatic for paddy transplanting. plant and require more water than other crops. A lowland paddy crop requires more water than upland crops as land submergence is followed for them. The average water requirement of rice is 1240 mm. The period from primordia initiation to heading is most sensitive to water requirement. 1.2.13 Inter cultivation : The problem of weed is critical in direct Fig. 1.11 A) Meachnical paddy transplanting seeded crops from 15 to 30 days and in 8 transplanted rice from 30 to 45 days. The Control measures Spraying the crop with crop should be inter cultured by using rice chloropyriphos 20 EC is the effective control rotary weeder. This helps in weeding, stirring measure. and aerating the soil. Inter culturing should d. Rice hispa : be repeated 3 to 4 times at an interval of 15 Nature of damage Beetles feed on chlorophyll days. The recommended herbicides are almix, of leaf lamina, producing white streaks. bensulfuron, oryzaline, etc. Control measures The recommended 1.2.14 Intercropping : Paddy can be control measure is to spray the crop with intercropped with the crops like green gram, choloropyriphos 20 EC or malathion 50 EC. sesamum, black gram, groundnut, etc. e. Paddy gall fly : 1.2.15 Crop rotation : In tracts possessing irrigation facilities rice is followed by cash Nature of damage Maggots enter the stem and crops like sugarcane, potato, wheat or pulses attack the base of growing point and produces like gram, pea, green gram, black gram, etc. silvery shoot. Affected tillers do not produce 1.2.16 Plant protection : any panicle. I. Pest a. Yellow stem borer Nature of damage Larvae bore into the stem to feed and cut the central shoot at the base causing dead hearts. Control measures Collection and destruction of dead hearts and use of resistant varieties are recommended for the control of stem borer. b. Swarming caterpillar Fig. 1.14 Paddy gall fly Nature of damage Caterpillars appear in big Control measures: Burning grass and wild groups and they eat younger plants. rice or applying 10% thimet granules at the rate of 10 kg per ha. after 10 and 20 days of transplanting are recommended. Among the other insects - pest which affect paddy are grass hopper, jassids, etc. Rats and crabs also cause damage by eating plant parts. Try this List out pest and diseases of paddy Fig. 1.12 Swarming caterpillar which are common in your area. Control measures Destruction of stubbles of Prepare a chart of pest and diseases of previous crop and use of 3% carbofuron or 5% paddy with their control measures. quinolphos at the rate of 15 kg/ha is effective. Whether Integrated Pest and Disease Management is possible in paddy? c. Rice bug : Nature of damage II. Diseases It sucks the juice a. Paddy Blast : from the developing Symptoms Spindle shaped brown to reddish grains during milk brown spots appear on the leaves. The spots on stage. stem and grains are darker. There is rotting of Fig. 1.13 Rice bug neck resulting in dropping of ears. 9  Control measures : i. Grow resistant varieties. ii. Treat the seed with perenox, cupravit or Cuprosan @ 2 g/ kg seed. c. Foot rot/stem rot : Symptoms : Small irregular black spots appear on leaf sheath. The affected plants remain stunted and fail to tiller. Roots become reddish brown and rot. Grains are shrivelled. Fig. 1.15 Paddy blast Control measures : i. Grow resistant varieties. ii. Treat the seed with cupravit, perenox or cuprasan. iii. Spray the crop with benlate @ 150g/ ha in 250 Lites of water. 2 to 3 sprays are required. b. Sheath blight : Symptoms : Greenish gray and oval spots appear predominantly on leaf sheath. Later on these spots turn grayish white with brown Fig. 1.17 Foot rot margin. Control measures i. Use disease resistant varieties. ii. Treat the seed with perenox, cupravit or cuprasan @ 2g/ kg seed. d. Bacterial leaf blight : Symptoms Water soaked translucent streaks appear on leaves which later on turn yellow to white in colour. The leaves dry up. Fig. 1.16 Sheath blight Remember this Upland paddy (rice) refers to paddy grown on both flat and sloping fields that are prepared and seeded under dryland conditions. It is also called as rainfed paddy. Paddy grown on flat land with controlled irrigation is known as lowland paddy( rice) it is also known as irrigated paddy. Fig. 1.18 Bacterial leaf blight 10 Control measures i. Treat the seed with the mixed solution Do you know ? of streptocycline and wettable ceresan followed by hot water treatment. Rice is stored as unhusked rice (paddy) or milled rice. Before storing, it should be ii. Spray the crop with streptocycline or confirmed that the moisture content in grain agrimycin. is up to 12-13%. The moist paddy would e. Grassy smut : lead to grain discolouration, bad odour and Symptoms : The symptoms are characterized bitter taste and this should be avoided. For by stunting of plants, excessive tillering and small scale home storage, sacks, metal or erect growth habit. The leaves are green or pale yellow. wooden containers are used. For large scale storage, special storage rooms with proper fumigation facility are useful. 1.3 GROUNDNUT Local name: Bhuimung Botanical Name: Arachis hypogaea Family: leguminosae Origin: South America (Brazil) Fig. 1.19 Grassy smut Control measures Use of resistant varieties is the effective control measure for preventing the attack of grassy smut. 1.2.17 Harvesting and threshing : The paddy should be harvested when the moisture content of the grain is about 20 to 25%. At this stage ears are nearly ripe and straw is still slightly green. Timely harvesting prevents the loss of yield due to grain shedding. Fig. 1.21 Groundnut pods Usually majority of the grains in ears of high yielding varieties ripe 35 to 40 days after full emergence of ear. The crop is harvested by cutting the plants with a sickle near to the ground level. The plants are left in the field to dry for 1 or 2 days or they are tied in bundles and dried for 2 to 3 days. The drying is continued till the moisture content in grain is reduced to 12 to 13%. The crop is threshed by beating the plants with Fig. 1.20 Groundnut crop sticks or under the feet of bullocks. Small sized paddle threshers are also in use. Nowaday’s Do you know ? mechanical harvesters are available. The name groundnut is derived from 1.2.18 Yield : Greek word Arachis means legume and It varies from 40 to 50 quintals per hectare hypogaea means below ground with reference for early varieties and 60 to 70 quintals per to formation of pods in to the soil. hectare for late varieties. 11 1.3.1 Uses : b. Sowing methods and spacing : It depends Groundnut is predominant among oil seed on the type of variety grown. The erect varieties crops grown in India. Its oil content varies from are either dibbled at 25×15cm distance or 45 to 55%. Refined oil and vegetable ghee are drilled with four coultered seed drill in rows 25 used as cooking medium. Kernels are rich in to 30 cm apart. Semi spreading varieties are protein and vitamin-A, B, B2. Kernels are dibbled at 45 ×15 cm distance and spreading at eaten as raw, roasted or sweetened. Oil is also 60 ×15cm distance. used for the manufacture of soaps, cosmetics, c. Seed rate : toilet requisites, etc. Groundnut cake is used It depends on the test weight of seed, as cattle feed as well as manure. Groundnut spacing and type of variety. It is as follows. is also consumed in the form of confectionery i. Erect varieties-100 to 120 kg/ha. products. Vines are fed to the livestock. ii. Semi-spreading - 80 to 100 kg/ha. 1.3.2 Soil : iii. Spreading varieties 60 to 80 kg/ha. Groundnut prefers loam and sandy loam soils. Well drained light sandy loams with 1.3.6 Seed selection : ample calcium and moderate organic matter Only healthy kernels from high yielding are most suitable. It is acid tolerant crop with varieties should be selected. Broken and pH range of 5 to 5.5. Heavy and stiff clay soils decoated kernels should be avoided. Yellow or are not suitable as such soils become hard black coloured (diseased) and kernels damaged during dry climate and affect the pod formation by insects, should not be taken for sowing. and also create problems in harvesting. 1.3.7 Seed treatment : 1.3.3. Climate : The attack of root grub is prevented by Groundnut is usually cultivated in tropical treating the seed with chloropyriphos 20 EC at and subtropical regions. It performs well in the rate of 6 ml/ kg seed. temperatures ranging from 24° to 33°C. It can Treatment of 1 percent organo-mercurial. not withstand frost and drought conditions. It Fungicide like agrosan or thirum 2g/kg seed can be grown well in places receiving an annual is given for controlling collar rot and root rot rainfall of about 500 mm to 1250 mm and up to disease. 1600 mm with good drainage facility. Treatment of rhizobium culture is done @ 1.3.4 Preparatory tillage : 250g/10 kg seed to increase nitrogen fixation. Groundnut requires deep, loose and fine 1.3.8 Crop rotation : seed bed. Land is prepared by giving one deep Groundnut is rotated with cotton, jowar, ploughing and 2-3 harrowing. Medium deep bajri, gram and paddy. It is also rotated with soils are ploughed twice followed by several garden crops like potato, chilli, garlic, ginger, harrowing till the monsoon rains are received. onion and turmeric. 1.3.9 Intercropping : Remember this Jowar, bajra and maize are important cereal crops which are grown as intercrop with Groundnut is also known as peanut, groundnut. Long durational crops like cotton, monkey-nut and moong fali. pigeon pea and short durational like sesamum, sunflower, green gram etc., are also grown as 1.3.5 Sowing an intercrop with groundnut. a. Season and time : 1.3.10 Varieties : In Maharashtra kharif crop is sown from Erect (Bulchy) : S.B.-11, AK-12-24, last week of June to first week of July. During Kopargaon No.3, TMV-2, TMV-7, TMV-9, summer season the time of sowing is January TMV-11, JL-24, ICGS-37, ICGS-44, JL-220, to February. Konkan Gaurav, etc. 12  Semi spreading : Kopargaon No-1, AK- 1.1.14 Plant protection : 8-11, TMV-6, TMV-8, TMV-10, ISGS -5 I. Pest ICGV-86325, etc. a. Aphid : Spreading : Karad 4-11, TMV-1, TMV- Nature of damage : Aphid suck the sap from 3, TMV-4, CSMG-84-1, TAG-24, TAG-303. leaves and other tender plant parts. In case of heavy attack plants become chloratic and Remember this leaves curl. In India, research on groundnut improvement was started during 1980- 81 through the All India Co-ordinated Research Project on oil seeds. Now a days, National Research Centre of Groundnut, Junaghad in Gujarat is co- ordinating the groundnut improvement programme in the country. Fig. 1.22 Aphid 1.3.11 Manures and Fertilizers : The doses Control measures : differ with method of cultivation as follows : Spraying the crop with phosphamidon is For rainfed crop well decomposed farm the recommended control measure for aphid. yard manure or compost is added @ 10 tones/ b. Root grub : ha. About 10 kg nitrogen and 20 kg phosphorus per ha. is also added as basal dose. Nature of damage : Grub feed on rootlet and nodules and destroy entire root leading to death For irrigated crop F.Y.M or compost is of plant. added @ 12.5 tones/ha. About 20 kg nitrogen and 40 kg phosphorus is added per ha. as a basal dose. 1.3.12 Irrigation : Average water requirement ranges between 450 to 650 mm. For a kharif crop there are only one or two occasions during which crop needs irrigation on account of long dry spell. A good summer crop can be grown with 8 to 10 irrigation turns. The most critical stages of growth for irrigation are flowering, pod formation and maturity during which adequate Fig. 1.23 Root grub supply of water is a key factor for obtaining Control measures : good yields. Seed treatment with chloropyriphos 20 1.3.13 Intercultivation : In groundnut weed EC or soil application of carbofuron granules infestation is highest up to 35 days from found effective against root grub. sowing. The crop is generally given one hand c. Leaf roller : weeding and two hoeings till pegging begins. Herbicides such as fulchloralin, alachlor are Nature of damage : The caterpillar rolls the effective for weed control. leaves and remains feeding on green tissues. 13  Fig. 1.24 Leaf roller Control measures : Chloropyriphos 20 EC or profenophos 50 EC are effective in controlling leaf roller. II. Diseases : a. Leaf spot (Tikka) : Symptoms : Circular to irregular dark spots Fig. 1.26 Collar rot surrounded by yellow ring appear on the leaves. Control measures : In the case of late spot the lower surface of the The most effective preventive control spots is carbon black in colour. measures are to grow resistant varieties and to treat the seed with organo-mercurial fungicides like agrosan or mancozeb or thirum @ 2 to 4 g/ kg seed. c. Root rot : Symptoms : Symptoms are characterized by reddish brown discolouration of the stem and collapsing of plants. Fig. 1.25 Leaf spot Control measures : The control measures include use of resistant varieties, proper crop rotation and dusting the crop with sulphur @ 15 to 25 kg/ha. b. Collar rot : Fig. 1.27 a Root rot Symptoms : Attack of this disease is common Control measures : in light sandy soils. Attack on seed soon after Proper crop rotation practices and seed sowing results into pre-emergence rotting of treatment with agrosan, thirum or mancozeb, seed. etc. are beneficial in controlling root rot disease. The symptoms in emerging seedling are 1.3.15 Harvesting : yellowing and drying either of entire seedling The time of harvesting is determined on or its branches. the basis of the following signs of maturity: 14  1. Yellowing of top leaves and drying and 1.4 SOYBEAN falling of older leaves. Botanical Name: Glycine max 2. Blackening of inner side of the shell. Origin: Asia (China) 3. Hardening of pods. Family: Leguminosae 4. Turning of kernel to its normal size and colour. 5. Crop age- It differs with the types of varieties. The erect,semi spreading and spreading types mature in 100, 120 and 150 days respectively. After ascertaining the maturity by above criteria, harvesting is done by pulling the vine from the soil with pods in erect and semi spreading varieties. The pods are then separated from vines. In the case of spreading types the harvesting is done by ploughing the field and then searching the pods in the soil. The pods are dried to 10 percent moisture content and stored. Fig. 1.28 Soybean crop and grain Fig. 1.27 b Groundnut sheller (Hand operated) 1.3.16 Yield : Under irrigated conditions the average pod yield is about 30 q/ha. Under rainfed conditions the pod yield of erect, semi-spreading and spreading varieties is 8 to 10, 10 to 12 and 15 to 17 q/ha. respectively. Do you know ? Groundnut is stored preferably in the Fig. 1.29 Soybean pods form of unshelled pods. Pods are stored mostly in gunny bags and also in earthen 1.4.1 Uses : pots, mud bins or bags baskets. Before Soybean is an important oil seed as well storage, pods are dried to safe moisture limit as pulse crop. Average oil content is about 20 (10%) otherwise there may be possibility of percent. It is also rich in protein content 41%. development of poisonous moulds. During It is used for the manufacture of soaps, paints, storage pod should be inspected frequently to plastics, condles, etc. It is used in the form of see that there is no incidence of any pest and baked and green beans, flour, candies, cocoa, disease. cooking oil, vegetable milk, etc. It is used as animal feed in the form of hay, pasture, oil, 15 milk, etc. Being leguminous crop it helps in c. Seed rate: fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. The seed rate for soybean varies with spacing and test weight. The average seed rate Remember this is about 65 to 75 kg/ha. 1.4.6 Seed treatment : Soybean accounts for 50 per cent of oil seed production in the world. In India cultivation of soybean on commercial scale was started 1970’s onward. 1.4.2 Soil : Soybean is grown on wide range of soils. In Maharashtra it is usually grown on light to sandy loam soils. In heavy soils crop makes excessive vegetative growth. The soil should be well drained. Optimum range of pH is from Fig. 1.30 Seed treatment 6 to 6.5. Crop is sensitive to water logging In order to prevent the attack of fungal particularly during early stages of its growth. diseases, the seed is treated with thirum @ 3g 1.4.3 Climate : kg/ seed or carbendazim 2g/kg seed. Soybean Soybean is a tropical crop. However, it being a leguminous crop, its seed is treated is also grown in subtropical and temperate with rhizobium culture for increased nitrogen regions. Soybean can thrive low and very high fixation through increased nodulation on roots. temperature but optimum range of temperature 1.4.7 Intercropping : for its growth is 20 to 35° C. It does well in Soybean is grown as an intercrop with the areas receiving an annual rainfall of about 600 cereals like jowar, maize and bajra. It is also to 1000 mm. intercropped with groundunt and pigeon pea. 1.4.4 Preparatory tillage : On light to medium type of soil one deep ploughing is given to a depth of 15 to 17 cm and is followed by clod crushing and 2 to 3 harrowings. On heavy soils repeated harrowings only are given to prepare the land for soybean. Fig. 1.31 Intercropping 1.4.5 Sowing a. season and time : 1.4.8 Varities : In India soybean is grown as kharif and Brag, Clark, Punjab-1, Soybean no. 4 rabi crop. Kharif crop is sown in the month J.S. 335, D.S. 228 (Phule kalyani), MACS-13, June to July. When grown as rabi crop, it is MACS-57, MACS-58 MACS-124, etc. are the sown during October to November. important varieties. b. Sowing method and spacing : 1.4.9 Manures and Fertilizers Soybean is usually drilled but sometimes Well decomposed farm yard manure is it may also be dibbled on ridge. The distance added at the rate of 15 cart loads per hectare. In between two rows is about 45 to 60 cm and addition to that 20 to 25kg nitrogen and 50 kg plant to plant distance may be 5 cm. It should phosphours per hectare are added. Depending be sown to a depth of about 3 to 5 cm. on soil test values 20 to 40 kg potash may also be given, if required. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are given as basal doses. 16 1.4.10 Irrigation : In Maharashtra soybean is grown as a rainfed kharif crop. However, in the case of long dry spell it needs two irrigations, particularly at the stage of flowering and pod formation. The water requirement varies between 450 to 750 mm. Remember this Soybean being leguminous crop is able to fix atmospheric nitrogen through Fig. 1.32 Bacterial blight Rhizobium. Control measure : Plant starts to fix atmospheric nitrogen about four weeks after sowing. Use of resistant varieties and seed treatment with organo-mercurial fungicides 1.4.11 Intercultivation : like ceresan are the effective control measures. The weed competition is more during b. Mosaic : first two months after sowing. Normally weed Symptoms : It is the virus disease causing control is done by hoeing or by using herbicides. mottling and curling of leaves. Petioles and Under the situation of small land holding two internodes are shortened, especially early hand weeding are sufficient for controlling infection results in to stunted plant growth. weeds. Herbicides such as fluchloralin, alachlor, etc., can be used for weed control. 1.4.12 Crop rotation : Soybean is rotated with wheat, tobacco, potato, etc. 1.4.13 Intercropping : Soybean is intercropped with maize, cotton, jawar, groundnut, bajri,etc. 1.4.14 Plant protection : I. Pest Stem borer causes serious damage by tunneling the stem and side branches. It can be controlled by spraying the crop with choloropyriphos 20 EC. Pod borer is controlled by using chloropyriphos 20 EC. The other insects-pest which also found to Fig. 1.33 Mosaic attack soybean are hairy caterpillar, white flies Control measures : and aphids and should be checked by suitable control measure. The control measures include spraying the crop with profenophos 50 EC to control vector II. Diseases : which spreads virus or using healthy seeds for a. Bacterial blight : sowing. Symptoms : Reddish-brown spots with yellow margin appear on the leaves and also on pod. 17 c. Leaf spot : 1.4.15 Harvesting : Soybean matures in 90 Symptoms : Reddish brown spots appear on to 120 days. It is harvested when leaves turn upper surface of the leaves. Spots also appear yellow and starts drooping. The pods also turn on all other plant parts except roots. Infestation yellow and dry. Pods when pressed by hand is severe during November-December months. cracks. At harvesting time, the moisture content in the grain should be 15 to 17%. Harvesting is done either by pulling the plants or cutting Think about it Whether Integrated Pest and Disease Management is possible in soybean? them near the ground level. The plants are heaped and dried for 2-3 days. Threshing is done by beating the produce with sticks or by using threshing machines. The produce is then winnowed, dried and stored. Nowadays combined harvester is also used for soybean harvesting. Fig. 1.34 Leaf spot Control measures : Remember this Seed treatment with thirum or carbendazim For safe storage of soybean the moisture and spraying the crop with mancozeb, etc., are content in the grain should be brought to 11 the recommended control measures for leaf percent by drying. Moisture proof gunny spot. bags or seed bins are used for storage. Proper d. Downy mildew : pest and disease control measures should be Symptoms : Small chlorotic spots which later taken during the period of storage. on become grayish-dark brown appear on upper surface of leaves. Lower side of leaves 1.4.16 Yield : show whitish downy growth. 1. Pure rainfed crop -10 to 15 q/ha. 2. Mixed crop - 3 to 4 q/ha. 3. Irrigated cop (pure) - 35 to 40 q/ha. Do you know ? 1) Indian Central Oilseeds Committee (ICOC) was established in 1947 to increase oilseed production 2) Oilseeds Development Corporation (ODC) replaced ICOC in 1966 Fig. 1.35 Downy mildew 3) All India Co-ordinated Research Project Control measures : on Oilseeds(AICRPO) was set up in in Seed treatment with thirum or carbendazim 1967 and growing resistant varieties are the effective control measures. 4) Technology Mission on Oilseed(TMO) was established in 1986 18 1. 5. GRAM product like puranpoli, laddu, mysorepak, etc. Synonym: Harbhara, Chana, Bengal gram, Malic acid and oxalic acids (Amb) collected Chick pea from green leaves have medicinal value for Botanical Name : Cicer arietinum intestinal disorders. Grains as well as husk Family : Leguminosae are used as horse feed. Germinated grains are recommended to cure scurvy disease. Origin : South – West Asia 1.5.2 Soil : Gram is fertility restorative crop. It is grown on variety of soil ranging from light to heavy black, mixed red, alluvial soil with well drained condition. Sandy loam to clay loam is most suitable soil. Optimum range of pH is 6 to 7.5. Water logging, saline and alkaline conditions are harmful. 1.5.3 Climate : It is grown in cool and dry climate. It is best grown in areas receiving low to moderate rainfall (400 - 700 mm) and mild cold climate. The average temperature required is from 250 to 300C. If temperature goes below Fig. 1.36 Gram crop 50C and above 300C it affects pod setting and seed development. Excessive rainfall after sowing or at flowering and severe cold cause great harm. Cloudy weather and frost conditions during flowering reduce flowering and seed settings. 1.5.4 Preparatory tillage : Gram is a hardy crop. It can be grown on cloded or rough seed bed. One deep ploughing is given after harvest of Kharif crop by iron plough. One to two harrowings are given to prepare seed bed. For moisture conservation planking is done. 1.5.5 Sowing Fig. 1.37 Gram grain a. Season and Time : It is usually grown in Try this rabi season. The optimum time of sowing is from 15th October to 15th November. Obtain the information of varieties of deshi, b. Sowing method and Spacing : Gram is kabuli gram suitable under rainfed, irrigated sown by drilling, dibbling or plough furrow conditions. Point out the difference between method. Generally sown by drilling method. the growth characteristics of deshi and kabuli Sowing in plough furrow behind deshi plough varieties. is practiced if there is inadequate moisture in the soil. Optimum row spacing for different 1.5.1 Uses : Gram is important rabi pulse crop varieties is as follows : in India. It contains carbohydrates (62%), Deshi type : 30 × 10 cm protein (21%) and vitamins A and E. Tender Kabuli Type : 45 × 10 cm leaves of young gram crops used as vegetable. It is consumed in the form of splits (dal), c. Seed rate : flour (besan), cooked grain, salted or unsalted 1. Deshi (varieties) : 65 to 70 kg / ha. grain. It is also used for preparation of sweet 2. kabuli varieties : 80 to 90 kg / ha. 19 1.5.6 Seed treatment : Seed is treated with carbendazim (bavistin) or thirum + bavistin @ Internet my friend 2 to 3 g / kg seed to control wilt disease. Gram seed is also treated with rhizobium culture Collect information about dal mills used in just before sowing @ 250 g / 10 kg seeds for Maharashtra. efficient nitrogen fixation through increased modulation on roots. 1.1.12 Collection of malic acid (Amb) : When plants are 40-60 days old the leaves secretes acid Think about it i. e., malic acid and oxalic acid locally known as ‘Amb’. These acids dissolves in dew which Why seed of leguminous crop is treated with accumulates on leaf tips. These acids can be rhizobium culture? collected by running a cotton cloth on the crop, early in the morning and squeezing it in bucket. 1.5.7 Varieties : N-31, N-59, Chafa, Warangal, It contains 90-95% malic acid and 5-10% oxalic Vijay, Vikas (Phule G-1), Vishvas (Phule G-5), acid. These acids believe to have medicinal Digvijay, BDN – 9 – 3. value against intestinal disorders. Near about Kabuli Types: Virat, Vihar, PKV kabuli – 2, 5-7 lit. of malic acid can be collected from 1 Sadabahar, Sweta (ICCV-2). ha. area of gram. 1.5.8 Manures and Fertilizers : 12 – 15 cart 1.1.13 Crop rotation and Inter cropping : loads FYM or compost per ha. is mixed in soil cereal crops, vegetables in kharif are followed at the time of land preparation. The dose of by gram in rabi season. Gram is mostly grown nutrients for rainfed crop is 10 : 40 : 20 NPK kg as sole or pure crop. It is grown as inter crop / ha. and for irrigated crop is 20 : 60 : 40 NPK with wheat, rabi jowar, safflower, linseed, kg / ha. mustard, sugarcane, etc. 1.5.9 Irrigation : Generally gram crop is 1.5.14 Plant Protection : grown as rainfed crop on residual soil moisture. I. Pest Depending upon the soil type, the water a. Gram pod borer requirement is 300 to 400 mm. If irrigation facility is available it is given at sowing, Nature of damage Initially larvae bores into branching, flowering and pod filling time for the buds and flowers results in shedding of light soils. Pod formation is the most critical buds, flowers. After formation of pods it bores stage for irrigation. into them and feed on developing seeds. 1.5.10 Intercultivation : First 4 to 5 weeks are critical from weed control point of view. Use of pre emergence herbicides followed by one hand weeding and one hoeing at 15 days interval is found to be effective for controlling weeds. Herbicides used are bentazon, pendimethalin etc. 1.5.11 Nipping : Nipping in gram is also called as topping. Tips are nipped off or tips of the young branches are removed is called as topping. It is done when the crop is at grand growth stage or 10 - 15 cm height or 3 - 4 weeks after sowing. It increases number of branches per plant. young shoots are used for vegetable purpose. Fig. 1.38 Gram pod borer 20 Control measures : Control measures : Follow clean cultivation, Recommended control measures are deep crop rotation, grow disease resistant varieties. ploughing, use of light or pheromone traps Treat the seed with thirum or captan or bavistin and dusting the crop with malathion 5 % or @ 2 - 3 g/ kg or trichoderma @ 6 g + 1 g vitavax carbaryl 5 % or phosalone 4 % @20 - 25 kg / kg spray copper sulphate or bordeaux mixture. / ha. Spraying of chloropyriphos 2 ml / lit. or cypermethrin, neemseed kernel extract 5 % or Remember this NPV is also practiced. b. Cut Worm : Pulse crops belong to the family leguminosae. The term pulse is an alternative Nature of damages : Caterpillar remain term used for edible seed of leguminous crop. hidden during day time and cuts the plant or its It is derived from latin word puls meaning branches during night hours. thick soup. Split cotyledons of dry legume seed is boiled in water , softened, macerated and used as soup. Pulses are useful both as food and fodder besides as green manure crops. 1.5.15 Harvesting : Crop matures in about 3.5 - 4 months after sowing. At maturity leaves turn yellow and the plant dry. Harvesting is done by cutting the plants close to the ground Fig. 1.39 Cut worm with sickle or by pulling the plants. Plants are dried for one week under sun heat. Threshing Control measures : is done by trampling under the feet of bullocks Prophenophos 50 EC or dichlorovas 70 or by beating with long sticks or by threshing EC are effectively used against this pest. machine. The seed is cleaned by winnowing and stored in gunny bags, godowns or in the II. Diseases : form of splits. Wilt Symptoms It is a fungal disease. It attacks 1.5.16 Yield : root system, results in decomposition of Rainfed crop : 5 - 6 q/ha. roots, stunted growth with pale yellow leaves, Irrigated crop : 10 - 12 q/ha. dropping of leaves. The affected plants, The proportion of grain to chaff is 1 : 1.75 or uprooted easily and later on withers and dies. 1 : 2 by weight. Do you know ? The success of gram and other leguminous crops in nitrogen deficient soils is due to presence of nodules on its roots. These nodules contain Rhizobium bacteria, which fixes atmospheric nitrogen into the soil.The nodulation and nitrogen fixation depends on different factors such as temperature, proportion of Na, CA, Mo,MN, etc.The nodulation can be increased by inoculation of seed with specific Rhizobium culture. Fig. 1.40 Wilt 21  Exercise Q.1 Answer the following questions. D. Write True or false. A. Select the appropriate alternative and 1. Oil content in groundnut seed varies from complete the following statements. 45 – 55 %. 1. Botanical name of gram is ………. 2. Sonalika is the important variety of paddy a. Triticum species crop. b. Arachis hypogaea 3. Soybean contain about 41 % protein and c. Cicer arietinum 20 % oil. d. Oryza sativa 4. Gram is most important kharif crop in India. 2. Tikka is the important disease of ……………. crop. 5. Wheat has a good bread making quality among all cereals. a. Paddy b. Gram c. Wheat d. Groundnut Q.2 Answer in brief. 3. Indrayani is the variety of ……….crop. 1. Write short notes on collection of acid a. Paddy b. Groundnut (amb) in gram c. Soybean d. Wheat 2. Name any four varieties of rice. 4. Gram leaves contains…….. acid. 3. Write in brief about tikka disease of groundnut. a. HCN b. Carbonic 4. Write intensive method of paddy c. acetic d. malic cultivation. 5. Gall fly is the important pest of …….. 5. How nipping / topping is carried out in crop. gram? a. Wheat b. Cotton Q.3 Answer the following questions. c. Paddy d. Groundnut 1. Give information on seed selection and B. Make the pairs. seed treatment in paddy. Group A Group B 2. Write the uses of paddy 1. Wheat a. Arachis hypogaea 3. Write about seed rate and seed treatment 2. Groundnut b. Cicer arietinum in soybean. 4. Write in short about dapog nursery. 3. Soyabean c. Oryza sativa 5. Complete the following chart : d. Trirtium aestivum Sr. Crops Botanical Variety Seed rate e. Glycine max no name kg/ha. C. Find the odd one out. 1 Paddy ………. ………. ………. 1. Chafa / Kalyansona / Brag /Gluten 2 Wheat Triticum ………. 100 - 125 2. Pod borer / Tikka / Gall fly / Stem species borer 3 Gram ………. Chafa ………. 3. Termites / Wilt / Rust / Mosaic 4. Groundnut / Wheat / Paddy 22 Q.4 Answer the following questions. Q. 6 Answer the following questions in detail. 1. Write information about wet nursery in paddy. 1. Provide the information of groundnut crop on following aspects 2. List out the diseases of soybean. a. Climate 3. How groundnut is harvested? b. Preparatory tillage c. List of varieties 4. Write the uses of wheat. d. List of pest. 5. Write the symptoms and control measures 2. Give information on following points of paddy blast. regarding cultivation of Paddy crop : Q.5 Answer the following questions in detail. a. List of varieties 1. Describe the wheat crop on following b. manuring points : c. Economic uses a. Soil d. List of diseases b. Sowing methods c. Harvesting 2. Complete the following table. Sr. No. Crops Botanical name Seed rate kg/ha. Varieties 1 Gram ……... ……... ……... 2 Ground nut ……... ……... ……... 3 Paddy ……... ……... ……... 4 Wheat ……... ……... ……... Activity Complete the following table with information from your surrounding. Sr. Crop plants Varieties Sowing Method Season Pest and disease No. 1 Wheat 2 Paddy 3 Groundnut 4 Soybean 5 Gram 23  2. Commercial Crops wax are obtained. Ba