TL7300 - Passenger Transport Management PDF

The Journey Origins, Destinations and Services TL7300 Module 2a  Learning outcomes Analyse journeys by purpose, length and other variable factors Understand how the variables influence transport patterns and service requirements and the modes chosen  J...

The Journey Origins, Destinations and Services TL7300 Module 2a  Learning outcomes Analyse journeys by purpose, length and other variable factors Understand how the variables influence transport patterns and service requirements and the modes chosen  Journeys can be analysed by: Purpose Length Frequency Origin and destination The Journey - Nature of route Characteristics The number of sectors The need to change between modes / services The consumer characteristics of the people travelling The Journey - Characteristics The characteristics of a journey influences the mode of transport chosen. Today, if a passenger plans a business trip from London to Johannesburg air travel will undoubtedly be used  The Journey - Characteristics However, in 1955 the cost of flying from London to New York was (in real money terms) very much higher than today. Fewer flights and none were non- stop. Flying was even slower, less comfortable and with a potential level of safety below that of today. Flying in a Lockheed Constellation in the 1950's The Journey - Characteristics Resulted in far fewer business trips between these and similar locations. Some would have used ocean liners for the Trans-Atlantic sector of the journey. The Journey - The Purpose The purpose of a trip is a very important influence on transport patterns. How many common reasons for passenger journeys can you think of?  Purpose of a trip is a very important influence on transport patterns. Common reasons for passenger journeys are: The Education (school, college or university) Commuting to and from work Journey - Business-related needs such as meetings or conferences The Shopping and other domestic needs such as healthcare Purpose Visiting friends and relations Social trips to places of entertainment and sports events Holidays and tourism Pilgrimage  The Journey - Categorization Essential or ‘captive’ journeys’ “Captive” travel, such as that to and from school, typically has to be made at specific times and to specific destinations  The Journey - Categorization Journeys of conventional necessity These journeys include those undertaken to see relations or for pilgrimages. To some degree, captive but there may be more choice about their timing  The Journey - Categorization Optional journeys Allow plenty of choice about - mode, - timing - or whether or not to make the trip. Demand can be stimulated by - effective marketing and - discouraged by prices which are perceived to be too high The Journey If you had a journey of Distance less than 200 meters, how would you expect to travel? The Journey If you had a journey of less Distance than 2000 kilometers, how would you expect to travel? The Journey What about journeys of Distance other distances? E.g 100km?  If travelling less than 200m, you will probably walk The Journey Distance If travelling more than 2,000km you are likely to travel in an aircraft, For journeys of other distances, e.g. 100km, there are choices of possible modes, frequencies and levels of service The Journey - Distance How have peoples travel habits changed over the years? The Journey - Distance Increasingly, seeing a blurring of traditional modal use in relation to distance. Eg. development of rail services through the Channel Tunnel, enables people to take the train rather than fly, between London, Paris and other European cities. Eurostar's 'Yesterday' TV Commercial Eurostar Commercial - Turbulence  Choices of possible modes, frequencies and levels of service?  The Journey - Frequency When I attended the Polytechnic for an interview, how did I travel here from my hotel? How do you think I travel to campus now? Are there any alternatives that I could use?  The Journey - Frequency If a person goes for a job interview, they might use a taxi If makes journey every working day, they might choose the bus as a cheaper option. Alternatively, using a car or cycle might be more convenient. The Journey - Frequency How often would you travel to the airport in normal times? How would you travel there? The Journey - People’s decisions about transport options, Frequency especially for infrequent leisure travel, may not always be seen initially as logical. Eg. some package holiday travellers elect to use taxis to and from airports many miles away or leave their cars in extremely expensive car parks. Luton Airport short-term parking the biggest rip-off in the country The Journey - Frequency If we make journeys less frequently, we are more likely to pay more for the travel. Clearly, this adds to cost but it also allows a relatively quick and easy last stage of the return trip at the end of the holiday (optional journeys). In such cases, the economic argument for the most cost-effective option is less important than the most convenient option.  So people’s choices about the mode of travel depend what? Which modes of transport exist in The Journey Bahrain? – Modes Which modes are the most expensive? Available When might people not be able to drive? Which modes are known to people? Would people be confident using the buses?  So people’s choices about the mode of travel depend what? which modes actually exist for the The Journey journey in question; which modes can be afforded; – Modes which modes can be used by the traveller (example, a young child Available cannot drive a car or a person may have a phobia about flying); which modes are known (one may choose to use a car because public transport information is hard to obtain). The Journey -Personal Preference Which modes of transport do you like travelling on? The Journey -Personal Preference If making a 400km journey by car, train or aeroplane, personal preference may influence the decision. Eg. the car maybe most convenient method in terms of time and place, But unless employ a driver, it means the driving has to be done by the traveler (more tiring)  The Journey -Personal Preference Rail travel offers a ‘chauffeur driven’ journey but the linking of journeys to/from the station have to be undertaken and both reliability and comfort may be uncertain. Air travel has the disadvantage that airports are not always easily accessible. Usually need to travel some distance to and from the airport and such trips may be slow and not convenient.  The mix of qualities offered by each mode is personal. Eg. a person may feel more in control driving than in a plane, despite journey times by road being difficult to predict. The Journey Also, the driver has no opportunity to relax. -Personal In a journey from Manama to Riyadh, the perception of each mode might be: Preference – coach –unattractive, long journey time but low cost and dependable. – airline – acceptable and the quickest journey time, – car – unacceptable, long journey time  The Journey - Personal Preference The expected level of service in meeting passenger requirements is variable and needs to be considered Punctuality is a key service requirement, especially for daily or work related transport Timing may be less important for occasional travel although people’s increasing expectations mean they are less tolerant of unreliability  Typical Journey Considerations As a passenger transport professional, you must consider the reasons why travellers actually travel and why they should use your services Without this understanding, you will not be able to align the levels and qualities of service with the potential customer base  Typical Journey Considerations How do we try to gather data to understand which modes of transport people are prepared to use? Without this understanding, you will not be able to align the levels and qualities of service with the potential customer base.  Conclusion The perception of the merits of using different service levels and modes of transport for different purposes is often subjective. The choice of service or mode is also related to the wealth of the traveller, the type of journey being undertaken and the purpose of the journey. The link between services offered and standards of service and customer demand are a key factor to business success.  Conclusion They enable the operator to break down the demand into market segments. Once the segments have been clearly identified, it is then possible, through targeted promotional campaigns, to increase overall market share. Questions? Standards and Customer Perception TL7300 Module 2b  Learning outcomes Gain an understanding of the criteria needed for a passenger transport service to be efficient  Efficiency Standards of efficiency should not simply be a measurement of punctuality or regularity of service. For a service to be efficient it must meet many more criteria, eg value for money employees reliability suitable for customer base safety – systems, methods & behaviour – vehicle design – regulation and control – communication – relativity of safety – measurement  Value for Money Value for money is partly subjective and varies according to the type and regularity of the journey How might leisure travelers and commuters feel differently about a luxury coach or a train with reserved seats for their journeys? Value for Money  Value for Money Leisure travellers – maybe high quality travel facilities are good value for money, commuters maybe against luxury coaches commuter trains offering only reserved seats, if results in higher fares Employees  Employees The quality and training of employees, especially those dealing directly with customers, are essential elements in the overall efficiency of passenger transport Developing well educated, motivated and customer- focused staff is a cornerstone to successful passenger transport operation  Reliability What does reliability mean in terms of passenger transport? the quality of being trustworthy or of performing consistently well The daily traveller is more concerned with service reliability than with services offered during the journey Reliability  Suitable for customer base For local journeys, some are made easy by public transport and others are slow and tiresome unless private transport is available e.g. car A passenger transport professional must consider the reasons why travellers actually travel and why they should use their services Without this understanding, you will not be able to match the levels and qualities of service with the potential customer Safety: Systems, Methods & Behaviour There are three approaches to ensure a safe system is provided : 1. Systems 2. Methods 3. Behaviour  1. Systems Safety: Systems avoid the potential for accidents Systems, by the use of safe infrastructure or Methods & technology Behaviour  Safety: 1. Systems Systems, Methods & Which safety systems can you think of? Behaviour  2. Methods Safety: compliance with signaling systems; Systems, quality licensing of operators; qualifications for all drivers, pilots and officers; Methods & commitment to safe practices, i.e. regular safety Behaviour checks, inspection of vehicles, tachographs, log books and records  Safety: 2. Methods Which methods help keep us safe whilst in Systems, Bahrain? Methods & Behaviour  3. Behaviour Refers to the way individuals show a concern to Safety: achieve safe transport. It derives from: Systems, Awareness of hazards and their consequences Methods & Capability, to deal properly with situations as they arise Behaviour Compliance with rules and control systems Alertness and concentration while on duty so that staff are capable of using the system property  Safety: Systems, 3. Behaviour Methods & How do you think we could influence behaviour? Behaviour  Safe behaviour is also a matter of knowledge, awareness, attitude, aptitude, prevailing norms, Safety: culture and concentration. Systems, Methods & - generated by signals and stimuli, by training and selection and by the establishment and Behaviour implementation of high safety standards  Safety: Vehicle Design Why is vehicle design important to keep us safe?  Safety: Vehicle Design Vehicle Design has improved safety in key areas: Better handling, with improved brakes, visibility, lights and steering Greatly improved mechanical performance and reliability  Safety: Vehicle Design Easier and safer access and lighting arrangements, with driver controlled doors, use of CCTV, slide chutes from aircraft exits Passenger protection in the event of an accident, including seat belts, front crumple zones and use of fire proof materials  Safety: Vehicle Design Road safety innovations 1998 Toyota Corolla vs 2015 Toyota Corolla (Auris) - Crash Test  Safety: Regulation and Control Legal and licensing arrangements to check that operators know how to act safely, by passing practical and theoretical tests of competence and by agreeing to operate within certain standards aimed at ensuring safety Regulation also serves to enforce safe practice by inspection and by sanctions (such as endorsement of licence) for failure to comply  Effective communication is essential both for efficient operation and safety Safety: Communication It relies on the giving of clear messages, the correct transmission of the message through appropriate technology and correct interpretation of the message by those receiving it  Safety: Communication Can you think of any communication systems that keep us safe?  Safety: Relativity The Relativity of Safety Safety standards and norms are a reflection of living standards, technological attainment, cultures and circumstances Eg - the safety standards expected in Europe are likely to be higher than those which are sometimes found parts of Central Asia.  Irrational Fears/Phobias Phobias are neurotic or pathological fears which influence travel behaviour. Eg fear of flying and travelling through tunnels and over water Safety: Relativity  Safety: Relativity Many travellers may suffer some apprehension when taking off and landing on aircraft. - in spite of air travel being much safer than road travel. This is partly related to the frequency of travel by a mode, but also to the influence of the media on people’s safety perceptions. Air disasters are rare, but when they occur receive a great amount of media coverage  Safety: Relativity However, road accidents happen daily and account for many more fatalities a year in real terms of distance travelled and numbers of travellers, yet they receive very sparse coverage, unless multiple fatalities occur or some other detail that is deemed newsworthy  Safety: Relativity How would you help someone overcome their fear of flying? Watch the video and make a note of how you can use the 4 Rs to overcome your fear of flying  Security Feeling “safe” is not just about avoiding death or injury. It allied to a feeling of being secure. What are the three issues relating to Safety: perceptions of security and safety? Relativity 1. The feeling of insecurity, of the unknown 2. Being helpless in a system 3. Becoming a victim of crime during the journey  Conclusion In terms of efficiency, safety and security, the balance between fact and perception is both on-going and subjective but the fact remains that it cannot be ignored. A part of every transport strategy should be aimed at not only physically improving these three areas but also improving passengers’ perceptions of them. Questions?  Module 3 Service Planning, Information and Customer Choice Introduction In this section we will look at the building blocks of demand for passenger transport that is the homes, offices, factories, schools and leisure destinations that determine people’s journeys. We shall also consider the reasons for special or single journeys and for return or regular flows. Finally, we will examine passenger information and passenger choice. Background – Origins The origin of a large proportion of passenger journeys is the home of the traveller. Apart from nomadic peoples and those with no fixed living places in other societies, the home is the focal point of individual and family life. People leave their homes for a number of reasons, which fall broadly into two categories. Background – Origins The first includes economic or primary motives such as employment, education and training. In less developed economies, the overriding need may be to grow or seek out food or other supplies, manufacture or create goods and products for sale. The second category is broadly defined as comprising leisure activities and includes tourism, visiting friends and relations, entertainment, exercise and, in many modern societies, shopping or education for personal development. Background – Destinations Workplaces are the means of bringing sufficient numbers of people together in order to optimise production.  Workplaces  Education  Amenities/Shopping  Tourism Problems with mass production…. Leads to a rise in ownership and use of the private car had a much greater impact on road space requirements, thus causing congestion. There was a change in many countries from primary production, which mainly used shift working, towards service industries which are more often based on concentrated "nine-to-five" working. Education The development of educational transport has similar characteristics to the demand for industrial transport and has followed a parallel pattern. Schools were originally local, and colleges and universities were only open to a privileged few. With the rise of mass education, the daily journey to non-residential establishments became a major determinant of transport. Shopping The traditional village, with its butcher, baker and so on, arranged within walking distance, is probably a myth rather than based on fact. However, the rise of urban and suburban society already described has certainly increased the need for people to travel further to get essential supplies. Tourism Tourism, as a mass market activity, began with the first package tours organised by Thomas Cook in the 19th Century. Since that time there has been a progressive search for novelty. Leisure and Sports Centres With the expansion of leisure time, the demand for sport and entertainment has grown decade by decade. Although, as we have already seen, passive entertainment in the home has become more available as a result of technological advances, it is also clear that demand for both spectator and active participation in sporting and other events has been growing. Journey Types and Implications Single Journeys Return Journeys Repeat Journeys Most passenger journeys, in contrast to freight movements, are return trips and the majority are regular. Single Journeys The most common reason for a single journey is that it complements a part of another journey made by a different mode. For instance, a taxi journey to a station or a single trip by train may be the return leg of a journey, the outward leg of which was made as a car passenger. The genuine single journey is often taken by an independent traveller with specific needs. At its most extreme, the person moving home or migrating will use one or more means of transport that may have to make its return journey empty, if at all, and thus at an unproductive cost. Return and Repeat Journeys The provision of return journeys usually creates economies for the operator, especially when the time of return travel is specified in advance and the unit of production (train, bus, aircraft) can be tailored to the demand. Interchange Services People do not like to change trains or move from bus to train or metro to airline or bus to ferry more than is absolutely necessary. Some of this is due to psychology but the need to carry luggage, physical infirmities, lack of familiarity or worries about how to achieve the change are all factors. Interchange Services The prime purpose of the interchange is, as we have seen, to link modes or services and allow passengers to change them in as convenient a manner as possible. However, not all passengers will be able to transfer in a seamless manner and many will have to wait, possibly for extended periods, depending upon the modal interchange being used. Passenger Requirements at Interchanges  Easy to understand “real time” information for people “in a hurry”;  Effective and unambiguous signing allow the free flow of people movement;  Ticketing and rebooking facilities;  Advice, information and help;  Rest areas and waiting rooms;  Luggage storage, retrieval and through handling facilities;  Support and mobility assistance;  Lost property/children facilities; Passenger Requirements at Interchanges  Meeting, collection and drop-off points;  Catering, refreshment and retail outlets;  Hotel information and allied facilities;  Toilets, including disabled access and baby changing facilities;  Policing and security coverage;  Cleansing and waste disposal services;  Taxis and other means of on-going transport;  Customs and excise facilities (international). Information Signage – Semiotics Policing and Security Pick-up and Drop-off Points Pick-up and Drop-off Points Other passenger pick-up and drop off points are used by limited numbers of travellers, these include:  Pick-up and drop off points at park and ride and airport parking facilities; -  Designated points in towns and cities for travellers to access tours;  taxi ranks where passengers can access and alight;  Railway station forecourts; -  School and hospital entrances. Each of these allows the passenger to get on or off a vehicle in order to continue the journey. Conclusion Social trends have a marked influence on journey patterns. The dispersal of shopping and other amenities which is becoming increasingly common globally encourages car use but the need for passenger services remains strong with passengers who have high expectations and are ever more demanding. Managing the Peak TL7300 Module 6  Next Week The plan is for the first portfolio quiz to take place. Please stand by for instructions. But it will be completed in the second class next week.  Learning Outcomes - To understand what transport operators can do to mitigate the effects of the peak and troughs of demand and what is its effect on their costs.  Introduction There are varying requirements ranging from, at one extreme a 24-hour transport, provided at regular intervals, to others which are provided at particular times during the course of the day Q: Examples of the above services?  Peak Movements – the working day Origin and the destination determine the demand for passenger transport thus transport is described as a derived demand (a demand for a commodity, service, etc. which is a consequence of the demand for something else) Typical working day timings?  Peak Movements – the working day Therefore, peaks of transport demand are: from home in the morning, and back to home in the afternoon and evening The homeward peak is nearly always more spread out than that the morning one – why?  Peak Movements – the working day It is important to remember that many people may have part time employment starting at irregular times while office staff may have flexible working hours Others work in remote locations or with odd shift-patterns where they do not need to travel in large numbers or travel "against the flow" to jobs in the suburbs Examples? Peak Movements – the working day However, peak travel begins far earlier than the traditional time of 08:00–09:00, Why? Many commuters now travel much further to and from city-based jobs and need to journeys well before 07:00  Peak Movements – Leisure Travel Seasonal variation - weekends and public holidays cause another peak problem, especially over longer distances These journeys will be determined by the availability of cultural, shopping, countryside and coastal destinations Examples?  Peak Movements – Leisure Travel The pressures of geography and cultural diversity determine the nature of the weekend peaks, but where leisure facilities are widely available and personal mobility is a high priority, the inevitability of queues on roads and crowded train services is (reluctantly) accepted.  Easing the Burden on Public Transport What can transport operators do to mitigate the effects of the peak and what is its effect on their costs? Do Nothing Meet the Demand Manage the Demand Increase Off Peak Movements  Do Nothing Leave the market to itself Overcrowding and discomfort will naturally persuade some people, with an element of choice, to change or delay their journeys  Do Nothing The design of vehicles may also assist, as trains and buses with a fixed number of seats adequate for off- peak travel will have room for large numbers of standing passengers in rush-hour periods The new new rolling stock for Crossrail in London is being designed in this way  Do Nothing How is the new crossrail rolling stock designed?  Meet the Demand The typical response is to BHD 1.2m+ per tram provide sufficient resources to cover peaks.– examples? However, this is expensive in terms of demands on infrastructure, vehicles and staff In wider terms, the impact on land take, pollution, congestion BHD 150,000+ per bus and delay can be considerable.  Meet the Demand The cost to rail and bus companies of meeting peak demands can be extreme Expensive equipment such as buses and trains may be used for one heavily loaded peak journey in the morning, followed by an empty journey to a siding or garage but there will then be no real demand for it until the next day  Meet the Demand This is an extreme example; sometimes the situation will be ameliorated by using a train to provide useful, but not essential, extra seats in the evening or to provide extra off- peak journeys to stimulate extra revenue. Meet the Demand New Metro Project  Manage the Demand There are commercial measures available to transport companies if the regulatory regime permits. They can, for example, prevent users of cheap or discounted tickets from travelling at peak periods, or enforce compulsory reservation systems at peak times or advance booking procedures  Manage the Demand As well as the "stick" approach, operators can use the “carrot” Reductions in ticket prices, free reservations or special fringe benefits can be provided, encouraging people to move from peak to off peak times Train ticket types explained | CrossCountry  Manage the Demand Why is booking early important for the passenger? Are numbers limited? By when do you have to buy a ticket? What is the difference between off-peak and anytime tickets?  Manage the Demand Operators of ferries and Le Shuttle have offered ‘tax free’ goods at discount, providing incentives for people to travel off peak. Mass transit operators have tried to persuade employers to move to flexible employment patterns, which allow employees to work a given number of hours at differing times.  Manage the Demand Some employees will work four long days rather than five shorter ones, or spend time working from home or work from 10:00-19:00 rather than 08:00-17:00. Since many work in service industries reliant on IT, it is not always essential to be in the office constantly. Flexibility should be increasingly feasible but many businesses still find “comfort” in having their workforce under “one roof” for fixed periods each day. Manage the Demand – Congestion Charging London, drivers have to pay to enter the city centre. They are charged 15GBP (approx. 7.5BHD) everyday if they enter the congestion charge zone.  Increase Off Peak Movements There are marketing opportunities which can balance the problems of the peak created by a transport system with a relatively fixed base load and lower levels of demand. Given that seats are available, with a base frequency necessary to capture some demand, there are options from which to choose…  Increase Off Peak Movements During the “off peak” many seats are available thus revenue per seat declines Pricing can be used to encourage family travel, groups, people new to public transport, or with free time or surplus spending power These incentives can be combined with trips to destinations which themselves have spare capacity at off peak times.  Increase Off Peak Movements Hotels may offer substantial discounts to groups, such as the elderly, who can make their journeys out of the school holiday periods, when there is also spare airline capacity Discounted tickets offered for day return travel often starting after 09:30 in major cities can be targeted at specific groups or linked to journeys to shopping or leisure destinations Life begins off-peak  Life begins at Off-Peak Why are people travelling? Where are people travelling? How are the people travelling? When are people travelling? What is the benefit of travelling off peak?  Increase Off Peak Movements As the ability of operators to segment their markets and reach different consumer groups grows, so does the opportunity to increase this form of niche retailing. Providing the fares charged cover the marginal cost of production (with the extra marketing and advertising outlay) low fares can be charged, although it is important to be aware of the propensity of some experienced peak travellers to “trade down”.  Easing the Burden on Public Transport In groups – have discussion about this theory in Bahrain. Where do we see the theory in action? Do Nothing Meet the Demand Manage the Demand Increase Off Peak Movements Use the CILT Module 4 notes on Moodle Questions?  Module 7: Mode Infrastructure, Design and Capacity Introduction The modern transport system is a complex organisation which comprises the way, the vehicle, the terminals and interchanges and their associated infrastructure and control and communications systems. This has not always been the case: many transport systems have their origins in history and started life as a simple path or way. The Ways At their simplest, these may be routes across country made by people. At the other extreme, pedestrian and cycle ways are part of a complex- built environment, with movement on them controlled and guided. What do we need to consider when designing pathways? The Ways The physical nature of a track or path will be determined by: The level of use; The terrain crossed; The environment being traversed; conflict and convergence with other transport routes; The degree of control and structure thought to be appropriate. Level of Use If a path is used by one person an hour, the only alteration to nature that may be needed is the provision of a plank across a stream. If the path is used by a person every minute, it will become a muddy furrow unless it is coated with gravel or metalled with asphalt or paving. This is even truer if the traffic using the path includes bicycles or horses. Two questions then arise: Who pays for the building work? What environmental loss occurs when the natural path is turned into built environment? Roads Which characteristics do roads depend on? Roads The physical characteristics of roads will depend upon: Volume and nature of traffic to be handled at peak times; Terrain; Environment (including population density); Capital for infrastructure investment. When roads become congested…. What can we do to improve capacity and efficiency? Roads There are predictable levels at which a road will become congested because it cannot cope with the number of vehicles attempting to use it. This capacity limit can be raised in four ways: By widening the road; By avoiding delays caused by conflicting movements through the use of grade-separated junctions; By using control systems to ensure that all vehicles are travelling as near to the same speed as possible; By using variable direction lanes in peak times (assuming the peak flow is imbalanced). Obviously, widening the road and building grade separated flyovers take considerable amounts of land which is impossible or undesirable in some locations. Roads Road transport is a major source of transport chaos in European countries. This has three dimensions: Delay and disruption because of congestion; Accidents and resulting casualties; Pollution and environmental damage. Roads Four solutions were and continue to be advocated: Link movement Apply road pricing Develop high-quality public transport services as an alternative to car commuting Use communications in place of movement. Railways Railways in Europe can be considered in three categories: Those inherited from the past; Those which have been modernised; Those which are of new construction. Railways In the period since 1950 five major changes have taken place: In most British and French cities the tramway (and trolleybus) systems were replaced by motorbuses. In Great Britain and some other countries, highly subsidised railways were closed. The UK was unusual in that suburban lines in city regions were also eliminated such as those at Edinburgh and Nottingham. Railways In some urban conurbations, local railways or tramways have been upgraded to metro or sophisticated LRT systems, in Brussels, Manchester, Newcastle upon Tyne, Vienna and Berlin. Many main lines (example the West Coast route) have been electrified. In France, Germany, Spain and other countries, dedicated high-speed lines have been constructed from 1980 onwards, following the earlier examples of the Japanese. The only completed development in Britain has been HS1 (Channel Tunnel rail link). Controlled Airspace A major challenge of aircraft movement is that of finding runway slots in which to depart and arrive. These slots have value and at busy locations additional capacity is required. Maintaining the schedule in crowded but controlled airspace, also finite in capacity. While the size of aircraft landing at a particular airport is determined by the physical construction of the airport, the frequency of landings is largely a matter of the sophistication of air traffic control procedures. Terminals and Interchanges Terminals are places where passengers start or finish a journey. Interchanges are places where they change from one stage or leg or a journey to another. It follows that interchanges may be points where passengers change from one mode to another or where they change from one service to another in the same mode (known by airlines as “interlining”). Terminals and Interchanges Much planning is needed when considering new terminals and interchanges. Lead times of 10–15 years are needed for major projects, for detailed proposals to be developed, future projections and cost benefits to be calculated and funding to be amassed. While major projects, such as Bahrain International Airport were complex and costly, this is not always the case. For example, the simplest terminal is your own front door. You lock the door and start the journey on foot, by public transport or in a car. While accessibility of systems was covered last week, consider the following examples of systems which can be reached/used from the terminal of the front door (with sample typical destinations): Path/pavement - to local shops; Car – from front drive to road network to park-and-ride (to work in city centre); Bicycle – from garage to drive to road network (to beach); Taxi waiting at end of path – to main line railway station (to London); Local bus from 300m up street (to local hospital); Path/pavement by foot or by bus – to metro station (to airport); Car – from front drive to road network to ro/ro ferry terminal (to France). Terminals and Interchanges The design, size and amenities of a terminal will depend upon nine factors as follows: The Mode(s) Using It Whether it is Stopping Point, Terminus or Interchange Volume of Travellers Using It Market Segments of Travellers Using It Frequency and Variety of Services Using It Whether Short/Long Haul, National/International Services Average/Largest Vehicle Using It Economic Situation of Its Operators (Age) – in terms of upgrading terminal/interchange facilities.  Task Think about Bahrain International Airport & the bus terminal at Manama centre. The Mode(s) Using It Whether it is Stopping Point, Terminus or Interchange Volume of Travellers Using It Market Segments of Travellers Using It Frequency and Variety of Services Using It Whether Short/Long Haul, National/International Services Average/Largest Vehicle Using It Economic Situation of Its Operators (Age) – in terms of upgrading terminal/interchange facilities. Task Prepare a SWOT analysis of the four radical solutions to road traffic problems in the educational area. (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) What improvements could be made? Which groups of users could have to change their travel patterns most with future developments? If we were to introduce a bus interchange on the Polytechnic campus, what would we need to consider? Task By widening the road; By avoiding delays caused by conflicting movements through the use of grade- separated junctions; By using control systems to ensure that all vehicles are travelling as near to the same speed as possible; By using variable direction lanes in peak times (assuming the peak flow is imbalanced). Prepare a SWOT analysis of the four radical solutions to road traffic problems in the educational area. (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) Conclusion A passenger friendly, systems concept should be applied to passenger transport. This enables better understanding of how modal operations, including intramodal and intermodal journeys, can be made efficient, safe and cost effective. Control & Communications TL7300 Module 8  Learning outcomes Understand why control and communications exist Understand the role of Air Traffic Control, Railway signaling, Road networks, Labour / workforce and Capital and Finance in control and communication  Control and communications systems exist for five main reasons: What do you think they are? 1. To expedite the orderly movement of people Introduction 2. To ensure the efficient use of vehicles, crews, and infrastructure 3. To ensure safety of people and of vehicles 4. To keep passengers, their ‘meeters and greeters’ and staff informed 5. To respond to disruption, emergencies and passenger distress  The kinds of problems to be resolved are how to: 1. Discover what is happening, e.g. If a flight is late departing, it is sometimes difficult for staff (and those meeting the flight) at the Introduction destination to discover the extent of the delay or the cause of the problem 2. Maintain smooth movement when incidents occur which may disrupt schedules 3. Avoid collisions and accidents 4. Avoid congestion or to respond to it when it occurs  5. Ensure that passengers board the right vehicle 6. Prevent acts of crime, hooliganism and terrorism 7. Give information to users of the system 8. Ensure travel revenue is protected Introduction and that unauthorized people (fare dodgers) do not travel 9. Do all the above without excessive costs and in a situation where many languages are in use  The following are some of the control and communication methods in use. Many of these systems require technology/human interface. Methods of Air Traffic Control Control Railway signaling Port approaches Road network Information Revenue and Right-to-Travel Checks Compliance with Legal Requirements  Air Traffic Control Essentially undertaken through a series of control centres and managed by ground controllers, in radio contact with pilots Aircraft “file” a predetermined route plan, showing the schedule they intend to follow The use of radar and transponders helps to identify aircraft positions and tracks their course There are distinct “air ways” through which aircraft are channeled and routed in a similar way to road and rail traffic How Do We Monitor All The Planes In The Sky?  Railway Signaling Modern signaling is either fully or semi-automatic. Older systems are manual only. Fully automatic signals will normally show “green for go”, unless: A train has recently passed the signal, in which case it will either show a “stop” or “caution” signal Or the computer control system makes the signal show “stop”, for example to give a train on another line priority to enter a station Railway Signaling Some modern signals are, or can be, manually controlled. Older systems (sometimes with semaphore signals) are entirely manually controlled. How Railway Signal Work  Gradually being introduced now in Europe is “in cab signaling” or ERTMS (European Railway Traffic Management System) which will eventually do away with line-side signaling Trains will be managed by radio from control centres, in a similar way to aircraft Railway Signaling ERTMS ( The European Railway Traffic Management System )  Port Approaches These can be done with radar control and surveillance but are often controlled only by radio to ships and radio contact controlling port authority tugs. In many cases, ships using the port are put under the command of a pilot, who boards the ship to control its passage into or out of harbour. Tugboat pushing Transport ship at Freeport port Working as Maritime Pilot  Road Network Management of traffic on the road network is mainly through use of cameras and radio reporting to/from control authorities and the police or Highways Agency Growing use of speed cameras and variable speed limits are aimed at improving control, by increasing the capacity and efficiency of the network overall In time, further application of IT will enhance control capabilities Smart Motorway: Variable speed limits – with Kevin McPhee  Information There are various ways of conveying information to passengers and those meeting them. It is often presented initially in the form of signs, frequently using symbols rather than words. Some information is static (such as a sign pointing to toilets), some is dynamic (computer screen showing arrival times). The positions of signs is a “science” to ensure the smooth flow of pedestrians across a busy area  These are passive forms of information; many passengers wish to ask questions or seek human reassurance. Information and non- specialist staff who are courteous and informed are essential at busy terminals, especially with Angry passenger on Airline long-distance services. Dynamic and personal information is particularly important when scheduled services Information are disrupted.  A combination of IT and human resources is used, including automatic ticket machines, check-in procedures for air and ferry services. Kiosk Self Check-in Revenue and Right-to-Travel Checks  There are various checks to ensure adherence to regulations ticket checks en-route customs control police asking drivers to pull over to produce documentation or take a breath test, if an incident has occurred. Compliance with Legal Requirements  Transport terminals / interchanges, often need a large and diverse labour force. How many staff are required for a particular terminal will depend on several factors, including: The economic and cultural norms of Labour / the country - A station in India or Asia workforce will, require four times as many staff per train departure as one in Britain The range and volume of activities - An international air terminal requires far more staff per passenger than a commuter rail terminal because the journeys handled are far more complex  The complementary activities – Eg non-movement activities at any terminal, eg catering, retailing and money changing The productivity of staff - Depends on issues such as the operational design of the terminal and the competence of the management In general, annual costs per employee tend to rise, so there is pressure to reduce the unit cost per transport movement e.g. automatic Labour / workforce ticket readers in place of ticket collectors and by seeking more flexibility of labour such as multi-skilling Questions?  TL7300 – Passenger Transport Management Module 1 – The People to be Moved Contact Details David Titmuss Room 20.113 Email – [email protected] Check you emails! Learning Outcomes After studying Modules 1 and 2 you will be able to: Understand characteristics and nature of different passenger types; Understand impact of geography, demography and land use on transport needs; Know the key reasons for passenger journeys and service requirements; Understand the transport demands of different market segments; What do we mean by grouping? People travel alone or in groups of varying sizes. Those travelling alone may be“grouped” for the duration of a particular journey because many will be using the same vehicle or craft to reach either a single destination or a few points. Commuters are a good example of individual but ‘grouped’ when travelling by public transport. What do we mean by ‘grouping’? How do most people travel? The Individual Traveller Characteristics Individual travellers have several characteristics: They may well have a free choice about what mode of transport to use and when to travel, although there could be a time constraint. A high proportion of individual travel is for business or education purposes. Some individual travellers are likely to have their journey paid, for example, by their employer. Individual travellers may not have friends, relations or colleagues to help them en-route. Individual travellers do not have to concern themselves with the needs of others travellers. Individual travellers tend to be adult.  Travel Mobility Index A mobility index can be used to assess the transport needs of certain travellers. The following are examples of the types of questions used: Is the traveller an adult? Is the traveller male or female? Does the traveller have a mobile phone? (Even these days some don’t!) Is his/her mobility unimpaired, slightly impaired or severely impaired, to the extent that they use a wheelchair? Has he/she any sensory impediment, e.g. of sight or hearing and how severe is it?  Does he/she have a driving licence? Will he/she be travelling with no luggage, light luggage, heavy or bulky luggage? Can he/she speak/read English and if not, the language of the country in which he/she is travelling? Will he/she be travelling with people less mobile? Will he/she be travelling with an escort? Has he/she any fears or phobias about travel? Is he/she an experienced traveller? Travel Mobility Index Age Gender Access to Technology Accessibility – Physical/Social Driving Licence Luggage Language Group Size Previous Travel Experience Adults An adult male with no severe disabilities, with a national and international driving licence, travelling alone, who can speak English and/or the language of the country through which they are travelling would have few travel phobias. What Could Change the Mobility Index? What Could Change the Mobility Index? An able-bodied adult with heavy or bulky luggage may need: ….a trolley or assistance at interchange points; ….baggage handling facilities such as trucks and carousels, for journeys by ship, aircraft, and possibly train; ….a car or a taxi, rather than light rail, a bus or Metro to make a cross city journey; ….extra time on interchanges and at check-ins, for documentation, security arrangements and baggage reclaim. People with Disabilities… Low step heights; A place to sit when waiting; Help to handle baggage. For a passenger using a wheelchair, the transport provider needs to know: Whether he/she will travel with an escort, or require one to be available If he/she can get out of the wheelchair, for example, to board a train The origin, destination and interchange points, so that accessibility can be confirmed, and arrangements made to assist Details of the journey, such as the dates/times/service. Minors Minors Infants Young Children Children Above 9 Years Old Women While many women do not require any facilities (other than those offered to their male counterparts) some may fear crime or harassment during the journey. It is also not acceptable in some cultural groups for women to travel alone. Women are also more likely to travel with young children, push chairs, shopping bags or trolleys, therefore the travel system should make it as easy as possible to cope with these as indeed is the case in many areas. Groups The ultimate question when analyzing group movements is; Did this group plan to travel together? Group Travel Couples Family Groups Interest Groups Other Groups Education Groups Couples An identifiable relationship which may influence travel behaviour or wants, for example, married couples, or partners, friends, mother and child or manager and colleague; A wish to sit together; A wish for privacy; Journey objectives which are characteristic of their relationship, for example. a married couple visiting relations, friends going on holiday, mother and child going to a clinic, manager and colleagues going to a conference. Family Groups Family groups may be small, such as mother, father and one child, or as large as 20 or more in an extended family. Group travel by an extended family making a journey together is very common in certain societies. Interest Groups It is also common to find interest groups travelling together, for example, in a charter aircraft or coach. In the case of an event such as a pop concert, religious festival or a football match the group may contain many thousands of people. This is significant business for the public transport industry although presents challenges in predicting the exact numbers to be conveyed. Other Groups Two other kinds of large groups that need to be mentioned at this point are armed forces and displaced persons or refugees. The movement of armed forces may be critical to strategic military success. School and Education Journeys The journeys to and from school or other places of education are quite diverse. These journeys may be on foot, by public transport [as diverse as bus, train, tonga, boda, autorickshaw etc.], cycle, motorcycle, taxi or car. There are many children in Britain and the USA who travel as passengers in a car making the “school run”. Quite often, several children from two or more families share car use in this way. Similarly, especially in rural areas, there may be a special school bus or a local taxi service that will collect children from their homes or designated points and take them to school and deliver them back. Exercise – 10 - 15 Minutes Can you profile these passengers, using the Mobility Index? What do we need to do as managers to cater for our passengers? Age Gender Access to Technology Accessibility – Physical/Social Driving Licence Luggage Language Group Size Previous Travel Experience Questions? Recommended Reading Anthony Francis, David Hurdle. (2020), Road Passenger Transport Management, Kogan Page, [ISBN: 978-0749497019]. Peter R. White. (2016), Public Transport, 6th. Routledge, [ISBN: 978- 1138938229]. Richard Iles. (2005), Public Transport in Developing Countries, Elsevier Science Limited, [ISBN: 978-0080445588].