Swedish Driving Licence Theory Book 2024 PDF

Theory Book Driving Licence Book (körkortsboken på engelska) 2024 Theory Book Driving Licence Book 2024 (körkortsboken på engelska) Körkortonline.se Swedish driving licence theory in English (car, category B). Traffic rules that may be hard to understand are explained with particular care, and the use of bullet points ensures the book is easy to read and understand. One of the strengths of the book is the large number of photographs depicting real-life traffic situations from throughout the whole of Sweden – from dense traffic on city streets to narrow country roads. At the end of each chapter, you can test your knowledge by answering questions that are taken from the theory tests on Körkortonline.se. The correct answers and an explanation of the theory involved are included on the following page. At the back of the book, you will find all of Sweden’s road signs and selected examples of interesting court cases. If you wish to obtain a Swedish driving licence in 2024, Theory Book is just the book for you! Edition 2024-1 Published 2024-01-04 © 2007–2024 Hagberg Media AB [email protected] Theory Book Table of contents Traffic regulations Introduction.......................................................... 6 Lanes............................................................... 14 Priority rules (priority-to-the-right rule, priority roads, etc.)................ 22 Crossings (pedestrian crossings, bicycle passages, etc.)..................... 44 Roundabouts........................................................ 56 Stopping & parking................................................... 66 Country roads........................................................ 76 Motorways & clearways................................................ 86 Overtaking.......................................................... 94 Railway crossings.................................................... 104 Special streets....................................................... 112 Winter............................................................. 120 People Learning & maturity................................................. 128 Alcohol............................................................. 136 Tiredness........................................................... 144 Vision.............................................................. 150 Impairments........................................................ 158 Children............................................................ 164 Traffic accidents..................................................... 170 Vehicles Classification of vehicles.............................................. 184 Distances (reaction, braking & stopping distances)........................ 192 Tyres.............................................................. 200 Steering............................................................ 210 3 Brakes............................................................. 220 Crash safety........................................................ 228 Child safety seats.................................................... 234 Length & width..................................................... 240 Loads (weight terminology, trailers, etc.)................................ 248 Lights.............................................................. 258 Safety checks....................................................... 268 Roadworthiness tests................................................. 274 Services............................................................ 280 Registration certificates.............................................. 286 Insurance.......................................................... 294 Environment Environment....................................................... 300 Eco-driving......................................................... 310 Fuels............................................................... 316 Road signs Road signs.......................................................... 322 Court cases Court cases......................................................... 360 4 Theory Book Introduction 5 Introduction Fundamental traffic rules Show consideration and care. Be considerate of those using the road and those who live near it. Be especially considerate of children, school traffic wardens, people with disabilities and the elderly. Do not cause any unnecessary disturbance or obstruction. No-one has any rights, only joint obligations. Road, carriageway, lane & hard shoulder The road is everything ROAD (carriageway, lane and hard shoulder) put together. The carriageway is both lanes CARRIAGEWAY HARD SHOULDER combined. The lane is where the cars are LANE driving. The road will normally have two lanes going in opposite directions. The hard shoulder is the area outside the carriageway. This is a safety zone that shall primarily be used by pedestrians, cyclists, moped drivers and slow-moving vehicles. You may drive briefly on the hard shoulder in order, for example, to facilitate an overtaking. However, be very careful if you have limited visibility. Anyone on the hard shoulder has an obligation to give way to the road users on the carriageway. 6 Theory Book Basic safety Clearly show your intentions. Make eye contact with the people who, for example, are using a pedestrian crossing or other drivers crossing your path. Always keep a safe distance. There is always the possibility of someone suddenly opening a car door or of a cyclist swerving. You need to maintain a wide margin of safety when passing the cyclist. The cyclist will probably veer towards the centre of the road due to the parked car. Defensive driving Driving defensively makes for safer traffic. Examples of how to drive defensively: Do not take any unnecessary risks. Be sure to maintain wide safety margins. Stay vigilant. Do not stress, make sure you have plenty of time. Be prepared for unexpected things to happen. 7 Analyse the situation before doing anything else. Think ahead and imagine what could happen. Drive smoothly and brake in good time. Precedence Sometimes you receive several messages simultaneously. You must then decide which to observe first. This is the order you should follow: 1. Police signals. 2. Traffic signals. 3. Road signs. 4. Rules (the priority-to-the-right rule, etc.). You are not supposed to stop. The green traffic signal takes precedence over the stop sign. 8 Theory Book Speed Adapt your speed, which means you must: Be in control of the vehicle. Be able to stop in the event of foreseeable obstacles. Take other traffic into consideration. Take the vehicle’s condition and load into consideration. Take the weather and road conditions into consideration. You may not brake suddenly or drive excessively slowly for no reason. The speed signs always take priority. However, there are a few basic speed limits, which may be of help if there are no signs: Built-up area: 50 km/h. Outside of built-up area: 70 km/h. The speed limit is 70 km/h. However, driving at 70 km/h here is not appropriate as you are approaching a bend with limited visibility. The road is also icy. 9 Ambiguous traffic rules Some rules are very clear, for example that you are not permitted to stop or park within 10 metres of a pedestrian crossing. It is simply a matter of judging the distance. However, there are more ambiguous rules, such as you having an obligation to Is the pedestrian waiting for the car to pass by? Or give way to pedestrians who is he just about to cross the road? “are about to step on to the pedestrian crossing”. What does “about to” mean? There is no exact answer; instead, the following process is used to discern whether or not you have adhered to the rule: 1. You are reported for not giving way to a pedestrian. 2. A court looks at the rules and relates them to your specific case. 3. The court then decides whether you have violated those rules. When it comes to ambiguous rules, you must therefore make a reasonable assessment and hope that your conclusion is shared by the judicial system. 10 Theory Book Test your knowledge You intend to turn right at the junction. Are you obliged to give way to vehicles approaching from the left? A) Yes B) No The correct answer is shown on the next page. 11 Correct answer B) No Explanation Traffic signals always take priority over road signs. The road sign indicating the obligation to give way only applies if the traffic signals are not functioning. “An instruction by means of a non-flashing light at a traffic signal applies ahead of an instruction concerning an obligation to stop or an obligation to give way that is provided by means of a road sign.” (Road Traffic Ordinance) Green (SIG3) Find more questions at: korkortonline.se/theory-test 12 Theory Book Lanes 13 Lanes Different types of lanes Lanes can take two different forms: Marked: The lanes are separated by lines. This is the most common type. Unmarked: If there is enough room to drive a four-wheeled vehicle, this is also considered to be a lane. Positioning of the car inside the lane The basic rule is that you should be in the middle of your lane. However, there are situations in which another position is more appropriate. Daylight with good visibility to the sides If you have a good line of sight to the sides (no forest or deep ditches), you may position your car slightly further to the right in the lane. This gives you a good margin for A oncoming vehicles. In the dark B Drive closer to the middle of the road (left side of the lane). This gives you a greater margin in the C event that an elk steps out on to the road, for example. However, when there is oncoming traffic, it is Car A has the best positioning for driving appropriate to move a little to the in dark conditions. right to create a wider safety margin to the other vehicle. 14 Theory Book When turning Left turn: As close to the left edge of your lane as possible. You must not hinder oncoming traffic. Right turn: As close to the right edge of the lane as possible. When turning on a one-way road On one-way roads you do not have to take oncoming traffic into consideration. The correct placement is therefore the following: Left turn: As close to the left edge of the lane as possible. Right turn: As close to the right edge of the lane as possible. You are driving on a one-way street and want to turn left. Position your car to the left of the carriageway, as oncoming traffic is not allowed. Please note that the road you are about to enter is a regular road with two-way traffic (warning sign A25). 15 Which lane to choose The basic rule is that you must choose the lane that is furthest to the right. However, in the following situations, you may choose the lane that is most suitable for your continued journey: There are at least two marked lanes for traffic travelling in your direction, and the speed limit is 70 km/h or lower. There are lane assignment signs (road sign F8). You are driving towards Göteborg and have just overtaken another car. Unless you want to overtake more cars, you must change lanes to D. This is because the speed limit is 80 km/h and all lanes lead to the same destination. There will be an exit in 500 metres, but lane D continues straight ahead just like A, B and C. 16 Theory Book Changing lanes How to change lanes, step by step 1. Check the traffic situation in front of you. 2. If the distance to the vehicle in front of you is good, check: 1. Rear-view mirror. 2. Side mirror. 3. Blind spot (turn your head). 3. If everything looks good, turn on your indicator. 4. Wait a few seconds. Keep your eyes moving and gauge the reactions of other road users. 5. Check your blind spot one last time. 6. Calmly turn into the new lane. A small speed increase is appropriate when changing lanes if there are vehicles close behind you in the new lane. Prohibition on changing lanes In dense traffic on roads with multiple lanes in your direction, there will sometimes be gaps in the other lanes. It may then be tempting to change lanes in order to move further ahead. However, you are not allowed to slalom between cars. Example of unlawful slaloming. You are not permitted to pass over into another lane if the line on your side is solid. 17 A is not permitted to pass over into B’s lane, as there is a solid centre line on A’s side. B, on the other hand, is allowed to move into A’s lane (for example when overtaking) as the line is not solid on B’s side. Special lanes Public transport lane (bus lane) The purpose of public transport lanes is to ensure that buses do not get stuck in queues, which would delay them. In addition to regular bus services, the following vehicles may use the public Reserved lane transport lane: or carriageway Bicycles. for vehicles Class II mopeds (not EU mopeds class I). operating a regular If any other vehicles are permitted to use the public transport service, etc. lane, this is specified on an additional panel. There are places, for (D10) example, where the public transport lane is only reserved during rush hour in the morning and afternoon. The public transport lane is indicated by the Reserved lane or carriageway for vehicles operating a regular service, etc. sign. Road markings with the word ‘BUSS’ may also occur. Reversible lane The direction of traffic flow in a reversible lane can be changed as Reversible needed. In the afternoon, many road users will be travelling home lane from work, and it is then practical to have an extra lane for traffic (M7) leaving the town centre in order to reduce the risk of queues forming. The direction of traffic is controlled by traffic signals. 18 Theory Book Test your knowledge How many lanes does this road have? A) 0 lanes. B) 1 lane. C) 2 lanes. D) 4 lanes. The correct answer is shown on the next page. 19 Correct answer C) 2 lanes. Explanation Lane: “A longitudinal field on a carriageway shown by road markings or, if there are no road markings, that is wide enough for traffic in one file of four-wheeled vehicles”. (Ordinance on Road Traffic Definitions) Because there are no road markings, you must use your own judgement. In this example, it is clear that there is sufficient room for 2 cars to be driven alongside each other. The road could perhaps be wide enough for 4 cars, but they would not be able to be driven in a normal or safe manner. You can interpret “wide enough for traffic in one file of four-wheeled vehicles” as meaning that there must be reasonable safety margins between the vehicles, and not that the vehicles are packed closely together with just 10 cm between them. Find more questions at: korkortonline.se/theory-test 20 Theory Book Priority rules 21 Priority rules No rights, only obligations The basis of all priority rules is that no-one has any rights in traffic, only joint obligations. Different perspectives on the same situation: “I have priority, as I am driving on a priority road.” The attitude that you have the right to something in traffic can be dangerous. “The other cars are supposed to give way to me, as I am driving on a priority road.” Appropriate and safe attitude. You intend to continue straight ahead. This is a situation where all drivers have obligations. Driver A must let you pass according to the turning rule, B must give way to A according to the priority-to-the-right rule, you must give way to B according to the priority-to-the-right rule, and nobody is allowed to enter the intersection if they risk having to stop in the middle of the intersection (the obstruction rule). 22 Theory Book Obligation to give way Let intersecting traffic pass. You must clearly show that you intend to let the other road users go first. For example: brake in good time rather than creating uncertainty by braking hard just before the junction. Stop if necessary, but this is not a requirement as in the Give way obligation to stop. (B1) The traffic signals are not functioning. You should follow the give way sign. Clarification of the obligation to give way Your obligation to give way applies to all traffic on the entire road that you are joining. C In the example, B is overtaking C in B direct proximity to the junction. A has an obligation to give way to B, even A though B is on the wrong side of the road. 23 Obligation to stop Same as the obligation to give way, only you have to stop regardless of whether you think it is necessary. You are not permitted to move slowly forwards, you have to come to a complete stop (a few seconds is often enough). Stop just before the stop line. If there is no stop line, stop just Obligation to before entering the road. stop If there is a queue, each car must still come to a stop at the (B2) stop line. Immediately following the car in front of you is not permitted. All-way stop means that all the adjoining roads have an obligation to stop. The easiest solution is for whoever stopped first to also start driving again first. All- way stops are rare. Not respecting the obligation to stop is a serious violation. It is one of the things that are specifically mentioned in the law, under the section on criteria to revoke a driving licence. In other words, you can lose your licence if you continue creeping forwards instead of stopping! You have to stop. If there are 100 cars in a line, every single one must stop regardless of how good the visibility is. 24 Theory Book Priority roads All those entering the priority road must give way to traffic already on it. Indicated by a Priority road sign at the start. This sign is normally displayed after every junction, unless it is evident that the priority road continues after Priority road the junction. (B4) Ends when a Priority road ends (B5) sign is displayed. Clarification about the Priority road sign The Priority road sign is displayed after every junction, not before. Why after the junction and not before? – This is so that the vehicles joining the road will also see the sign and realise they are on a priority road. If the sign is displayed after the junction, how will I know that the road is a priority road before the junction? – Normally, there will also be several indications that you are on a priority road before the junction: If you are driving on the priority road, you will surely have seen Priority road signs earlier on (compare to how you remember the speed limit). If you are turning onto a priority road, there will often be a sign or a road marking Priority road before the junction as telling you that you have an well. obligation to stop or give way. In addition, the Swedish Transport Agency specifies that a Priority road sign is not displayed directly after a junction if the road was not a priority road before the junction as well. 25 The priority-to-the-right rule Give way to traffic from the right. Applies in the absence of other priority rules. The Junction sign is sometimes displayed to clarify that the priority-to-the-right rule is to be applied. Junction The priority-to-the-right rule does not only apply at (A28) junctions, but at any time when vehicles cross paths. Clarification about the Junction sign The Junction sign does not have to be displayed for the priority-to-the-right rule to apply. The sign is simply a clarification at particularly difficult junctions, and will not usually be displayed where the priority-to-the-right rule is applicable. But how come the sign is not always displayed? – The priority-to-the-right rule is applicable in so many places that this sign would fill up the whole traffic environment. The priority-to-the-right rule applies in parking areas, for example, and it would be unreasonable to display signs at every little intersection of the parking area. The priority-to-the-right rule does not apply When you are entering a priority road. When you are driving on a priority road. Where there are functioning traffic signals. At roundabouts. Where the Give way or Obligation to stop signs are displayed. When you leave an acceleration lane. When you are reversing. When you are entering a road from a car park, etc. (the exit rule). 26 Theory Book Examples of the priority-to-the-right rule Priority-to-the-right rule, example 1 A A B C C B must give way to A, and A must in turn give way to C. This means that according to the priority-to-the-right rule C is to drive first, then A and finally B. However, in this case, it may be appropriate for B and C to drive at the same time and for A to go last, as A must also take the obstruction rule into account (A may not go into the junction and obstruct B). 27 Priority-to-the-right rule, example 2 A B A is approaching from the right from B’s perspective, which means that B must give way to A. The fact that A is turning onto B’s road or that B’s road is bigger is of no importance. 28 Theory Book Priority-to-the-right rule, example 3 B A The roads do not have to intersect at a 90° angle. The priority-to-the-right rule is applicable here as well. A must give way to B. 29 Priority-to-the-right rule, example 4 A B The priority-to-the-right rule is also applicable in open areas. B must give way to A. 30 Theory Book The priority-to-the-right rule applies here, as there are no indications that say otherwise (for example, road signs). You enter an open area. The priority-to-the-right rule applies. 31 The Junction sign (priority-to-the-right rule sign) is displayed here. However, this sign is unusual. It is absent from most intersections where the priority-to-the-right rule applies. You are not obliged to give way to the red car, as the priority-to-the-right rule is not applicable when reversing or when exiting a parking space. However, be careful, as the reversing driver may not see you. 32 Theory Book The turning rule Do not obstruct oncoming road users when turning at a junction. Do not obstruct road users on the carriageway you are joining. Example of the turning rule B B A A As A’s intended direction of travel crosses B’s path, A must give way to B. This rule applies even if A has a green light (B can have a green light at the same time). The turning rule also states that you may not obstruct pedestrians or cyclists who are crossing the carriageway you are turning into. This applies even if there is no pedestrian crossing, footpath, bicycle passage, bicycle crossing or bicycle path. When pedestrians and cyclists cross the road, they are road users on the carriageway you are joining. 33 There is no pedestrian crossing to the right, and the footpath does not cross the road. Despite this, you may not obstruct pedestrians who cross the road when you are turning. The pedestrians are road users on the carriageway you are joining. You want to turn left. Wait until the lorry has passed to see if there is oncoming traffic. The turning rule also means that you are not allowed to obstruct the lorry while waiting (e.g. by driving too far into the junction). 34 Theory Book The exit rule The exit rule means that you have an obligation to give way when exiting: A car park (both from the parking space and the parking area itself). A property (house), a petrol station or any other similar area in connection to the road. A pedestrian street, home zone, bicycle street, hard shoulder or off-road area. The car is entering a road from a property A footpath or bicycle path that and has an obligation to give way. you have crossed. Clarification about crossing a footpath or bicycle path The exit rule does not apply if there is a pedestrian crossing, a bicycle passage or a bicycle crossing at the junction. The exit rule only applies at uninterrupted footpaths or bicycle paths. A pedestrian crossing, a bicycle passage or a bicycle crossing always interrupts the footpath or bicycle path. Crossing a footpath or bicycle path in connection to a regular road junction is unusual. In most cases, the footpath or bicycle path ends before the junction and starts again after the junction. This means that the exit rule does not apply. See examples on the next page. 35 The exit rule does not apply here, as the footpath/cycle path is interrupted. The raised ground does not make any difference in this case, as it is clear that the footpath/bicycle path is replaced by a combined pedestrian crossing and bicycle passage. Instead, it is the priority-to-the-right rule that applies. Here, it is the exit rule that applies, if you are driving out onto the road as indicated by the red arrow. You are crossing an uninterrupted bicycle path, as designated by the municipality’s detailed plan. You have an obligation to give way to vehicles on the bicycle path and vehicles on the road. In addition, you are driving out from a property, which also means that you have an obligation to give way in accordance with the exit rule. 36 Theory Book Example 1: The exit rule applies here A B A is coming from a delimited area, the sole purpose of which is exit from/entry to a few homes with parking spaces. B is driving on a regular road for normal traffic. A has an obligation to give way to B, in accordance with the exit rule. Example 2: The exit rule does not apply here A B A is coming from an area with several side-roads, and there is also a connecting road to another road for normal traffic. B has an obligation to give way to A, in accordance with the priority-to-the-right rule. 37 Example 3: Two exits meet = priority-to-the-right rule A B A and B are coming from areas with similar characteristics. In such an instance, the priority-to-the-right rule applies. B has an obligation to give way to A. Clarification of the exit rule From B’s perspective in examples 1–2, it is very difficult to determine what the area looks like. In such situations, it is best to exercise caution – it is better to give way unnecessarily than to fail to give way. Ultimately, it is a court of law that determines whether something is to be classed as an exit or not. In real life situations, however, there are usually road signs to denote priority road and/or obligations to give way in such situations. The obstruction rule Try to never stop at a junction, on a pedestrian crossing or similar. 38 Theory Book The bus rule 50 km/h or slower: You must give way to the bus if it indicates to exit (only applicable to the lane furthest to the right). A Over 50 km/h: The bus must give way to you. B Give way to and do not Only car B is obliged to give obstruct way to the bus. Emergency vehicles (ambulances, police cars and fire engines) with sirens and/or flashing blue lights turned on. Trains and trams. Military convoys. Processions of different kinds (such as children with teachers and funeral processions). Cars are obliged to give way to you. This does not apply to trams. You have to give way to trams crossing your path. (“Lämna fri väg för spårvagn” = “Give way to trams”) 39 Certain pages are blank. The reason for this is to ensure that this electronic version corresponds to the printed version of the book. Without the blank page, the correct answers would be revealed without having to turn the page. The blank pages cannot just be removed from the electronic version as this would mean that the page numbers would no longer correspond to those used in the printed version. 40 Theory Book Test your knowledge Do you have an obligation to give way to vehicles coming from the right? A) Yes B) No The correct answer is shown on the next page. 41 Correct answer B) No Explanation Vehicles coming from the right are exiting a ‘home zone’. This means that they have an obligation to give way to you. The priority-to-the-right rule does not therefore apply. Home zone (E9) “A driver also has an obligation to give way to any vehicle when its path crosses their own path when the driver joins a road [...] from [...] a home zone.” (Road Traffic Ordinance) Find more questions at: korkortonline.se/theory-test 42 Theory Book Crossings 43 Crossings Pedestrian crossings A pedestrian crossing is always indicated by the sign and/or road marking for pedestrian crossing. Pedestrian crossings are primarily intended for pedestrians. In Road marking addition to those walking, pedestrians also for pedestrian include: Pedestrian crossing crossing Persons in wheelchairs. (M15) (B3) Persons on roller skates, roller skis and kicksleds. Cyclists and moped drivers may use the pedestrian crossing, but car drivers have no obligation to give way to them. The easiest way to avoid misunderstandings and accidents is to seek eye contact with the pedestrians. However, you should not wave the pedestrian over, as this creates a false sense of security, especially if there are multiple lanes. If you wave them over, the pedestrian will perhaps relax and assume that the whole road is clear, although a car could be approaching fast from another lane with no intention of stopping. Uncontrolled pedestrian crossings Drivers have an obligation to give way to pedestrians who have stepped out onto the pedestrian crossing or who are about to do so. Controlled pedestrian crossings Have a functioning traffic signal (or a police officer). Both drivers and pedestrians shall respect the traffic signals. If you are driving and get a green light, you must still let any pedestrians pass who began crossing during a green light but who did not make it all the way across before the red light. 44 Theory Book An uncontrolled pedestrian crossing. You have an obligation to give way to the pedestrian, as he is just about to step out onto the pedestrian crossing. This is a tricky pedestrian crossing. There are traffic signals, but they are not functioning. This means that the pedestrian crossing is uncontrolled. 45 Footpath A footpath (sidewalk/pavement) is a path for pedestrians. Drivers are only allowed to cross the footpath. Drivers have an obligation to give way to pedestrians on the footpath. Lacks a standardised design. Is sometimes (but not always) Footpath marked with the Footpath sign. (D5) Crossing a footpath on a normal road for car traffic is rare, as such a road design would be dangerous for pedestrians. Footpaths are often crossed when entering/exiting a property. This is a junction for normal car traffic. The design of the junction (e.g. the road surface and lack of raised ground) makes it clear that the footpath does not cross the road. Pedestrians coming from the footpath (red arrows) may only cross the road if it is possible to do so without causing a hazard or an obstruction to traffic. Your obligation to let pedestrians pass according to the turning rule does not apply here, as you are not turning. However, be careful and keep in mind that pedestrians are unprotected road users. 46 Theory Book If you enter/exit the property marked by the red arrow, you will cross a footpath. You have an obligation to give way to pedestrians on the footpath. This is a place designed to make it easier for pedestrians to cross the road. However, the footpath does not cross the road, and there is no pedestrian crossing. Even though car traffic is prioritised here, you should keep in mind that pedestrians are unprotected road users. 47 Bicycle passages Always indicated by the road marking for bicycle passage. When you are driving and approach a bicycle passage, you must adapt your speed so that you do not endanger those on the bicycle passage. Road marking for bicycle If you are crossing a bicycle passage while turning or exiting passage a roundabout, you must reduce your speed and give cyclists (M16) an opportunity to pass. The cyclists have an obligation to give way to car drivers. Clarification about bicycle passages Some words used in connection with bicycle passages may seem unclear (“adapt your speed”, “not endanger”, “an opportunity to pass”). The lawmakers want to avoid saying that you have an obligation to give way, as this could give the cyclists a false sense of safety. The fact that car drivers and cyclists have far-reaching obligations towards each other is intended to increase safety. As a car driver, you should keep in mind that the purpose of bicycle passages is to allow cyclists to cross the road. You should also keep in mind that cyclists are unprotected road users. Allowing cyclists to pass is a good and safe habit. The information concerning cyclists in the sections on bicycle passages, bicycle crossings and bicycle paths also applies to riders of electric scooters and class II mopeds. 48 Theory Book A bicycle passage combined with a pedestrian crossing. Adapt your speed so that you do not endanger those on the bicycle passage. If you turn right, you will cross a bicycle passage. Because you are turning, you have a greater obligation towards cyclists. Reduce your speed and give cyclists an opportunity to pass. 49 Bicycle crossings A bicycle crossing is always indicated by the road sign for bicycle crossing, the road Road marking Give way line marking for bicycle for bicycle (for car crossing, and a give way Bicycle crossing traffic) line for the cars. crossing (M16) (M14) (B8) When driving, you have an obligation to give way to cyclists who are using the bicycle crossing or are about to use it. The traffic environment around a bicycle crossing is supposed to be designed in a way that makes it inappropriate to drive faster than 30 km/h – for example, by locating the bicycle crossing on a raised hump. You are approaching a bicycle crossing. You have an obligation to give way to cyclists. 50 Theory Book Bicycle paths A road or part of a road intended for bicycle traffic. Other drivers are only allowed to cross the bicycle path. Bicycle path Compulsory Car drivers have an (D4) paths for Bicycles obligation to give way to pedestrians, (M26) cyclists on the bicycle path. cyclists and moped drivers (D7) Clarification about crossing a bicycle path One problem is that, in a legal sense, the bicycle path does not usually cross the road on which the cars are driving. The fact that mandatory signs for bicycle path displayed on each side of the road does not automatically mean that the bicycle path crosses the road. Most of the time, the bicycle path ends before the road crossing and begins again on the other side. It is unusual that an uninterrupted bicycle path crosses a road intended for cars. The Swedish Transport Agency has said: “Generally, a bicycle path does not cross a road/street”. Also note that a bicycle passage or a bicycle crossing always means that the bicycle path is interrupted. In other words, if you see the road marking for bicycle passage/crossing, you can be sure that the bicycle path ends before the junction. How can I know if I am crossing an uninterrupted bicycle path? – Unfortunately, it is very difficult to know, as an uninterrupted bicycle path lacks a standardised design. If you ask the experts at the Swedish Transport Agency, they will refer you to the municipality’s detailed plan. Am I supposed to stop and check the municipality’s detailed plan at every junction? – No, the best thing to do is to act in the safest manner. Reduce your speed, and allow the cyclists to cross the road. 51 If you turn right at the red arrow, you will cross a bicycle path according to the municipality’s detailed plan. You have an obligation to give way to cyclists. Note that this is a small entry road. It is not a regular junction. At this junction, the municipality says that the bicycle path ends at A and starts again at B. In other words, the bicycle path is interrupted and does not cross the road. 52 Theory Book Test your knowledge Are you obliged to give way to road-users who are already on, or are about to enter, the bicycle crossing? A) Yes, I must give way to cyclists and drivers of class II mopeds. B) Yes, I must give way to cyclists, but I am not obliged to give way to drivers of class II mopeds. C) No, because the bicycle crossing is before the roundabout. D) No, but I must adapt my speed so that I do not endanger cyclists or moped drivers who are on the bicycle crossing. The correct answer is shown on the next page. 53 Correct answer A) Yes, I must give way to cyclists and drivers of class II mopeds. Explanation Bicycle crossing (B8) “At a bicycle crossing, a driver has an obligation to give way to cyclists and drivers of class II mopeds who are on, or are just about to enter, the bicycle crossing.” (Road Traffic Ordinance) Isn’t the final alternative answer also correct? – Partly, but what makes this answer wrong is the use of the word “No”. You do have an obligation to give way. This answer only extends to road-users who “are on the bicycle crossing”. The obligation to give way is a stronger concept that also includes road-users that are approaching the bicycle crossing. The Road Traffic Ordinance states that: “Drivers who have an obligation to give way must clearly show their intent to do so by, in good time, reducing their speed or stopping. The driver may only drive on if, with consideration to the positioning of other road-users, the distance to them, and their speed, doing so does not cause any danger or obstruction.” Find more questions at: korkortonline.se/theory-test 54 Theory Book Roundabouts 55 Roundabouts Indicated by the Roundabout sign. Obligation to give way to all those already driving on the roundabout. Turn right to enter the roundabout, and drive in an anti- clockwise direction. Roundabout Benefits of roundabouts: (D3) Safe – the low speeds do not lead to serious traffic accidents. Easy to understand – it is very rare for cars to go in the wrong direction or to not give way when entering. More even traffic flow – traffic is spaced out, which means that the long queues that form at junctions with traffic signals are rare. Driving on a roundabout Choose the most appropriate lane for your continued journey. Follow road signs and road markings. Use your indicators when changing lanes. You are only allowed to change lanes if you can do so without obstructing or endangering other road users. Facilitate other drivers’ lane changes by adapting your speed. Try to place yourself in the lane furthest to the right before exiting. This is not a requirement, but it increases traffic safety. You must indicate your intention to exit (i.e. to the right) when exiting the roundabout. 56 Theory Book Driving straight ahead at a roundabout 3 2 1 1. Position your car to the right. Do not indicate. 2. When you are alongside the traffic island or a similar device that marks the exit before your intended exit, start indicating right. 3. Exit the roundabout. 57 Turning right at a roundabout 3 2 1 1. Position your car to the right, and preferably signal your intention by indicating to the right before entering the roundabout. 2. Keep to the right. Right-indicators must be turned on. 3. Exit the roundabout. 58 Theory Book Turning left at a roundabout C 3 2 B 1 1. Indicate to the left to signal to B and C that you intend to continue round to the left. It is true that only indicating to the right when exiting the roundabout should give the same information. The problem is that many drivers fail to indicate to the right when they exit the roundabout. This could lead to B and C taking a risk. Perhaps C might think: “Most people drive straight ahead without indicating. I can take a chance and drive onto the roundabout.” This would result in a collision. By indicating to the left, you are signalling to others that: “I will be driving around the roundabout, so don’t even think about pulling out in front of me!” 2. Indicate to the right to show that you are exiting the roundabout. 3. Exit the roundabout. 59 Clarification on indicating left Are there no clear rules about indicating left on roundabouts? – No, indicating left is a grey area. The Swedish Transport Agency and Police are very clear that you must always indicate right when exiting. Unfortunately, the same clarity does not exist when it comes to indicating left. “There are no specific rules about using your indicators on a roundabout. You must always use them to show your intentions when turning or manoeuvring the car sideways. Briefly put, you could say that a small or regular-sized roundabout should be treated as a junction, i.e. you indicate in the direction you are headed. [...] A larger roundabout should instead be treated as a curving one-way street, which means you indicate when […] changing lanes.” (Bo Göingberg, Swedish Transport Agency investigator. Translated from Swedish.) The Swedish Transport Agency has published a brochure on roundabouts, which states that “there are no special requirements about using direction indicators when entering a roundabout” – why is that? – The full quote is: “There are no special requirements about using direction indicators when entering a roundabout, as there is only one direction to drive.” This quote from the Swedish Transport Agency only focuses on the entry to the roundabout, stating that you must drive in the correct direction (anti-clockwise). This is quite a strange thing to focus on. Driving schools that advocate indicating to the left do so to signal the direction of the continued driving on the roundabout, not to signal entry to it. Is it always the best option to indicate to the left if I intend to turn left? – No. There are certain cases when this would not be appropriate. In the example, A is turning left, but chooses the right-hand lane (not recommended). If A indicates to the left in B XA this situation, B will think that A intends to change lane. The clearest option is for A to refrain from indicating to the left. Preventing confusion concerning lane-changes is more important that signalling the direction of the continued driving. 60 Theory Book You want to continue straight ahead. When you exit the roundabout, you must indicate to the right. There are also some curved roads that are not roundabouts. Here, you are approaching a round-shaped junction that is not a roundabout. You can see this by the absence of road signs denoting a roundabout/obligation to give way upon entry. You can also see the back of a ‘Give way’ sign that applies to traffic coming from the left. 61 62 Theory Book Test your knowledge Do you have an obligation to give way to vehicles coming from A? A) Yes, to all vehicles. B) Yes, but only to motor vehicles. C) No, because the priority-to-the-right rule applies. D) No, because I am driving on a priority road. The correct answer is shown on the next page. 63 Correct answer A) Yes, to all vehicles. Explanation Roundabout (D3) “A driver who is entering a roundabout is obliged to give way to every vehicle that is already driving on the roundabout.” (Road Traffic Ordinance) Find more questions at: korkortonline.se/theory-test 64 Theory Book Stopping & parking 65 Stopping & parking Stopping Stopping means that the vehicle has come to a halt for a reason other than: Avoiding danger. It being required by the traffic conditions. Parking. No stopping or parking (C39) No stopping or parking Where the No stopping or parking sign is displayed. On a solid yellow line. Where it creates a traffic hazard or unnecessary obstruction. On or within 10 metres before a pedestrian crossing, footpath, bicycle passage, bicycle crossing or bicycle path. At a junction and within 10 metres from the junction. Where you obscure visibility (top of a hill, a bend) or road signs. No stopping or parking In an underpass or a tunnel. (M21) On a road where there is a solid centre line on your side, if there is less than 3 metres between your car and the line. On a roundabout. In a public transport lane. In a bicycle lane. In a prohibited zone. At the intersection between a road and a railway or tramway. On a motorway or clearway. 66 Theory Book Clarification on stopping and parking before/after a pedestrian crossing It is forbidden to stop or park within 10 metres before a pedestrian crossing, but not after. Before a pedestrian crossing After a pedestrian crossing Margin Margin You cannot see the red area. When Your view of the red area is still a pedestrian comes out from the obscured, but the difference is that red area, there is practically no you will have a much greater safety margin, so if a pedestrian steps out margin in which to detect the from the red area, you will have presence of a pedestrian. almost no time to react in order to prevent an accident. But would it not be safest to prohibit stopping and parking both before and after the crossing? – Yes, but practical matters must also be taken into consideration. There is limited space in towns and cities, and a prohibition on parking after a crossing would mean the removal of many parking spaces. Compare with speed limits: country roads would be much safer if the speed limit was 30 km/h, but it would not be practical. 67 The sign says that you are not allowed to park after the pedestrian crossing. Also, you are not allowed to stop or park before the pedestrian crossing due to the 10 metre rule. Parking Parking means that a vehicle, with or without a driver, is stationary for a reason other than: Avoiding danger. It being required by the traffic conditions. No parking (C35) Loading and unloading. Dropping off or picking up passengers. No parking (parking prohibition) In places where stopping is prohibited, parking is always No parking prohibited. (M22) Where the No parking sign is displayed. On a broken yellow line. 68 Theory Book Within 30 metres of a railway or tramway crossing. Where the vehicle is facing the direction of traffic (wrong side of the road). On a priority road. Exception: Not applicable if there is a parking sign. If you would be blocking someone’s exit. Alongside another vehicle or obstruction (double parking). Exception: Not applicable if you park next to a bicycle, moped or motorcycle (two-wheeled vehicles). If one of the wheels is outside a parking space or similar line marking. At a passing place (M sign, road sign E18). More about stopping and parking A single blue parking sign means that parking is permitted for a maximum of 24 hours on weekdays. On Saturdays (including days before public holidays) and Sundays (including public holidays) there is no time limit. Note that there are often additional panels that stipulate a time limit. A parking disc is an alternative to a car park ticket. An Parking additional panel indicates the use of a parking disc. Set the (E19) parking disc to your arrival time (nearest subsequent half- hour). The arrival time is when you arrive at the parking area and begin parking, not when you intend to come back to collect the car. Start parking at 13.02 – set the parking disc to 13.30. Start parking at 14.40 – set the parking disc to 15.00. It is prohibited to leave the car keys in a parked car. It should, for example, be impossible for a child to start the car and cause an accident. In the summer, it can get very hot in the car. Never leave children or pets alone in a parked car during the summer. 69 Parking spaces for disabled drivers may only be used by those with a parking permit. Without a permit, you are only allowed to stop in order to drop off or pick up passengers. You are only permitted to stop or park on the right-hand side of the road. Exception 1: You may park on the left-hand side of a one-way street. Exception 2: You may park on the left if there are railway or tramway tracks on the right-hand side. Stopping and parking shall take place as far from the middle of the road as possible. If you park on the side of a road in the dark, you must turn on your parking lights so that other road users can see your car. Turn the wheels on an uphill or downward slope in order to prevent the car from rolling out into the street: Uphill slope: Away from the kerb – turn the steering wheel to the left so that the wheels are turned towards the road. Downhill slope: Towards the kerb – turn the steering wheel to the right so that the wheels are turned towards the kerb. No parking without a permit (dropping off or picking up passengers is allowed). 70 Theory Book Time indications on additional panel It is normally said that the times within parentheses “are applicable on Saturdays”. This is nearly always the case. However, it would be more correct to say that the times within the parentheses are applicable on the day before a Sunday or public holiday. If New Year’s Day (public holiday) falls on a Wednesday, the day before (i.e. Tuesday) is considered a Saturday, as it is the day before a Sunday or public holiday. Please note: In Swedish traffic law, a normal week has 6 weekdays: Monday–Saturday. Zone sign The Zone sign means that parking within the controlled zone No parking is prohibited. zone (E20) Exception: Parking is permitted in allocated spaces (where a parking sign is displayed). Date parking Even-numbered dates: It is prohibited to park on the side of the road with even house numbers (e.g. 2, 16, 40). Odd-numbered dates: It is prohibited to park on the side Date parking of the road with odd house numbers (e.g. 3, 17, 41). (C38) Applicable during the times indicated on the sign. These areas exist to facilitate the work of snowploughs, etc. 71 Bus stops You may stop to drop off and pick up passengers, as long as you do not obstruct a bus or tram. If the bus stop is not marked, this is applicable 20 metres before and 5 metres after the bus stop, as the bus requires more room to pull into the stop than to exit. If doing so does not obstruct a bus, you may stop to drop off or pick up passengers. You are never allowed to stop for loading and unloading. The vehicle may be towed away if it Is parked where it is unsafe, blocks traffic or hinders road maintenance. Is stopped/parked where it is not allowed. Is not suitable for traffic (e.g. driving ban, wreck or unpaid debts). 72 Theory Book Test your knowledge You park your car here at 16.54 on a Tuesday. What time must you state on the parking disc? A) 16.00 B) 16.30 C) 17.00 D) 09.00 E) 10.00 The correct answer is shown on the next page. 73 Correct answer C) 17.00 Explanation “If a parking disc or an equivalent device is used, the stated time shall be set to the nearest subsequent half-hour, counted from the time at which the parking was commenced.” (Road Traffic Ordinance) If you commence the parking at 16.54, the nearest subsequent half-hour will be 17.00. Find more questions at: korkortonline.se/theory-test 74 Theory Book Country roads 75 Country roads On country roads, the speed limit is higher than in built-up areas. For this reason, it is important to have good safety margins and to pay attention to what is going on further down the road. Turning on a country road Right turns Indicate in good time and slow down gradually. If visibility is good, you may drive on the hard shoulder just before the turn, as this makes it easier for the vehicles behind you to pass. You want to turn right. The visibility is good and the hard shoulder is wide. You can use the hard shoulder to make it easier for vehicles behind you to pass. 76 Theory Book Left turns Turning left on a country road is the most dangerous type of turn you can make. The reason for this is that you are driving at high speeds. A rear-end collision can be very serious. How to make a left turn, and possible ways to reduce the risks: 1. Check the traffic flow In rush hour traffic, it can be difficult to find a gap to use for your turn. In that case, it is safer not to make the turn, but instead drive straight ahead, turn at a suitable location, and then come back and make a right turn. If there is less traffic, continue to the next step. 2. Indicating and positioning Indicate in good time, and position your car as close to the centre line as possible. This makes it easier for other traffic users to see that you are turning. If you position your car in the middle of the lane, it is possible that the cars behind you will not notice you slowing down, which can result in a rear-end collision, or a side collision if the car behind you starts overtaking at the same time as you make the turn. 3. Avoid stopping Adapt your deceleration before the turn so that you do not have to stop and wait for the oncoming lane to be free of traffic. If you have to stop, be sure to not turn the wheels to the left, as a collision from the rear would push your car forwards into the lane of oncoming traffic. 4. Focus on making the turn Once you are ready to turn, it is important to focus on the distance to the oncoming traffic. Also remember to put the car in the right gear and accelerate fairly quickly until you are safely on the new road. Stalling in the middle of the oncoming lane is dangerous. In order to reduce the number of left turns, the road is sometimes redesigned as a jughandle turn (sometimes known as a Spanish turn). This means that you turn off onto a small exit road on the right, and then cross the road. 77 You want to turn left. Being hit from behind is a real danger here, as you will be forced to stop and wait for oncoming traffic to pass. This is a jughandle turn. You want to turn left, but if you turn at B you may be forced to stop and wait for oncoming traffic to pass. Instead, you must turn at A and cross the road, thereby avoiding the risk of a rear-end collision. 78 Theory Book Maintain the appropriate distance It is very common to see drivers not maintaining a sufficient distance on country roads. There are a few rules of thumb below that you can use to ensure you are keeping an appropriate distance. The three-second rule Start counting when the car in front of you is at a fixed point (such as a road sign) and stop counting when The distance is insufficient. Note the you reach that point yourself. If it verge posts. took less than 3 seconds, the distance between you is too short. Reflective verge posts The distance between two white reflective verge posts is 50 metres. A good distance to maintain from the car in front of you on a country road is 100 metres, which corresponds to the distance between 3 verge posts. Km/h to metres Change your speed in km/h to metres to give the distance that is appropriate to maintain from the car in front – e.g. a distance of 90 metres when travelling at 90 km/h. If the car behind you is too close Cars that drive too close to you are both annoying and dangerous. You can reduce the risks by maintaining a large distance from the car in front of you, which means that you would not have to brake as hard if the car in front of you were to slow down. This reduces the risk of you being hit from the rear. Another option is to pull over into an appropriate lay-by or parking space, and allow the stressed driver behind you to pass. 79 Meeting oncoming traffic on a narrow road The basic rule is that you should keep to the right in order to have as great a safety margin as possible. The first car to arrive at the passing place shall stop, irrespective of which side the passing place is on. If there is an obstacle on the road, the car whose side the Passing place obstacle is on shall stop and allow oncoming traffic to pass. (E18) Roadworks Drive slowly. The road workers must do their jobs while also keeping an eye on traffic. Temporary orange road signs and yellow road markings take priority over the regular signs. You are approaching an area with roadworks. Maintain a low speed and be particularly attentive. The marking for obstacle on the side (road sign X3) is placed so that the yellow panels lean downwards on the side where traffic must travel. 80 Theory Book Horses Horses in traffic require special consideration: Lower your speed. Ensure you leave more space to the side of the car than normal. Do not sound your horn or dazzle with your headlights. Accelerate calmly (the sound of the engine may frighten the horse). Also remember that riders may often be young, with little experience of traffic. It is very helpful to make eye contact with the rider. Private roads If you encounter a sign indicating a private road, you should be prepared for the following: Poor road standard. Lack of road signs. Narrow roads with sharp turns. Sign indicating a private road. Think also about your speed. Just because the speed limit is often 70 km/h, it is not always appropriate to drive at 70 km/h. If you were to crash on a bend on a narrow road with obscured visibility, this could be classed as reckless driving if you were driving at 70 km/h. Clarification on private roads Does the priority-to-the-right rule apply at junctions between a private road and a regular public road? – Yes. There are no special rules for giving way at junctions between a private and a public road. If there are no road signs denoting priority road/obligation to give way, it is the priority-to-the-right rule that applies, as long as the private road is not classed as an exit. Read more about the exit rule in the section on Priority rules. 81 82 Theory Book Test your knowledge You are going to A. Which statement is true? A) I am allowed to turn left at B. B) I am allowed to turn right at C and then cross the road. C) I am not allowed to turn into A at all from this direction. I must instead make a turn further down the road and drive back. The correct answer is shown on the next page. 83 Correct answer B) I am allowed to turn right at C and then cross the road. Explanation This is an example of a jughandle turn. Direction sign when junction turn is prohibited (F2) “The sign provides preparatory information indicating that it is prohibited to turn at a junction, but that another direction can be chosen.” (Road Sign Ordinance) Find more questions at: korkortonline.se/theory-test 84 Theory Book Motorways & clearways 85 Motorways & clearways Motorways Indicated by the Motorway sign. Traffic travelling in different directions is always separated. In other words, there are no oncoming cars. No intersecting traffic on the same level. Both exit and entry slip roads are part of the motorway, which means that the same rules apply to them. Motorway (E1) A typical motorway. Traffic is separated, and intersecting traffic crosses the road via a bridge. 86 Theory Book Motorway entry slip roads If there is an acceleration lane, neither those in the acceleration lane nor those already on the motorway have priority. Mutual consideration and adaptation apply. If there is no acceleration lane, those entering have an obligation to give way to traffic already on the motorway. Leave the entry slip road as soon as you can. Remember to check your blind spot. On a motorway, it is forbidden to Stop or park. Turn around (central barrier openings are only intended for rescue vehicles and road workers). Reverse. Walk, cycle or drive a moped. No pedestrians Tow. (C15) Drive a vehicle that is not designed to travel at least 40 km/h. Exception: Class I mopeds (45 km/h) are forbidden. Drive a tractor. Risks associated with motorways Motorways are generally safe to drive on. However, there are a few risks that you should pay particular attention to: Distorted perception of speed after exit (speed blindness). Multiple-vehicle collisions due to insufficient distance between vehicles. Monotonous driving can lead to single-vehicle accidents. The risk of aquaplaning increases with the speed. 87 Notice the white car. Nobody has priority. Mutual consideration and adaptation apply. You are not allowed to stop at the red arrow, even though it looks like an appropriate place to stop. 88 Theory Book Clearways A clearway is a mix of motorway and country road. Things to keep in mind: No intersecting traffic, but oncoming traffic may occur (rare, cable barriers are often used). The same rules and prohibitions as on motorways apply. Accidents occur more frequently than on motorways (shorter Clearway entry slip roads, less space to the sides). (E3) Clearways are always indicated by the Clearway sign. There are also country roads with cable barriers that are not clearways. On such roads, intersecting traffic may occur. Speed blindness When you slow down after a prolonged period of driving at high speeds, it often feels that the speed you are driving at is lower than it actually is. This phenomenon is known as speed blindness, and can result in you misjudging distances. The risk of A 2+1 road with cable barriers. speed blindness increases with: Wide roads without any distractions. Quiet and comfortable cars. Driving at high speeds for a prolonged period. Heavy lorries Heavy lorries may drive at a maximum 90 km/h on motorways and clearways. On other types of road, their maximum speed is 80 km/h. 89 90 Theory Book Test your knowledge Could there be intersecting traffic on the same level further ahead on this road? A) Yes, because the road is not a motorway or a clearway. B) No, from this point onwards, there will not be any junctions on the same level. The correct answer is shown on the next page. 91 Correct answer A) Yes, because the road is not a motorway or a clearway. Explanation Only motorways and clearways are guaranteed to be free from intersecting traffic on the same level. (Clearways may have oncoming traffic, but not intersecting traffic.) ‘On the same level’ here refers to a regular junction where there is a risk of colliding with intersecting traffic. Traffic that crosses the road via a bridge is not on the same level. Neither of these signs are shown: Motorway (E1) Clearway (E3) The road you are on is a priority road, and just here there is a central barrier. There may however be junctions on the same level further ahead. Find more questions at: korkortonline.se/theory-test 92 Theory Book Overtaking 93 Overtaking Fundamental rules for overtaking Overtake on the left (with some exceptions). Make sure there is plenty of space between you and the vehicle you are passing. A You must be able to see the entire overtaking distance, and it must be free of obstructions and oncoming traffic. B Overtaking A is turning left. In this case, B is permitted to pass on the right. 1. Move out slightly to the left so that you can see whether the road is free from oncoming traffic. 2. Check that nobody is trying to overtake you: 1. Rear-view mirror. 2. Left side mirror. 3. Blind spot. 3. Indicate left. 4. Increase your speed (within the speed limit) and steer towards the left, ensuring that you leave plenty of distance between you and the vehicle you are overtaking. 5. Once you have passed the other vehicle, you must indicate right and return to your original lane as soon as possible. However, do not rejoin the lane too soon, as this could lead to a collision with the other vehicle. A good rule of thumb is to only rejoin the lane once you can see the car you have overtaken in the right side mirror. 94 Theory Book No overtaking Where the No overtaking sign is displayed. Where there is a risk of endangerment. If someone behind you is overtaking you or is about to do so. If you risk getting stuck in the opposite lane (e.g. because of a long que in your lane). No overtaking (C27) If the car you intend to overtake is indicating left. Exception: Permitted to pass on the right. If you would need to cross the centre line and there is oncoming traffic. If you would need to cross the centre line and there is limited visibility. In conjunction with uncontrolled pedestrian crossings, bicycle passages and bicycle crossings. Exception: Passing at low speed (so that you are able to stop) is permitted if there is more than one lane in your direction and one of the following conditions is met: The lanes have different destinations. There is heavy queuing in all lanes. It takes place at a junction. On the right-hand side. Exception 1: Permitted if the lanes have different destinations. Exception 2: Permitted if there is heavy queuing in all lanes. Exception 3: Permitted if the vehicles are in separate lanes at a junction. Exception 4: Permitted if the speed limit is no higher than 70 km/h and there are at least two marked lanes going in the same direction. Exception 5: Permitted if the other vehicle is turning left. 95 In conjunction with a junction where the priority-to-the-right rule applies, or other junctions where you have an obligation to give way. Exception 1: Permitted to overtake two-wheeled vehicles. Exception 2: Permitted to pass on the right if the other vehicle is turning left. In conjunction with railway crossings with no barriers or traffic signals (red, amber, green). Exception: Permitted to overtake two-wheeled vehicles. Overtaking is prohibited here, as you would have to cross the centre line on a bend with obscured visibility. This applies even though the centre line is not continuous. When being overtaken Look to the right (if the hard shoulder is empty, you can drive on it to make things easier). Do not accelerate (slow down if needed). You are obliged to assist the car overtaking you, even if the overtaking manoeuvre is prohibited or dangerous. 96 Theory Book The white car has performed an illegal overtaking manoeuvre (solid centre line). You have obligations in this situation. You may not increase your speed or do anything to obstruct the passing car. Other issues It is difficult to judge the distance to oncoming cars and their speed, especially on a straight road. Winding roads make it easier, as you see the cars from the side. Trams are normally overtaken on the right. Roadwork vehicles may be overtaken on the most suitable side. You are not allowed to break the speed limit when overtaking. 97 Calculate your overtaking The time gained from overtaking is often minimal. This means that many overtaking manoeuvres are unnecessary, in relation to the risks involved. The time gained per 10 km can generally be said to be: Over 90 km/h: If you increase your speed by 10 km/h, you will gain 30 seconds every 10 km. Below 90 km/h: If you increase your speed by 10 km/h, you will gain 1 minute every 10 km. Calculation examples for time gained If you are driving at 100 km/h and increase your speed to 110 km/h, how much time will you gain per 10 km travelled? Method 1 Original speed 100 km/h New speed 110 km/h Minutes per hour (as the speed is measured in km/h – 60 min kilometres per hour) Number of kilometres 10 km First calculate how many minutes it takes to travel 1 km at both speeds: 60 / 100 = 0.60 minutes to travel 1 km 60 / 110 = 0.55 minutes to travel 1 km It therefore takes slightly less time at the higher speed. The difference is: 0.60 - 0.55 = 0.05 minutes faster per km when travelling at 110 km/h compared with 100 km/h. However, the question is how much time you will gain per 10 km, not per km. Therefore, recalculate the time gained per 10 km: 98 Theory Book 0.05 * 10 = 0.5 minutes gained per 10 km It is easier to understand if the answer is recalculated to seconds: 0.5 * 60 = 30 seconds (32.73 unless it is rounded off) Method 2 Original speed 100 km/h New speed 110 km/h Distance 10 km = 10,000 metres Fixed conversion rate km/h to m/s 3.6 Formula for calculation of time: Distance / speed = time For the formula to work, you must use metres instead of kilometres, and metres per second (m/s) instead of kilometres per hour (km/h). The speeds are therefore recalculated to m/s: 100 / 3.6 = 27.78 m/s 110 / 3.6 = 30.56 m/s Only now can you use the formula Distance / speed = time: 10,000 / 27.78 = 360 s 10,000 / 30.56 = 327 s You can then work out the time difference between both speeds: 360 - 327 = 33 seconds (32.73 unless it is rounded off) 99 Overtaking glossary Accelerating overtaking means that you drive closely behind a car at the same speed. When you begin the overtaking manoeuvre, you pull out and increase your speed quickly (within the speed limit) to pass the car. Flying overtaking means that you approach the car in front at high speed and change lanes in good time before driving past. A flying overtaking manoeuvre is preferable as it requires a shorter distance (as well as using less fuel). You must keep within the speed limit. 100 Theory Book Test your knowledge You intend to continue straight ahead. Is it prohibited to overtake the bus in conjunction with the pedestrian crossing? A) Yes B) No The correct answer is shown on the next page. 101 Correct answer B) No Explanation At an uncontrolled pedestrian crossing, you are not permitted to overtake: “Vehicles or trams may not be overtaken immediately before or on an uncontrolled pedestrian crossing.” (Road Traffic Ordinance) This pedestrian crossing, however, is controlled: “A pedestrian crossing is controlled if the traffic is regulated by traffic signals.” (Ordinance on Road Traffic Definitions) In other words, overtaking the bus here is not prohibited. Even though an action is not prohibited, it may still be inappropriate. Pedestrians could cross against a red light, and if you deem visibility to be poor, the safest option is to wait to perform the overtaking until after the pedestrian crossing. (In this example, however, you appear to be receiving help from the bus. When you reach the pedestrian crossing, the bus will be blocking any pedestrians from stepping onto the crossing from the right-hand side.) Find more questions at: korkortonline.se/theory-test 102 Theory Book Railway crossings 103 Railway crossings What makes a railway crossing so special is the fact that the trains are unable to swerve (they can have a braking distance of 1 km), and they are also much larger than a car and drive at a much greater speed. You are always obliged to give way to trains. This applies even if the lights are not flashing red. A collision with a train is so serious that the lawmakers never want you to feel completely safe when crossing a railway. You must always be on high alert and all responsibility lies with you. A level crossing is another word for a railway crossing. The white lights are there to make the railway crossing easier to detect. They do not mean that it is safe to proceed. You must always check and make sure that no train is coming. If a train is approaching, you must give way, even if the lights are not flashing red. 104 Theory Book Distance to a railway crossing First, you will see the sign with 3 bars, then the sign with 2 bars, and finally 1 bar. How to cross a railway safely 1. Get an idea of the visibility Do you already have a free line of sight at some distance away? Or are there trees or buildings blocking your view? 2. Adapt your speed to the visibility If you have good visibility, you may not need to slow down at all. If visibility is poor, you should be prepared to stop. 3. Crossing Good visibility Look both ways in good time before reaching the crossing and drive over at the same speed. However, remember that the tracks are uneven, so if you are driving faster than 70 km/h, you should still slow down. Limited visibility Slow down, shift to a lower gear (to give more power to the engine and avoid stalling), look both ways and then cross. Accelerating as you drive across is recommended. Poor visibility Stop before the crossing, look both ways and then drive across. Put the car in 1st gear and only change gear once the car is completely on the other side (to avoid stalling and other complications). 105 Stalling on the track If the engine stalls on the track, you must move the car immediately. If the engine will start, you can just keep driving. The barriers are made from a thin material that you can drive through. If the car will not start: Manual transmission: Release the clutch and turn the key as far as you can in the ignition and keep it there. This will make the starter motor push the car forwards. Note that this does not work on all cars. Automatic transmission or unresponsive car: Get out and push the car. Remember to put the transmission in neutral. If you are unable to move the car, call 112 to inform them of the situation. Queues are forming ahead. You are never permitted to drive onto a railway crossing if there is a risk that you will be stationary on the track. In this instance, you must wait until the car in front has moved further forwards before you can continue moving forwards. 106 Theory Book Overtaking at a railway crossing Overtaking in conjunction with a railway crossing is prohibited, except where one (or both) of the following exist: Barriers. Traffic signals (red, amber and green). The prohibition does not apply when overtaking two-wheeled vehicles. Overtaking table Barriers Signals (red, amber, green) Allowed to overtake Yes Yes All vehicles Yes No All vehicles No Yes All vehicles No No Two-wheeled vehicles only Correct type of signal Signal Explanation This type of signal device is sufficient to override the overtaking prohibition, as it is a red, amber and green traffic signal. This type of signal device is not sufficient to override the overtaking prohibition, as it is the regular signal that is displayed at nearly every railway crossing. 107 Different types of barriers The barriers are often opened before the lights stop flashing. Note however that you may not drive on before the lights stop flashing red. Full-length barrier Half-length barrier 108 Theory Book Test your knowledge What does this road sign mean? A) Furthest distance to level crossing. B) Shortest distance to level crossing. The correct answer is shown on the next page. 109 Correct answer A) Furthest distance to level crossing. Explanation Distance to level crossing (A38) ”The signs indicate the distance to a level crossing in a three-bar system. The sign with the three bars is, except for in densely populated areas, erected under one of the following signs: A35, Level crossing with gates; A36, Level crossing without gates; or A37, Junction with tramway line. The sign with two bars indicates that it is two-thirds the distance to the level crossing and the sign with one bar indicates the last third of the distance.” (Road Sign Ordinance) Find more questions at: korkortonline.se/theory-test 110 Theory Book Special streets 111 Special streets Built-up area (E5) This sign should always be supplemented with a speed limit sign. If a prohibitory sign is displayed together with the sign, the prohibition will be applicable throughout the built-up area (up until the corresponding end sign, E6). The sign is usually displayed before a town, the name of which may be incorporated into the sign. Home zone (E9) An open place, similar to a public square, with several homes and businesses in the vicinity can be made into a home zone, in which drivers must adapt to the pedestrians. The following rules apply to a home zone: You may drive no faster than walking speed (around 7 km/h). Obligation to give way to pedestrians. No parking (permitted in allocated spaces). When you exit a home zone, you have an obligation to give way. 112 Theory Book Pedestrian street (E7) A pedestrian street has more limitations than a home zone. Only essential traffic is permitted, such as: Deliveries. Medical transports. To and from homes and hotels. When you drive on a pedestrian street, the same rules apply as for a home zone. Note that, regardless of reason, you are always permitted to cross the pedestrian street, in the same way that you would, for example, cross a bicycle path. Bicycle street (E33) A bicycle street is designed for cyclists. You may drive a car on a bicycle street if you abide by the following rules: When you enter the bicycle street, you must give way to all traffic already on the bicycle street. Adapt your speed to the cyclists. You are never allowed to exceed 30 km/h. You are only allowed to park in designated parking spaces. When you exit the bicycle street, you have an obligation to give way. 113 Recommended lower speed (E11) It is not appropriate to drive any faster than the speed indicated on the sign. The sign is usually displayed in conjunction with a speed bump. Clarification on Recommended lower speed What does “not appropriate” mean? Is it not illegal to drive any faster than the speed indicated on the sign? – No, in that case, the sign displayed would be Speed limit. If Recommended lower speed indicated a prohibition, then what would be the difference between the two signs? There Speed limit would be no difference, which is unreasonable (why would (C31) there be two signs with the same significance?) If I am driving on a road where the speed limit is 50 km/h and see Recommended lower speed 30 km/h. Does this mean I am permitted to drive at 45 km/h? – Yes, if you deem it appropriate and safe. But you may not drive any faster than 50 km/h. 114 Theory Book You may drive no faster than walking speed, even though there are no pedestrians nearby. The street straight ahead is a pedestrian street. You may only enter if you have a valid reason. 115 116 Theory Book Test your knowledge Which of these signs indicates a pedestrian street? A B C D The correct answer is shown on the next page. 117 Correct answer D Explanation A: Built-up area (E5) B: Recommended lower speed (E11) C: Home zone (E9) D: Pedestrian street (E7) Find more questions at: korkortonline.se/theory-test 118 Theory Book Winter 119 Winter Treacherous road conditions When there is a lot of snow, most people drive carefully and give themselves greater safety margins. But it is when the slipperiness of the road is not apparent that the most treacherous situations occur. When the first ice arrives, many people keep driving as if the conditions were the same as on a lovely autumn day. If you are unprepared and enter a curve where there are patches of ice at 90 km/h, it can end very badly. A treacherous situation is more complex or dangerous than it appears to be: A lot of snow and ice = not treacherous, as the danger is evident. Patches of ice = treacherous, as the danger is hidden. Snow tracks Tracks are formed in the lane where most people drive. You may get good traction inside the tracks, but if you go outside them you may lose the grip on the road completely. You should therefore avoid overtaking in these conditions. Do you want to overtake the truck? Bear in mind that the snow/slush outside the tyre tracks could cause you to lose grip. 120 Theory Book Freezing rain When the temperature is around 0°C, rain may freeze directly upon contact with the road. This is referred to as freezing rain and it is very dangerous, as you may think it is normal rain, whilst it is actually making the road surface extremely slippery. Snow smoke When it gets cold and starts to snow, the car in front of you may trail snow smoke (the tyres whisk up the newly fallen snow). You must therefore maintain an extra large distance to the car in front in this situation. Broad snowploughing In deep snow, you will not see any road markings, which means you have to rely on the tracks of the snowplough. Remember however that the snowplough may have gone outside of the road. If you drive too far to the right, you risk sinking into the snow in the ditch. Snow markers are a good indication of the actual width of the road. How to discover ice on the road Use snow markers to assess the width of the road. Temperature lower than +4°C. No splashing heard from under the car, even though the road looks wet/damp. Indicates that the water is frozen. At a junction, snow is often densely compressed by passing cars, which increases the risk of ice (the surface of the snow is worn smooth by the tyres). Shaded sections of the road that have not been warmed by the sun may have patches of ice. Bridges and viaducts have a particularly high risk of ice, as they are cooled by the air from below and above. 121 Winter equipment Even in temperatures of -25°C, many people will get in their car and drive off wearing summer clothes. Should you get stuck in a ditch on a forest road, you will soon realise how poorly equipped you are. If you cannot get the car started, the heat will rapidly disappear, and it may take a while for a recovery vehicle to arrive. You should therefore be equipped with the following in winter: Warm clothes/shoes. Mobile telephone. Snow shovel. Towline. High visibility vest. Starter cables. Ice scraper. High visibility vest and ice scraper. 122 Theory Book Things to remember at other times of the year Winter is the normal time for slippery road conditions. However, the roads can get slippery at other times of the year too. The following are a few examples of things to pay particular attention to in other seasons. Spring In the early spring, the nights can get cold and icy. There is a particular risk of ice on shaded sections of the road which have not yet been warmed by the sun. Melting snow can also cause problems. Summer On very hot days, the tar in the asphalt may get slippery. When it rains after a long period of warm weather, dirt is washed up from the surface of the road. When this happens, the oil remnants can make the road slippery. Autumn Be careful of the first ice that arrives just before winter. Dirt dragged onto the road by tractors and combine harvesters Watch out for wet leaves. can make the road slippery. Wet leaves are slippery. 123 124 Theory Book Test your knowledge Is compressed snow (snow that has been worn smooth) good or bad, in terms of grip? A) Good, as the smooth surface of the snow means that the effectiveness of the tyres’ studs is significantly increased. B) Bad, as compressed snow can be very slippery. C) Good, as loose snow is more slippery than compressed snow. The correct answer is shown on the next page. 125 Correct answer B) Bad, as compressed snow can be very slippery. Explanation Snow becomes compressed or smooth-worn when it has been subjected to hard pressure. It is often found at junctions, where many vehicles come to a standstill before then accelerating. Compressed snow has many of the same properties as ice – i.e. poor grip. Compare it to

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