Chapter 7 Personality Psychology PDF

Chapter 7 Personalit y Personality: An individual’s unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Personality theory: A theory that attempts to describe and explain individual similarities and differences.  The Psychoanalytic.1 Perspecti...

Chapter 7 Personalit y Personality: An individual’s unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Personality theory: A theory that attempts to describe and explain individual similarities and differences.  The Psychoanalytic.1 Perspective on Personality Psychoanalysis is the theory of personality that stresses out the influence of unconscious mental process, the importance of sexual and aggressive instincts, and the enduring effects of early childhood experiments on personality.  Freud’s Dynamic Theory of Personality Freud (1940) saw personality and behavior as the result of a constant interplay between conflicting psychological forces. These psychological forces operate at three different level of awareness:  The conscious  The Preconscious  The Unconscious Level of Awareness and the Structure of Personality  The structure of Personality The id: Entirely unconscious and present at birth. The id is completely immune to logic, values, morality and the demands of external word. The id is ruled by the pleasure principle: immediate satisfaction of the instinctual urges specially the sexual urges. The id strives to increase pleasure, reduce tension, and avoid pain. The newborn infant is completely driven by the pleasure principle. The Ego: It is partly conscious, and it represents the organized, rational, and planning dimension of personality. The ego operates on the reality principle: the awareness of environmental demands and the capacity to accommodate them by postponing gratification until the appropriate time or circumstances. In the early childhood, the ego must deal with external parental demands and limitations. Gradually the social values move from being external demands to being internalized rules and values. The Superego: perfectionist principle The partly conscious, it’s the internal representation of parental and social values. So the superego evaluates the acceptability of behavior and thoughts, then praises or admonishes. Freud called the superego “The inner voice that is our conscience”. When we fail to live up to it’s moral ideas the superego imposes feelings of guilt and shame.  The Major Ego Defense Mechanisms Repression ‫قمع‬ Rationalization ‫مبرر‬ Projection ‫اسقاط‬ Denial ‫نكران‬ Undoing ‫التراجع‬ Regression‫التراجع‬  Evaluating Freud and The psychoanalytic perspective on personality  Inadequacy of evidence The data derived from small number of patients and from self-analysis.  Lack of Testability Many concepts are so vague that they are impossible to measure or confirm. For example: how can we prove the existence of the id or the superego?  Sexism Freud believed that women are more influenced by their emotions and have a lesser ethical and moral sense than men.  The Humanistic Perspective on.2 Personality The Humanistic perspective emphasize the inherent goodness of people, human potential, self- actualization, the self concept, and healthy personality development. In contrast to Freud's pessimistic view of people as being motivated by unconscious and sexual instincts, the humanistic perspective saw people as being innately good, and focusing on healthy personality. In contrast to behaviorist view that human and animal behavior is due largely to environmental reinforcement and punishment, humanistic believed that people are motivated by the need to grow psychologically.  The Humanistic Perspective on Personality Carl Rogers believed that the most basic human motive is the actualizing tendency: the innate drive to maintain and enhance the human organism. According to Rogers, all other human motives, whether biological or social are secondary. The Self concept: Set of perceptions and beliefs that you have about yourself, including your nature, your personal qualities, and your typical behavior. Positive regard: sense of being loved and valued Conditional positive regard: Rogers (1959) maintained that most parents provide their children with conditional positive regard, the sense that the child is values and loved only when he or she behaves in a way that is acceptable to others. Unconditional positive regard: The child’s sense of being unconditionally loved and valued even if he or she doesn’t conform to the standards and expectations of others.  Evaluating The Humanistic Perspective on Personality Humanistic theories are hard to validate or test scientifically. Many psychologists believe that humanistic psychology’s view of human nature is too optimistic.  The Social Cognitive.3 Perspective on Personality Albert Bandura’s theory of personality, which emphasizes the importance of observational learning, social experiences, self-efficacy beliefs, conscious cognitive processes, and reciprocal determinism. Self-efficacy: The beliefs that people have about their ability to meet the demands of a specific situation; feelings of self-confidence or self-doubt. Reciprocal Determinism human functioning as caused by interaction of Evaluating the social cognitive perspective  It applies best to laboratory research.  Ignores the unconscious influences, emotions or conflicts.  Focuses on very limited areas of psychology.  The Trait Perspective on.4 Personality  A trait, is a relatively stable enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way.  The Trait theory then focuses on indentifying, describing, and measuring individual differences. Raymond Cattell believed that personality could be described in terms of 16 source traits or basic personality factors.  The Five Factor Model of Personality A trait theory of personality that indentifies five basic source traits. 1. Extra version =outgoing= talkative… 2. Neuroticism = ‫عصبي‬ 3. Agreeableness=agree on every thing 4. Conscientiousness = responsible and careful 5. Openness to Experiences= art, beauty…  Evaluating the Five Factor Model of Personality  This theory doesn’t really explain human personality, they simply label general predispositions.  It doesn’t attempt to explain how or why individual differences develop.  Assessing Personality  Psychological Test  Projective Test  Self-Report Inventories Thank you