Theories of Personalities - BES3148 Preliminary PDF

THEORIES OF PERSONALITIES BES3148 | PRELIM | 3BES3 | GIAN CARLO LEDESMA SEMESTER 1 SY. 2024-2025...

THEORIES OF PERSONALITIES BES3148 | PRELIM | 3BES3 | GIAN CARLO LEDESMA SEMESTER 1 SY. 2024-2025 ENGAGEMENT 1: INTRODUCTION TO THEORIES OF PERSONALITY PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY WHAT IS IT THAT MAKES UP WHO WE ARE A branch of psychology that studies personality ❖ Genetics and its variation among individuals. ❖ Upbringing It is a scientific study that aims to show how ❖ Life Experiences people are individually different due to psychological forces. PERSONALITY INTENTION OF PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Personality refers to the enduring characteristics and behavior that comprise a It allows us to study personality, which person’s unique adjustment to life, including DEVELOPS over time. major traits, interests, drives, values, It enables us to explain how personality VARIES self-concept, abilities, and emotional patterns. among individuals with how different and similar (American Psychological Association) we are. Refers to individual differences in characteristic Allows us to understand how personality patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. INFLUENCES our thoughts, behaviors, and Specifically how people differ in behavior, reactions, which are collectively referred to as feelings, and reactions to the environment and attitude. to other people. This field is also interested in telling us how It is often thought of as something that arises personality PREDICTS responses to stimuli. from within the individual and remains fairly ENABLES us to advance in our choices and consistent throughout life. preferences. It encompasses all the thoughts, behavioral patterns, and social attitudes that impact how HOW PERSONALITY IS DETERMINED we view ourselves and what we believe about ACCORDING TO PHILOSOPHICAL others and the world among us. PERSPECTIVES NATURE (NATIVISM) NURTURE (EMPIRICISM) CHARACTER John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, Personal characteristics that have been judged George Berkley, or evaluated. David Hume External manifestation of the human nature. This Rene Descartes, People are born as is what people see and what they recognize Immanuel Kant, blank slates (tabula about you. Charles Darwin rasa) and are filled Emergent form of human nature. Aspects of human in as they behaviors are experience the TEMPERAMENT innate and world. hereditary. Environmental Ex: physical Variables Hereditary aspects of personality, including appearance, Ex: childhood sensitivity, moods, irritability, and adaptability. personality experiences, how In born form of human nature. characteristics we were raised, social NOTES relationships, surrounding Character and temperament are part of culture personality. It is the essence of who we are. How do we express this essence? Through personality. ICY SORIANO 1  FOCUS AREAS IN STUDYING PERSONALITY ❖ Is Simpler than other explanations (Parsimonius) Comprehending individual differences in Make use of the emic perspective particular personality characteristics, such as (insider’s perspective) when talking to sociability or irritability. people around you. Understanding how various parts of a person ❖ Is Testable (theory can be falsified) come together as a whole. APPROACHES TO STUDY BASIC QUESTIONS ABOUT PERSONALITY ❖ Deductive: How are personality dynamics described? Works from top to down What perspectives are used to explain Theory before application personality? ❖ Inductive: What insights are developed to predict Reasoning from bottom to up personality dynamics? Data first before theory How can personality be changed or controlled? DEDUCTIVE APPROACH DIFFERENT PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES, Generate basic laws about people. APPROACHES, AND THEORIES Make deductions about what individual people will be like based on those laws. Ex: Freud - developed theory first in 1. PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE Psychoanalytic Theory. Believes that personality is a summation of the innate instincts and parental influences. INDUCTIVE APPROACH First five years of life are critical in determining a complete personality. Collect data about people first. People are inclined to satisfy their needs for Develop the theory based on the data. survival. Instincts that drive behavior, such as Premise of qualitative studies. sex, hunger and thirts [must be satisfied first]. Ex: Robert McCrae and Paul Costa - Big Five ○ ID Factor trait model ○ Ego ○ OCEAN / NEO AC ○ Super-Ego O - openness (to experiences) Unconscious thought processes that the C - conscientiousness person is unaware of. (Dreams) E - extraversion Childhood events, particularly parental A - agreeableness influences and other nurturing events. N - neuroticism 2. BEHAVIORIST PERSPECTIVE THEORY Firmly believed the things that are covert are meaningless. To see is what to believe. Derives from the Greek word, theorien, which The way most people think of personality is means “to look at” meaningless. Ideas that is intended to explain facts or events. Personality changes according to the Can be proven or rejected on grounds of environment (reinforces and punishments) empirical evidence. If you change environment then you change In science, theory is not just a guess. It is a the personality. (Autoplastic adaptation) well-tested explanation of something in nature. A theory often really means someone has a hypothesis about whatever thing. The predictions that a theory makes must be observable and relatable. It must be testable. THEORY BUILDING (A GOOD THEORY) ❖ Explains current observations ❖ Predicts future events ❖ Is Useful (practical applications) ICY SORIANO 2  3. HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE 5. TRAIT THEORY CRITICISM Human potential Does not take into account the importance of Do not believe in Determinism (your actions context in coming up with a thorough are dictated by your past.) understanding of one’s personality. We are innately good, and as long as our Trait-Situation Interactions: When external self-esteem and self-concept are positive we circumstances influence the expression of will be happy. personality traits. Focuses on psychological growth, free will, and Behavioral Genetics: study of inherited personal awareness. behavioral traits. In order to reach full attention, you need to satisfy the different needs in life. 6. IDIOGRAPHIC APPROACH Focus on the individual and recognition of uniqueness. Private subjective, and conscious experiences Investigations gain written information unique to the individual being studied. 7. NOMOTHETIC APPROACH Attempts to establish laws and generalizations about people. 4. TRAIT PERSPECTIVE Objective knowledge through scientific A characteristic pattern of behavior methods. A disposition to feel and act, as assessed by Investigations gain numerical data or data that self-report inventories and peer reports. can be categorized. PERSONALITY TYPES Study of groups. ○ Type A: Competitive, aggressive, and 8. BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE achievement-oriented. ○ Type B: What percentage of personality is inherited - Easygoing, less stressed, heritability? indifferent. We are not sure, BUT temperaments do seem Centered on the idea that personality is made to be stable from infants to old age. up of a number of different broad traits of dispositions. 9. BODY BUILT OR BODY TYPES Understand individuals by breaking down (SOMATOTYPE THEORY) behavior patterns into observable traits. Proposed by Dr. William Sheldon, the Father of They believe that we can describe people’s Body Typing personalities by specifying their main Also called as the somatotypes characteristics (traits). ○ Ectomorph (thin) Traits like honesty, laziness, ambition, Tend to be more shy and outgoing, are thought to be stable over the secretive. course of your lives. Lean and long; with difficulty building muscle. ○ Endomorph (fat) ICY SORIANO 3  Tend to be friendly and ASSESSMENT OF PERSONALITY outgoing. Big, high body fat, often Reliability - results are consistent pear-shaped; with high Validity - results satisfy objectives tendency to store fat. ○ Mesomorph (muscular) Tend to be more shy and secretive. Muscular and well-built; with high metabolism and responsive muscle cells. Study has not been replicated. 10. SOCIAL COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE Focus on how we interact with our culture and NOTES environment Reciprocal Determinism (traits, environment and behavior all interact and influence each Asians tend to score: other) - High in collectivism Personality is shaped by imitation, modeling - Low in individual competitiveness and and observation. assertiveness People are good imitators - Low in self-enhancement and optimism - Low in the tendency to seek mental health treatment. African Americans tend to score: - Low on trust of other people - Low on hopelessness and depression (if they identify with Black cultural values) - High on depression - Low on self-esteem if they perceive discrimination against them. Hispanics tend to score: - Low in tendency to seek mental health treatment - High in collectivism 11. EXISTENTIAL PERSPECTIVE - High in PTSD symptoms following injuries Emphasizes the subjective meaning of human experience, uniqueness of individuals, and 1. PERSONALITY INVENTORY personal responsibility reflected in choice. A questionnaire (often with true-false or Explores issues related to human existence: agree-disagree items) on which people meaning in life, death anxiety, purpose, respond to items designed to gauge a wide freedom, choice. range of feelings and behaviors. Used to assess selected personality traits. 2. MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY (MMPI) The most widely used researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use) Now used for many other screening purposes MMPI and MMPI-2 ○ MMPI: was used specifically as a 12. INTEGRATIVE APPROACH psychological test for clinical purposes. Describes personality as a composite of an ○ MPPI-2: is used in other psychological individual’s psychological processes. contexts such as legal and industrial. ICY SORIANO 4  OTHER PROJECTIVES ❖ Sentence Completion ❖ Word Association ❖ Draw-A-Person ❖ House-Tree-Person OTHER METHODS OF ASSESSMENT ❖ Clinical Interviews ❖ Behavioral Assessment/ Observation ❖ Thought and Experience Samples BARNUM EFFECT 3. PROJECTIVE TESTS Yielding general, vague descriptions Attempt to probe that invisible portion of our Errors in the interpretation which means they personality through ambiguous, non-verbal don’t speak genuinely about the individual. stimuli. People have the tendency to see themselves in Projection of need, fears, and values onto the vague, stock description of personality. stimulus when asked to describe it. Horoscopes, astrologers, and psychics all are prone to this. 4. THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST (TAT) Giving the subject a picture that is ambiguous IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT (can have serial meanings) and ask them what is occurring. Process by which individuals try to control the Answers reveal the manifest content. impression others have of them. They discover the latent content. ○ Name dropping ○ Appearance 5. RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST ○ Self-description The most widely used projective test ○ Flattery A set of ten inkblots designed to identify ○ Favors people’s feelings when they are asked to ○ Agreement with opinion interpret what they see in the inkblots. ENGAGEMENT 2: DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY Some traits, actions, disorders, etc. are transferred directly from parents through dominant genes. Which theory is correct? Which solves the puzzle of personality? ○ The most complete answer we can suggest is that all theories discuss factors that are influential, to some degree, in shaping our personality. BIOLOGICAL FACTOR 1. GENETIC MAKE-UP People generally do not inherit the trait There is increasingly strong evidence that many themselves. personality traits or dimensions are inherited. What are inherited are the predispositions. Research involving twins from Canada, ○ The proneness toward the acquisition of Germany, and Japan provides support for the certain behavioral tendencies. genetic basis of the five-factor model. ○ The principal author of that study suggested that this may “represent the ICY SORIANO 5  common heritage of the human species” (Yamagata et al., 2006, p. 96) Tend to be friendly and A study of adolescent twins (both fraternal and outgoing. Extroverted, identical) in Sweden found a strong genetic cheerful, relaxed, lazy. component in the psychopathic personality Big, high body fat, often prone to violent antisocial behavior (Larsson, pear-shaped; with high Andershed, & Lichtenstein, 2006) tendency to store fat. ○ Mesomorph (muscular) Behavioral Genetics Tend to be more shy and A field in which variation among individuals is secretive. Extroverted, active, separated into genetic versus environmental competitive. components. Muscular and well-built; with The most common research methodologies are high metabolism and family studies, twin studies, and adaptation responsive muscle cells. studies. Study has not been replicated Huntington’s Disease Progressive brain disorder that causes uncontrolled movements, emotional problems, and deteriorated cognition. What is inherited is the disease itself Receptor Condition Describes how weak or strong are the sense organs in responding to external stimuli. Injuries and Accidents Resulting to brain damage that effects loss of certain affected mental faculties and functions. Symptoms: ○ Chorea: uncontrollable movement of the arms, legs, head, face, and upper body. ○ Dementia: general intellectual deterioration; cognitive impairment 3. BIOLOGICAL DEPRIVATION 2. BODY CONSTITUTION Unmet or unsatisfied physiological needs may Refers to the biological make-up of the person lead to certain interpretations about behaviors. (e.g. height, weight, complexion, etc.) ○ Body built Sleep Deprivation ○ Receptor Condition The condition of not having enough sleep which may also impact the way people make Body Built or Body Types interpretations about other’s actions, thoughts, Proposed by Dr. William Sheldon, the Father of and feelings. Body Typing Also called as the somatotypes 4. NOXIOUS AGENTS ○ Ectomporh (thin) Refer to harmful, undesirable, toxic chemicals Tend to be more shy and that may impede normal, healthy mental secretive. Introverted, functioning. intelligent, quiet, restrained. ○ Popular examples include alcohol, Lean and long; with difficulty marijuana, shabu, etc. building muscle. ○ Endomorph (fat) ICY SORIANO 6  greater mental and physical health, preserving, higher aspirations and self-esteem, lower anxiety, higher grades, and greater social skills and popularity. PARENTAL FACTOR Freud was the first theorist to emphasize parental influences on the formation of personality. ○ Virtually every theorist thereafter echoed his views. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR Adler focus on the consequences for a child who feels unwanted or rejected by his or her Acknowledges the importance of the social and parents. physical environment in shaping one’s ○ Such parental rejection can lead to personality. insecurity, leaving the person angry and Adler spoke of the impact of birth order, arguing deficient in self-esteem. that personality is influenced by our position in Horney wrote from her own experience about the family relative to our siblings. how lack of parental warmth and affection can ○ Home environments can result in undermine a child’s security and result in different personalities. feelings of helplessness. Horney pointed out the vastly different social Allport considered the infant’s relationship with environments to which boys and girls are the mother to be the primary source of affection exposed as children. and security, conditions crucial to later ○ She spoke of female inferiority personality development. developing from the way girls are Cattell saw infancy as the major formative treated in a male-dominated culture. period, with the behavior of parents and siblings Allport noted that although genetics supplies shaping the child’s character. the basic raw material of personality, it is the Erikson held that the child’s relationship with the social environment that shapes the material mother in the first year of life was vital in into the finished product. promoting a trusting attitude. Culture is an important aspect of the Rogers spoke of the parents’ responsibility for environment that can shape personality. supplying unconditional positive regard to their ○ Ex: Western cultures tend to be more children. individualistic than Eastern cultures. Diana Baumrind’s different types of parenting styles: LEARNING FACTOR 1. AUTHORITARIAN Inherited facts of personality can be modified, Authoritarian parents are often thought of as disrupted, prevented, or allowed to flourish disciplinarians. by the process of learning. ○ They use a strict discipline style with Aspects of personality that have scientific little negotiation possible. Punishment is evidence to show that they are learned. common. ○ Self-efficacy (Bandura) ○ Parents with this style are typically less Bandura (Bobo Doll) introduced nurturing. the idea that we learn from ○ Expectations are high with limited watching models (observational flexibility. learning) and through vicarious learning. 2. PERMISSIVE OR INDULGENT ○ Locus of control (Rotter) Permissive or Indulgent parents mostly let their ○ Learned helplessness, and optimism children do what they want, and offer limited versus pessimism (Seligman) guidance or direction. Notion of Control is a learned dimension of ○ They are most like friends than parents. personality for which parental behavior is ○ Parents in this category tend to be warm paramount. and nurturing. A high degree of control has been related to ○ Expectations are typically minimal or not better coping mechanisms, fewer stress effects, set by these parents. ICY SORIANO 7  3. UNINVOLVED 2. PERSONAL CONCERNS Uninvolved parents give children a lot of Refers to conscious feelings, plans, and goals; freedom and generally stay out of their way. what we want, how we try to achieve it, and how ○ No particular discipline style is utilized. we feel about the people in our life. ○ This group of parents offers little ○ These may change often over the life nurturing. span as a result of the diverse situations ○ There are few or no expectations of and influences to which we are children. exposed. 4. AUTHORITATIVE 3. LIFE NARRATIVE Authoritative parents are reasonable and Implies shaping the self, attaining an identity, nurturing, and set high, clear expectations. and finding a unified purpose in life. ○ This style is thought to be most ○ One’s ongoing life story with respect to beneficial to children. needs, challenges, and opportunities. ○ Disciplinary rules are clear and the reason behind them are explained. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS ○ Expectations and goals are high but stated clearly. Children may have input ❖ Frustrations into goals. ❖ Overgratifications Healthiest parenting style among all Diana ❖ Excessive use of Defense Mechanisms Baumrind popularized ❖ Psychological Stress ❖ Trauma ❖ Psychological Deprivation 1. THE CONSCIOUSNESS FACTOR Focus area that deals explicitly or implicitly with conscious (cognitive) processes. Conscious mind that perceives, thinks, feels, and remembers, enabling us to interact with the real world. Kelly offered the most complete theory based on cognitive factors. ○ He agreed persuasively that we form DEVELOPMENT FACTOR constructs about our environment and about other people and that we make predictions (anticipations) about them We accept that the childhood years are crucial to base on these constructs. personality formation, but it is also clear that personality continues to develop well beyond childhood, perhaps throughout the entire life 2. THE UNCONSCIOUS FACTOR span. That murky repository of our darkest fears and How long does our personality continue to conflicts. grow? ○ Forces that affect our conscious Does your self at age 20 indicate what you will thoughts and behaviors. be like at 40? Suggest that the emotional unconscious as Theorists suggested that personality continues Freud envisioned it as the startling idea that to develop on three levels (McAdams, 1994; signaled the formal beginning of the study of Orlando, 2016): personality. ○ Dispositional traits The rational unconscious is often referred to as ○ Personal concerns the non-conscious to distinguish it from Freud’s ○ Life narrative unconscious, his so-called dark cauldron of repressed wishes and desires. 1. DISPOSITIONAL TRAITS Are inherited traits of the kind discusses by 3. FRUSTRATIONS McCrae and Costa, those characteristics found Not reaching one’s goals (personal or to remain stable and relatively unchanging from professional) may lead to discomfort. age 30 on. ICY SORIANO 8  Attributed to failures in life emanating from both Deprived of need for love, recognition, power, internal and external factors. etc. ○ Conduct Disorders: 4. OVERGRATIFICATIONS Individuals who are not given love and attention by parents Too much satisfaction or gratification may lead will engage in attention-getting to consequences. behaviors. ○ Fixations: arrest in the erogenous zone Teachers become reinfrocing on of a particular developmental stage. the maladaptive patterns of Anal Stage: behaviors. Oral Stage: Early Phase Early Phase (Expulsion): leads (sucking): leads to to Anal Expulsive SOCIAL-CULTURE DETERMINANTS Oral Incorpractice Character Character ○ Generous, ❖ War ○ Greedy, happy, ❖ Poverty voracious messy, ❖ Unemployment eaters. untidy ❖ Racial Discrimination Late Phase Late Phase ❖ Residential Mobility (Biting): leads to (Retention): leads ❖ Rural and Urban Settings Oral Sadistic to Anal Retentive Character Character Difficult to pinpoint causes because of the ○ Sarcastic, ○ Selfish, interplay of many factors operating within the brutally stringy, micro, meso, and macro levels of the society frank, hard-head Levels of Social Organization: criticizing ed, clean, ○ Macro: Global or International orderly. ○ Meso: National or Local ○ Micro: Personal or Familial 5. EXCESSIVE USE OF DEFENSE Areas that Cover a Complete Personality MECHANISMS Theory: Preservation of the ego integrity by warding-off anxieties and other unpleasant feelings. 1. STRUCTURE Ego defenses that help maintain one’s Building blocks of one’s personality self-schema. Elements that comprise one’s personality make-up Ego Strength Composition and divisions of personality Extent to which the ego functions are carried out efficiently. Makes compromise between the id and 2. PROCESS/ DYNAMICS superego Mechanisms by which personality traits “Get Executive of the personality Outside the Skin” ○ Ego Syntonic: instincts or ideas that Interplay of personality features with internal and are acceptable to the self external mechanisms of an individual. ○ Ego Dystonic: impulses or behaviors that are distressing to the self 3. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Lifelong process of physical, behavioral, cognitive, and emotional transformation and change. ○ In the early stages of life- from babyhood to childhood, childhood to adolescence, and adolescence to adulthood- enormous changes take place. 4. PSYCHOPATHOLOGY The scientific study of mental disorders 6. PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPRIVATION ICY SORIANO 9  The manifestations of behaviors and help a person change behavior and overcome experiences which may be indicative of mental problems in desired ways. illness or psychological impairment. 7. RESEARCH 5. BEHAVIORAL OUTCOMES Current findings in both the local and global Positive or negative attitudes, dispositions, and paradigm that are helpful in elucidating the other features exhibited as a result of various tenets of the theories of personality. influences to one’s complex personality. 6. PSYCHOTHERAPY The use of psychological methods, particularly when based on regular personal interaction, to ENGAGEMENT 3: THE PLACE OF PERSONALITY IN THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY THE BIRTHING OF IDEAS ○ Darsana - a mode of objective and Philosophy is derived from two Greek words critical seeing; seeing not only through Philosophy was first introduced by Pythagoras the sense of sight. ○ Philia/ Philein - love or friendship ○ Sophia - wisdom THE ISLAMIC VIEW OF PHILOSOPHY ○ LOVE OF WISDOM Love is an urge or drive of the will towards a Falsafa is used to take the place of Greek particular object. philosophia ○ It is also the Arabic term for philosophy ROOTS OF PSYCHOLOGY FROM PHILOSOPHY Hikma - illumination Views behavior from the ○ It enables ones to have an Neuroscience perspective of biological understanding of the principles of reality. functioning. Believes behavior is motivated by THE BIRTHING OF IDEAS Psychodynamic inner, unconscious forces over which a person has little control. The great civilizations on the birthing of ideas - Behavioral Focuses on observable behavior Hindus, Chinese, Greeks Examines how people understand Question: the most essential in investigation of Cognitive the ultimate cause of things and think about the world Contends that people can control ○ Hindus: Who am I? their behavior and that they Deepest self of man; divine Humanistic ○ Chinese: What am I? naturally try to reach their full potential. Temporal self of man; anthropocentric ○ Greeks: Where am I? THE CHINESE VIEW OF PHILOSOPHY Perpetual self of man; cosmological Philosophy is defined as Zhe-Xue ○ Zhe means wisdom HUMAN NATURE ○ Xue means study Zhe is symbolized by the human mouth and The general psychological characteristics, hand feelings, and behavioral traits of humankind ○ Inseparability of words and action regarded as shared by all humans. Three-Fold Level of Human Nature THE HINDUISTIC VIEW OF PHILOSOPHY ○ Semantic Level: refers to the body ○ Attitudinal Level: refers to the mental reaction of every man to a stimulus Philosophy is derived from two Sanskrit words (opinions, feelings, moods) ○ Anviksiki - an examination of things by authentic cognition ICY SORIANO 10  ○ Behavioral Level: mode of action of ○ Smell (Olfactory) every man Internal Senses: ○ Memory HUMAN CONDITION ○ Imagination ○ Consciousness ○ Instinct The synergy of the three-fold level of human Mental Operations: nature ○ Simple Apprehension: Realizing the state of human beings and finding Grasps the nature of a thing or the meaning of being human object Grounding one’s self in his or her humanness Idea formation (pagkatao) ○ Judgment: Finding sense, direction, and purpose on one’s Appraises, pronounces, or existence judges something as either true or false. ❖ Man as a Historical Being ○ Influence: ❖ Man and His Environment Engages in reasoning ❖ Man as the Thinker Goal of thinking - TRUTH! ❖ Man as a Worker What is truth? ❖ Man as a Sexual Being ○ Conformity between judgment and ❖ Man as the Lover reality ❖ Man as the Believer Immanuel Kant: Truth is nothing else but an ❖ Man and his Relationship with God invention of the mind. ❖ Man as a Cultural Being Friedrich Nietzsche: Man can never come to terms with truth, but only to interpret things for MAN AS A HISTORICAL BEING them to have meaning to man. Jurgen Habermas: If all there is truth, such can Gabriel Marcellian’s View: there is a sense in be established through communicative action. which we are historical being, which means that we come after other beings with whom we have MAN AS THE WORKER received a great deal. Martin Heidegger’s View: Effort ○ Historically: ○ How much work are you putting into interruption/ understanding of something; a determined or vigorous the happenings attempt. Finding meaning ○ Three Kinds of Effort: ○ Historicity: Muscular effort Happenings that occur in one’s Mental effort life. Moral effort Ongoing work to unveil the Kinds of Work world so that the world can ○ Manual work become more habitable. ○ Clerical work Rudolf Bultmann’s View: ○ Professional work ○ Geshichte: ○ Work of management Accounts history according to ○ Work of entrepreneur how facts/ events have ○ Work of invention occurred. ○ Intellectual work ○ Historie: St. Thomas Aquinas and Pope Leo XIIII: Work Accounts only meaningful parts is not a curse from God. of events/ happenings in history. MAN AS A SEXUAL BEING MAN AS A THINKER ❖ Sex and Society External senses: ❖ Sex and Love ○ Sight (Visual) ❖ Sex and Marriage ○ Taste (Gustatory) ❖ Sexual Revolution ○ Touch (Tactual) Transformation of Man’s ○ Hearing (Auditory) Consciousness Towards Sex ICY SORIANO 11  Sex: came from the Latin word “secare,” which ○ Polytheism: worship in more than one means to divide. god. Sex vs sexuality: ○ Sexuality presents the uniqueness of a MAN AS THE ACTOR person in his emotions, feelings, actions, attitudes, and thoughts, among others. Intellect: to perform mental operations ○ Sex is the expression of sexuality. Knowledge: ability to know what is good, what is bad Freedom: to perform or not to perform an action MAN AS THE LOVER Voluntariness: willingness to perform an action Responsibility: accountability to own actions Ludic Love: gives entertainment Moral Assumptions: Stroge Love: one that develops over a period of ○ As a rational and free man knows that time there are actions that are right or wrong. Pragma Love: one which demands compatibility ○ As a rational and free, man kwnos that Manic Love: obsessive and a jealous type of there are actions that he is not obligated love to do. Unconditional Love: ○ As rational and free, man knows that ○ Agape - between man and God they are responsible for their actions. ○ Eros - towards the opposite sex ○ As rational and free, man knows that ○ Filial - fondness of and appreciation wrong actions are punishable and right towards others actions are renewable. MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT THE THREE LEVELS OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIP OF INTERSUBJECTIVITY Natural Scientists View: Manless world. 1. I - It Level of Relationship: treats man as a Phenomenologists View: Man and world exist what and a thing. simultaneously. 2. I/ She/ He Level of Relationship: considered as a personal relationship 3. I- Thou Relationship: reciprocated MAN AS A BELIEVER relationships. Interaction Skills for Success: FOUR EXPERIENCES OF MAN ○ Beliefs toward the other people, Awareness: organizations, institutions, etc. ○ Conscious as subject ○ People skills - interpersonal relations ○ Search for life’s meaning ○ Raise questions MAN AND HIS/ HER RELATIONSHIP WITH GOD Insight: ○ Intelligence Human Focus: ○ Engaging in something meaningful ○ Transtheism: a system of thought or Reflective Judgement: religious belief which is neither theistic, ○ Deciding on the basis of evidence nor aetheistic, but beyond them. Drive to Understand: ○ Atheism: absence of belief in the ○ Unstructured: automatic actions existence of deities ○ Unlimited: without limits Material Focus: ○ Objective: real and not the imagined ○ Agnosticism: existence of god is unknown or unknowable HUMAN PERSON ○ Panentheism: the physical universe is - Man has intellect joined to God, but stressing that God is and free will greater than (rather than equivalent to) - Man has dignity the universe. - Man in ambivalent God Focus: In Relation to the Self - Man is limited ○ Monotheism: there is only one god - Man is unique ○ Henotheism: adherence to a single god - Man is an while not denying the existence of other embodied subject gods. ICY SORIANO 12  - Man is a historical ○ Air undergoes two processes: object Condensation: air as cold - Each person is a Rarefaction: air as hot social being Empedocles: In Relation to Others ○ Earth, air, fire, and water are the - Each person is equal urstuffs/ roots of the universe - Man is an ○ Compared the world to a cycle of In Relation to the Society intervenor recurring building and tearing - Man is a patriot Pythagoras: - Man works ○ Urstuff numbers In Relation to the Social - Man is a caretaker ○ Everything is all about numbers World - Man demonstrates Heraclitus: voluntary simplicity ○ Believed that the urstaff is fire - As Transcendent ○ Everything is in constant change - As Having ○ Blanket principle of change In Relation to God Parmenides: Conscience - As Children of God ○ Being cannot change, and a being cannot come from a non-being ○ Refuted Heraclitus’ beliefs in change MAN AS A CULTURAL BEING ○ Changes are the deceptions of the senses Behaviors and artifacts, Democritus: accessible to the senses, ○ Popular for his Atomic Theory The What ○ There’s only one kind of substance or observable, explicit, taught, conscious matter: Atoms - space-filling bodies. Attitudes, beliefs, Come in various shapes and expectations, values, sizes. assumptions, intangible, ○ Motion: inherent in atoms The Why Protagoras: not directly observable, implicit, caught, ○ Man is the measure of all things that subconscious they are and the things that they are not. ○ Man is the ultimate criterion of truth, and he’s the absolute possessor of truth. PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHY FORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Urstuff: ○ The most basic and original stuff that makes the whole world. The birth of psychology took place in the late ○ Man is a miniaturized world. 19th century in Germany and was largely the ○ Greeks ground man’s nature to the work of Wilhelm Wundt, who established world. psychology’s first laboratory in 1879 at the Thales: University of Leipzig. ○ Declared water as the urstaff: the only possible candidate for the urstaff STUDY OF CONSCIOUSNESS ○ That which can assume solid, liquid, and gaseous states The new science of psychology focused on the ○ Validated by modern science analysis of conscious experience into its Human brain - 80% elemental parts. Human body - 70% Researchers limited themselves to the Anaximander: experimental method. ○ Believed that the urstaff is the Apeiron ○ They studied only those mental or the boundless. processes that might be affected by Source of ceaseless motion that some external stimulus that could be produces warmth, cold, earth, manipulated and controlled by the and fire. experimenter. ○ Example is the concept of evolution. Anaximenes: ○ Preferred air as the urstaff STUDY OF BEHAVIOR ○ Man is air (body and soul) ICY SORIANO 13  Focus only on the tangible aspects of human QUESTIONS ABOUT HUMAN NATURE nature ○ That which could be seen, heard, recorded, and measured, 1. Are we in charge of our lives? Free will vs. ○ Only overt behavior - not consciousness determinism - could be the legitimate topic of 2. What dominates us? Our inherited nature or our psychology. nurturing environment? In this view, personality is nothing, 3. Are we dependent on or independent of our ○ More than the accumulation of learned past? responses or habit systems 4. Is human nature unique or universal? 5. Our life goals: satisfaction or growth 6. Our outlook: optimism or pessimism? STUDY OF UNCONSCIOUS Freud applied his creative interpretation to what patients told him about their feelings and past experiences, both actual and fantasized. His approach was different from the rigorous experimental laboratory investigation of the elements of conscious experience of behavior. UNIQUE CONCEPTIONS OF PERSONALITY Focused on the whole person as he or she functions in the real world. Early personality theorists were speculative in their work, relying more on inferences based on observations of their patients’ behavior than on the quantitative analysis of laboratory data. SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF PERSONALITY It was not until the late 1930s that the study of personality became formalized and systematized in psychology, primarily through the work of Gordon Allport at Harvard University. ○ Personality: A Psychological Interpretation: generally considered to mark the formal beginning of the study of personality. Following his initial efforts, other professional books appeared, journals were founded, universities offered courses, and research was undertaken. ○ These activities signaled a growing recognition that some areas of concern to the psychoanalysts and neo-psychoanalysts could be incorporated into psychology. CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY This fostered a great deal of research, leading to the conclusion that personality is formed by both genetic and environmental influences. ○ “Among the most important of the latter are cultural influences.” ICY SORIANO 14