The skeleton_ part 2.pdf

28/09/23 The skeleton: bones and joints Learning objectives: differentiate bet ween different types of joints and their primary functions. Learning objectives: be able to relate joints to types of movement in the human body. Joints: In every joint, there is a compromise bet ween the need for strengt...

28/09/23 The skeleton: bones and joints Learning objectives: differentiate bet ween different types of joints and their primary functions. Learning objectives: be able to relate joints to types of movement in the human body. Joints: In every joint, there is a compromise bet ween the need for strength and the need for mobility. Two classi cations of joints: 1. Structural- based on the intervening tissue 2. Functional- based on the range of motion Synarthrosis. This is when the t wo bones are xed together. Amphiarthrosis. This is when there is slight movement. Diarthrosis. This is when there is free movement Structural classi cation of joints: Bone Bone Bone Bone Bone Bone Bone Bone Fibrous joints: Suture: Sagittal suture, coronal suture, lambdoid suture Syndesmosis: inferior tibio bular joint. These are found in the skull Found in the ankle Gomphosis: tooth in bony socket. Primary cartilaginous joints: Found bet ween the diaphysis and epiphysis of bones. Technically the epiphyseal group plate is a primary Also found bet ween 1st rib and sternum. Cartilaginous joint. Secondary cartilaginous joint: The intervertebral joints bet ween the bodies of the vertebrae. these add Slight J The manubriosternal joint bet ween the body and manubrium of the sternum. The pubic symphysis bet ween the pubic parts of the hip bone. Synovial joints: Synovial membrane secretes serous uid trabecularbone compactbone Which goes into the synovialmembrane membrane serous Cavity and coats the articular fibrouscapsule Cartilage, this further reduces Friction bet ween bones. periosteum examples movement Fibrous capsule: Fibrouscapsule fibrous capsule medialcollateral ligament intrinsic stylomandibuar ligament extrinsic Anterior view of the knee Temporomandibular joint An intrinsic ligament is when the brous capsule becomes thicker, this forms ligaments. An extrinsic ligament is one that is separate, close or far away from the capsule but not apart of it. Ligaments provide joint support. increases stability of contact Intra-articular ligaments: increase bones Very malleable posterior media meniscus cruciate ligament pppenor cruciate ligament Anterior of view flexed knee they provide extrfioning w Labra/um deepen the joint surface. Tighter and more secure ts. Bursae and fat pads: prepared bursae a infra Bursae produce uid that reduces friction. Similar to the fat pads Puff out the joint and reduce friction. Classifying synovial joints: fat patellar pad Gliding/ planar joints: Have at or slightly cur ved surfaces Surfaces slide across one another Very small amount of movement Rotation is possible however in most cases ligaments prevent this Pivot joints: Permit rotation. Two types; proximal radioulnar joint and atlas/axis pronated to suppi nation Ellipsoid/condyloid joint: An oval articular face nestles within a depression in an opposing surface. Angular motion occurs in t wo planes- along or across the length of the oval. Saddle/sellar joint: The t wo surfaces are said to t together like a rider in a saddle. Each articular surface is concave on one side and convex in another. Permits angular rotation, including circumduction, but prevents rotation. Ball and socket joints: The round head of one bone rests within a cup-shaped depression in another. All combinations of angular and rotational movements, including circumduction, can be performed.